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Biomedical subjects

J Chapman

Publications and source records attributed to J Chapman.

At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Hepatic arterial and systemic chemotherapy for the treatment of primary and secondary malignancies of the liver.

Twenty-two patients with metastatic and primary cancer of the liver were treated with 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (5FUDR), Mitomycin C (Mito C), and 1 (-2-chlorethyl)-4(methyl-cyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (MeCCNU). 5FUDR 0.3 mg/kg/day was administered as a continuous infusion via the hepatic artery. Mito C (10 mg/M2) and MeCCNU (50 mg/M2) were given I.V. and orally, respectively, every 8 weeks. Remission of the neoplastic lesions within the liver was seen in 10 patients (4CR, 6PR). Five patients had stabilization of their lesion neoplasm for at least 4 months. The response rate in this study was 6/15 (40%) in patients with colon cancer metastatic to the liver. Toxicity was mainly hematologic and hepatic. Three patients experienced a platelet count below 25,000 and/or white blood count below 1000. Fifteen patients had hepatic toxicity showing elevation in SGOT and SGPT. The SGOT and SGPT returned to normal when the 5FUDR was discontinued. The combination of 5FUDR intraarterially, and Mito C and MeCCNU systemically, demonstrated activity in malignancies of the liver. This study proved that chemotherapy can be administered systemically and regionally with acceptable toxicity.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1985

Ordination and cognitive complexity as related to clinical depression.

Personal construct psychology has contributed substantially to our understanding of psychopathology. The few studies of personal construct psychology in depression have focused on the content of self-constructs and cognitive complexity. The purpose of this study was to examine the construct system in depressed patients by investigating the relation of depressive symptoms to the content of constructs about others, cognitive complexity, and ordination. Participants were divided into three groups of 25. The depressed group had either a major depressive episode or dysthymic disorder; psychiatric controls had nonaffective psychological disorders; normal controls were hospital employees who had not exhibited psychological distress. Results indicated no differences among the three groups in cognitive complexity. However, normal controls exhibited a higher degree of ordination than either patient group. Furthermore, depressed and psychiatric controls utilized ambiguous constructs more than normal subjects. Finally, symptom severity within the depressed group related to the use of ambiguous and undesirable constructs. On the basis of these and others' results, a "two-level" personal construct explanation of depression is offered. On a comprehensive level, ordination and the use of ambiguous constructs could be viewed as relating to general psychological adaptation, whereas negative self-construing (and perhaps ambiguous construing) may relate more directly to depression. Therapeutic implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1984

Anti-Jo-1 antibody: a marker for myositis with interstitial lung disease.

An autoantibody known as anti-Jo-1 antibody is found in 25% of patients with myositis. Its prevalence in patients with both myositis and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis was 68% (13 out of 19 patients), compared with 7.5% in patients with myositis alone (four of 53) and 3% in patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis alone (two of 62). Anti-Jo-1 antibody may be useful in indicating patients with myositis and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Raynaud's phenomenon, the sicca syndrome, and mild arthritis are also often part of the syndrome.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed1984

Infection of rat brain primary cell cultures with an avirulent A7 strain of Semliki Forest virus.

The ability of A7 Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) to infect primary brain cell cultures has been examined using cultures prepared from 1-2-day neonatal rat cerebral hemispheres. These cultures, characterised immunocytochemically using cell-specified markers, contain mainly GFAP+ protoplasmic astrocytes and smaller multiprocessed A2B5+ cells, probably fibrous astrocytes. 10% of the cells are GC+ oligodendrocytes and some neurones are also present. These cultures support virus growth and a cytopathic effect was observed. Using double labelling techniques with the cell-specific markers and anti-SFV antibody A7 has been shown to readily infect cells which carry either the A2B5+ antigen or galactocerebroside marker. Protoplasmic astrocytes (GFAP+/A2B5-) are not readily infected under the conditions used. The protein labelling studies using [35S]methionine show that host cell protein synthesis is not completely shut off and continues in the astrocyte protein region. These results suggest that cells derived from a common A2B5+, GFAP-, GC- progenitor glial cell, i.e. GC+ oligodendrocytes and A2B5+/GFAP+ fibrous astrocytes, are more readily infected than other brain cell types including the protoplasmic astrocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Immunocytochemical characterisation of cell cultures grown from dissociated 1-2-day post-natal rat cerebral tissue. A developmental study.

A range of cell-specific markers have been employed with immunocytochemical methods to characterise and quantitate the cell types present in mixed brain cell cultures derived from dissociated 1-2-day post-natal rat cerebral hemispheres and grown in the presence of FCS. Protoplasmic astrocytes (GFAP+, A2B5-) were the major cell type to develop in culture, a confluent monolayer forming in 5-8 days. A population of smaller round cells of oligodendrocyte-like morphology appeared on this astrocyte layer. Greater than 70% of these smaller cells were GC- and thus were not oligodendrocytes. The GC- cells were A2B5+ and, in early cultures, may therefore be progenitor glial cells. Examination of GFAP and A2B5 co-expression by these smaller cells was difficult due to the dense underlying GFAP+ astrocyte layer. In less dense areas of older cultures these smaller cells with processes were GFAP+ and A2B5+: these are Type 2, fibrous astrocytes. GC+ oligodendrocytes, comprising 5-10% of the total identified cell population, were initially distributed over the astrocyte monolayer; in older cultures (after about 8 days) GC+ cells were observed in clumps over places where NF+ cells were identifiable. Such GC+ cells mostly became MBP+. Neurones accounted for about 6% of the identifiable cells in early cultures but a lower percentage in older cultures. Minor populations of ependymal cells and macrophages were present; cells displaying fibronectin, fibroblasts, were rarely identified. Use of horse serum in place of FCS gave lower yields of GC+ cells in cultures, slowed down astrocyte development, and resulted in the formation of trunks of GFAP+ cells throughout cultures. Other sera gave lower numbers of GC+ cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Variations in the histological patterns of the lesions of coal workers' pneumoconiosis in Britain and their relationship to lung dust content.

The lungs of 490 British coal miners were examined for comparisons of the lesions of coal workers' pneumoconiosis with lung dust content and dust exposure. Variations were found in histological appearances that formed a range, the extremes of which indicated two separate patterns of disease. In men from high rank collieries, whose lung dust had a high carbon content and little ash, most of the nodules of simple pneumoconiosis were evenly pigmented with dust, and where progressive massive fibrosis (lesions greater than 1 cm in diameter) had developed, this appeared to be by the enlargement of a single lesion. In men from low rank collieries where the ash content of lung dust was high, the centers of the nodules were often free of dust particles and in extreme cases these lesions were very similar to silicotic nodules. If PMF developed in these cases, it often appeared to be by the fusion of closely spaced groups of smaller nodules. While there appeared to be little difference between the lung dust composition of men from high rank collieries and the dust to which they had been exposed, in men from low rank collieries the proportion of the noncoal minerals in the lungs was usually higher than it had been in the mine dust. This indicated some form of differential retention of these components, which was progressively more marked in men with the more serious grades of pneumoconiosis.

Coal Mining↗
PubMed1982

A syringe modification for the simple and rapid dissociation of post-natal rat cerebral tissue for preparing primary cultures of mixed glial cells.

Mechanical disruption of 2-day post-natal rat cerebral tissue without enzyme pretreatment through 21-gauge and 23-gauge hypodermic needles on a 1 ml disposable plastic syringe, gives dissociated preparations which contain between 1.7 and 2.1 X 10(7) cells/100 mg wet tissue. At a plating density of between 7.1 and 9.2 X 10(5)/cm2 in culture, between 2 X 10(5) and 2 X 10(6) cells are recovered after 7 days. Use of needles finer than 23-gauge resulted in lower cell yields and loss of galactocerebroside-positive oligodendrocytes. The method described is convenient for the routine preparation of mixed primary glial cultures on a regular basis where many cerebra need to be processed.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

A simple controlled method for the clinical evaluation of antidiarrheal drugs.

A castor oil model induced diarrhea was used to evaluate dose regimens of the standard antidiarrheal polycarbophil. The study population consisted of 100 healthy volunteers, divided into five groups of 20 each, in whom diarrhea was induced by 120 ml flavored 36.4% castor oil. The polycarbophil dose regimens evaluated were 1, 1.5, 2, or 3 gm at 30-min intervals after castor oil to total the usual prescribed dose of 6 gm/day. One gram taken every 30 min for six doses lowered the number of bowel movements and also induced the least number of cramps and lowest cramp severity rating (reported by subjects). The same total dose over a different dosing interval was no more effective then placebo.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1982

Megakaryocyte cultures in the chronic phase and in the blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukaemia: studies on the differentiation of the megakaryocyte progenitors and on the maturation of megakaryocytes in vitro.

Megakaryocyte (MK) colony formation has been studied in the chronic phase and in the blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Blood cells were grown in plasma clot for 13 d. MKs were subsequently identified by immunofluorescent techniques using two monoclonal antiplatelet antibodies (AN51 and J15). The maturation process was studied by ultrastructural methods. A marked increase in the number of circulating CFU-MK was observed in all the 10 cases studied prior to chemotherapy (70-fold increase per ml of blood). No significant modification in the regulation of MK colony formation as compared to that of normal subjects was observed. The predominant abnormality in maturation in culture was the occurrence of many hypoploid MKs (microMKs). However, the cytoplasmic maturation of the MKs was identical to that of normal subjects with occasional platelet shedding. Since microMKs predominated in some patients, scoring of MK colonies in CML necessitated immunofluorescent labelling to permit identification of MKs. During the blast crisis, MK colony formation occurred in four out of five patients with an extremely high plating efficiency in the case of promegakaryoblastic transformation. In contrast, MK colonies could not be grown from blood samples of patients with acute leukaemia, including two cases of promegakaryoblastic leukaemia. Maturation of MKs in blast crisis was identical to that of the chronic phase. Furthermore, after short periods of culture in liquid medium, circulating promegakaryoblasts from patients in blast crisis matured with the consequent production of alpha-granules and demarcation membranes. These results confirm the contention that CML represents a pluripotent stem-cell disease, involving the MK lineage, and suggest that the block in maturation during the acute phase can be overcome in vitro.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed1982

Chronic cold haemagglutinin disease due to an anti-M-like autoantibody.

A case of chronic cold haemagglutinin disease due to an IgM monoclonal (kappa) autoantibody with anti-M-like specificity is described in a patient with the MN phenotype. The autoantibody was present in very high titre and active at body temperature, but haemolysis was only mild. The direct antiglobulin test was positive due to C3d on the patient's red cells, and the autoantibody was able to bind complement to normal MM and MN cells with a marked dosage effect.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

The clinical value and cost of a district hospital urodynamic unit.

A retrospective review has shown that urodynamic studies were useful in the diagnosis of 87% of our patients and were diagnostic in 43%. The cost per patient was 43 pounds, which compares favourably with urography (35 pounds) an in-patient cystoscopy (104 pounds). Provided that more than 200 patients a year are studied, the expense and effort of running the urodynamic unit are justified. We now perform urodynamic studies routinely in patients with complex lower urinary tract symptoms, prior to intravenous urography and cystoscopy.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1982

Normal human serum contains a factor(s) capable of inhibiting megakaryocyte colony formation.

Growth of megakaryocyte colonies from human bone marrow progenitors has been achieved in plasma clot culture. Megakaryocyte colonies were identified either by cytological examination or by immunofluorescent labelling using a monoclonal antiplatelet antibody (J 15). No significant differences were observed in the quantitation of the colonies by these two methods. In the absence of a stimulating factor, MK colonies were detectable when high cellular concentrations were seeded. Among the numerous conditioned media tested for their ability to stimulate MK colony formation, conditioned medium from leukocytes stimulated by PHA (PHA-LCM) was the most effective. However, under standard conditions of culture corresponding to 20% normal human sera, colony formation was not related linearly to seeding density even when cultures were stimulated by PHA-LCM. Upon reduction of the concentration of serum (2.5-5%) in the culture medium, colony formation displayed a linear relationship seeding density only when PHA-LCM was used as the stimulating factor. At the same time, the size of the colonies increased. Such inhibition was observed with all the human sera tested but it varied in extent from one batch to another. Replacement of serum by albumin, iron-saturated transferrin, alpha-thioglycerol and low density lipoproteins at physiological concentration but in the presence of bovine plasma provided a culture system whose ability to support colony formation equalled that of low concentrations of whole serum; spontaneous MK colony formation still occurred. Our results provide evidence for the presence of an inhibitor(s) of MK colony formation in normal human sera, and demonstrate the role of cellular factors in stimulating MK colony formation.

Blood↗
PubMed1981

Haemolytic disease of the newborn due to Rhesus anti-e antibody.

Haemolytic disease of the newborn due to rhesus anti-e alone is a rare occurrence. This condition is described in the second child of an R2R2 mother who had not previously been transfused. The antibody was of IgG subclasses IgG1 + IgG3 and was detectable on the baby's cells for 4 months after birth. The anaemia was mild and persisted for the same period.

Erythroblastosis, Fetal↗