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Biomedical subjects

J H Jaffe

Publications and source records attributed to J H Jaffe.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Auditory event-related potentials in adolescents at risk for drug abuse.

We evaluated sensory and cognitive information processing in noninstitutionalized delinquent male adolescents and in age-matched low delinquency controls. Detailed psychometric testing documented the nature of the aggressive behavior of these young men. Deficits in information processing, as assessed by event-related potential (ERP) techniques, were observed at several levels of the auditory system in the delinquent group. The delinquent group showed delays in wave V of the brainstem auditory evoked potential, shorter N100 latency, and decreased slow wave amplitude of cognitive event-related potentials when subjects were asked to perform a mental task in a noisy environment. It remains to be determined whether or not such information-processing deficiencies are common among delinquent populations and how they might influence the development of delinquent behavior and drug abuse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Cardiovascular responses to cocaine placebo in humans: a preliminary report.

Cardiovascular responses after placebo-cocaine injections were in the same direction as the effect of cocaine iv in 22 male volunteers. Subjects received iv placebo in a room where they had been given repeated doses of iv cocaine. The placebo response consisted of an increase from baseline values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate. The control group, 8 subjects, which was not exposed to a conditioning phase, showed a smaller increase in the pulse rate and systolic blood pressure after the placebo injection. The results, in accordance with animal literature, suggest the existence of cocaine-conditioned effects in humans.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Cocaine-induced cocaine craving.

In nine experienced users of cocaine, we examined the urge to use cocaine or other drugs following a 40 mg dose of intravenous (IV) cocaine with and without oral pretreatment with 2.5 mg bromocriptine. The urge to use cocaine was assessed with a questionnaire constructed to assess both "wanting" and "craving" for cocaine or other drugs. Fifteen minutes after the administration of cocaine (but not after placebo), subjects' ratings for both drug "wanting" and drug "craving" were significantly increased. Our results provide a laboratory demonstration of cocaine-induced increases in the urge to use drugs in humans. The findings, stressing the role of internal stimuli associated with drug administration, suggest the possibility of distinguishing among related, but perhaps distinct, components of the fluctuating levels of motivation to reuse drugs.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Rats self-administer sufentanil in aerosol form.

An ultrasonic nebulizer was used to create a drug vapor to develop an animal model for the self-administration of inhaled nonvolatile psychoactive drugs. An aerosol mist of a sufentanil citrate solution (10, 25, 50, or 75 micrograms/ml) was delivered to rats in response to lever presses on an FR 5 schedule of reinforcement. The speed of acquisition of the operant response and the selectivity of the drug effect were examined. Rats given access to sufentanil vapor (50 or 75 micrograms/ml) in 13-15 h overnight training sessions reached an average of one reinforcement per hour on an FR 5 schedule of reinforcement significantly sooner than did rats given access to water vapor. Responding maintained by sufentanil during 2-h daily testing sessions was dose dependent at 25, 50, and 75 micrograms/ml. Substituting water vapor for each of the four sufentanil concentrations significantly reduced responding within 5-20 sessions. Naloxone (1 mg/kg, IP) decreased responding for sufentanil to the level attained under water vapor. Presentation of drugs in aerosol form thus provides reasonable means of demonstrating in animals the reinforcing properties of non-volatile drugs by the pulmonary or intranasal route.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1989

EEG and brainstem auditory evoked response potentials in adult male drug abusers with self-reported histories of aggressive behavior.

Auditory brainstem evoked response (BAER) and spontaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) were measured in 124 adult male drug abusers. We examined the relationships among psychiatric diagnoses, paper and pencil measures of aggression and hostility, and electrophysiological features. Subjects meeting criteria for antisocial personality disorder (ASP), as defined by DSM-III, were not significantly different from non-ASP subjects for either BAER or spontaneous EEG measures. The more overtly aggressive subjects had significant delays in BAER latency. Aggressive subjects also had more delta activity and less alpha activity in the spontaneous EEG, as have been observed in "psychopaths" and "criminals." Although ASP and aggression are related, these data indicate that aggressiveness may be a separate, albeit overlapping, trait. As both early aggression and a diagnosis of ASP are predictors of later drug use, the findings that only aggression was associated with EEG slowing and brainstem delays may indicate that ASP and aggression make independent contributions to vulnerability to the development of drug abuse.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Intravenous cocaine infusions in humans: dose responsivity and correlations of cardiovascular vs. subjective effects.

Eight experienced IV cocaine users were intravenously administered 0, 10, 20, and 40 mg of cocaine hydrochloride on separate days in a pseudo-randomized ascending dose series, such that the 20 mg dose always preceded the 40 mg dose. They were subsequently administered 0, 20, and 40 mg of cocaine in a fully randomized presentation order. Cardiovascular effects of cocaine were significantly different from placebo for the 20 mg, but not the 10 mg dose, in contrast to subjective responses which differed from placebo for the 10 mg dose. Cardiovascular and subjective effects of cocaine did not differ between the 20 and 40 mg dose conditions for the pseudo-randomized trials, but did differ in the fully randomized trials. This lack of difference in responsivity between the 20 and 40 mg dose in the earlier trials may possibly have been due to contrast effects. Cardiovascular responses were not consistently correlated with subjective responses, either within a cocaine dose condition or across doses.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Captopril and capsaicin modify opioid withdrawal in the morphine-dependent rat.

The involvement of neurokinins, especially substance P, in the opiate withdrawal syndrome was studied by treating rats with drugs that have been reported to increase (captopril) or decrease (capsaicin) tissue levels of substance P. Preliminary experiments with captopril (0.1, 0.3, 1 or 3 mg/kg, SC) showed that the 0.3 mg/kg dose enhanced some of the naloxone-precipitated withdrawal signs. Captopril alone had no effect in the morphine-dependent rat. On experimental days, either saline or captopril (0.3 mg/kg) was injected (SC) immediately before naloxone in morphine-dependent rats that were pretreated (4 to 10 days before the morphine pellet implantation) with either capsaicin (125 mg/kg, SC) or the capsaicin vehicle (N = 8 for each of 4 groups). Capsaicin treatment inhibited the following withdrawal signs: rhinorrhea, lacrimation and salivation. Captopril increased the occurrence of these secretory responses in vehicle-treated but not in capsaicin-treated animals. Other withdrawal signs were not altered by either captopril or capsaicin treatment. The results support the conclusion that substance P and related neurokinins may be involved in the expression of some signs of opioid withdrawal.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Subjective response during continuous infusion of cocaine.

The relationship between the subjective effects induced by IV cocaine injection(s) and cocaine plasma concentrations is complex and difficult to interpret. We designed a study in which bolus loading doses of cocaine followed by 4-hr placebo infusions were compared with the same bolus loading doses of cocaine followed by 4-hr infusions of cocaine calculated to maintain the peak plasma concentrations produced by the bolus. Seven cocaine-using volunteers were successfully studied using a randomized double-blind design, in which self- and observer-rating scales were used to measure drug effects. After the cocaine bolus loading doses, scores for most subjective measures remained elevated when the bolus was followed by a cocaine infusion. In contrast, the subjective responses returned to baseline when the bolus was followed by a placebo infusion. However, self-estimates of the intensity of the cocaine "rush" were not altered by the presence of active cocaine infusions and returned rapidly to baseline.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Effects of intravenous cocaine are partially attenuated by haloperidol.

We examined the effect of the dopaminergic blocking agent, haloperidol, on the subjective and physiologic response to cocaine in cocaine-using volunteers. Five subjects received cocaine (40 mg) or placebo administered intravenously 20 min following pretreatment with haloperidol (8 mg) or placebo intramuscularly in a randomized double-blind study design. Haloperidol pretreatment attenuated cocaine-induced increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure but not heart rate. Pretreatment with haloperidol reduced subject ratings of pleasant sensations but had no effect on drug "rush." Haloperidol (8 mg) has a small and limited effect on the subjective response to cocaine when given 20 min before cocaine.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Kids and cocaine--a treatment dilemma.

Despite aggressive efforts to recruit into treatment cocaine users 21 years and younger, we obtained only 12 such clients over a period of 9 months, while recruiting 122 adult cocaine clients during a comparable time frame. An examination of admissions data for the city, state, and nation indicated that our experience was typical. However, data from the most recent national household survey indicate that, to the extent need for treatment is determined by frequency of cocaine use, we should anticipate a much greater proportion of admissions to treatment to come from persons 21 years of age and younger. Yet, there appears to be an under-recruitment of youth into treatment, particularly evidenced by low rates of self-referral for juvenile as compared to older treatment admissions. Younger cocaine users may be less severely impaired and/or dependent, or may be more reluctant to use the treatment resources available. Whatever the barriers are to getting help, it becomes the special task of agencies and individuals in the community to help assure that younger cocaine users will obtain the assistance they need. Four community resources are seen as particularly relevant: family, schools, the medical community, and public agencies in the areas of health, social services, and criminal justice. The capacity of each to take action and possible impediments to that action are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Correlates of self-reported early childhood aggression in subjects volunteering for drug studies.

The construct validity of a retrospective self-report measure of early childhood aggression, the Early Experience Questionnaire (EEQ), was assessed in a sample of substance abusing volunteers for drug studies at a research center in Baltimore. In contrast to the diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD), EEQ scores were not only associated with adult aggression, criminality, and substance abuse, but were also highly correlated with a cluster of measures reflecting emotionally reactive impulsivity. Correlations of the EEQ with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory confirmed earlier findings obtained on a sample of alcoholics. Over and above the predictive influence of APD, early childhood aggression had some predictive influence on the incidence and severity of substance abuse but a substantial influence on the prediction of criminality.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The functioning of individuals on a drug abuse treatment waiting list.

Using structured interviews and the SCL-90R, study was made of the behaviors of 29 applicants to a residential treatment program for cocaine abuse who had been placed on the program's waiting list for periods ranging from 1 to 6 months. It was hypothesized that applicants waiting treatment for 3 months or less (N = 16) would be more likely to view themselves as treatment candidates and would show behaviors different from those waiting 4-6 months (N = 13). Being on the waiting list a longer period was associated with greater evidence of criminal justice involvement, but with few other differences. Nearly half the total sample (48.3%) reported having significantly reduced drug use in association with their applying for treatment, but most applicants (58.6%) were pessimistic about their long-term capacity to remain free of drug-related difficulty. The pattern of SCL-90R scores for all subjects suggested significant psychiatric symptoms, including depression. Nonetheless, a majority of all applicants (51.7%) reported themselves as having become less interested in entering treatment. Nearly all applicants reported high levels of encouragement for their decision to enter treatment from persons with whom they were living and about half reported encouragement from friends. Of the 23 applicants who were IV drug users, 10 (41.7%) reported knowing someone who had contracted AIDS, 87.0% reported having changed behaviors--chiefly needle sharing--to reduce the risk of infection, and 69.6% reported having obtained HIV testing. The difficulty encountered in locating a random sample of applicants suggests the problem of maintaining a useful waiting list for treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗