Cell-mediated immunity after cardiac operations.
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Cardiac Surgical Procedures↗
Biomedical subjects
H Ide
Publications and source records attributed to H Ide.
Diacylglycerol generated in the phospholipid vesicles by phospholipase C is effectively utilized by diacylglycerol lipase in rat liver cytosol.
Diacylglycerol was generated in phosphatidylcholine vesicles by incubation with Clostridium welchii phospholipase C. Newly formed diacylglycerol was rapidly converted to monoacylglycerol and glycerol when rat liver cytosol fraction was present in the incubation mixture, suggesting the presence of di- and monoacylglycerol lipase activities in this subcellular fraction. On the other hand, 3H-labeled diacylglycerol co-emulsified with non-radioactive phosphatidylcholine was found to be a poor substrate for the diacylglycerol lipase. These results indicate that enzymatic generation of diacylglycerol provide a substrate having a suitable physical state for the expression of diacylglycerol lipase activity. It was also found that the rate of diacylglycerol hydrolysis was dependent upon the rate of diacylglycerol generation, but not upon the absolute concentration in the incubation mixture. When the rate of diacylglycerol hydrolysis was plotted against the rate of diacylglycerol generation, a saturation curve was obtained and the double-reciprocal plot gave a straight line. It is not known why a relationship similar to Michaelis-Menten type kinetics was obtained between the rate of diacylglycerol hydrolysis and diacylglycerol generation instead of diacylglycerol concentration, but it may be best explained by the following assumptions: (1) diacylglycerol molecules are generated at the surface of the lipid vesicles where they are readily accessible to diacylglycerol lipase; (2) soon after the generation, diacylglycerol molecules migrate into inside the vesicles where they are inaccessible to the enzyme; (3) the effective concentration of diacylglycerol, i.e., the concentration of diacylglycerol located in the surface layer of the vesicles is proportional to the rate of diacylglycerol generation.
Animals↗
Distribution of retinoids in the chick limb bud: analysis with monoclonal antibody.
Retinoic acid induces anteroposterior duplicate formation in developing chick limb bud, and it may be a natural morphogen involved in limb pattern formation. Retinoic acid is produced from retinol locally in the limb bud via retinal, and thus, to elucidate the distribution of these retinoids in the limb bud seems to be important for the understanding of the morphogen formation. We produced a monoclonal antibody against the retinoids with BSA-RA (bovine serum albumin-retinoic acid) conjugate for antigen, and investigated the distribution of retinoids in the chick limb bud. The antibody predominantly bound to retinoic acid, but weakly to retinol and retinal. Retinoids appeared in the limb bud at stage 18 and were distributed through stages 20-24, when the pattern formation in distal mesoderm was in progress. Initially they were found evenly in the whole mesoderm, but disappeared gradually from core mesoderm and remained only in the region of peripheral mesoderm at stage 24. At stage 26, retinoids were detected only in ectoderm. These results support the idea that the retinoids actually play roles in limb pattern formation and suggest that the retinoids in the peripheral mesoderm are important for pattern formation. Further, the role of retinoids in epidermis development at later limb bud stages is also suggested.
Animals↗
Involvement of interleukin-1-like factor(s) in type II collagen-induced arthritis in mice.
To explore the role of interleukins in development of arthritis, we induced collagen-induced arthritis in mice and examined interleukin activities in the inflamed joints. Arthritis developed in 90% of mice 4-5 weeks after primary immunization with type II collagen. Joint extracts from mice with collagen-induced arthritis contained high levels of interleukin 1 (IL-1)-like activity but not interleukin 2 (IL-2) or interleukin 4 (IL-4) activity. IL-1-like activities in the lesions were correlated with development of arthritis assessed by joint swelling and erythema. These results suggest that IL-1-like factor(s) may participate in the etiopathogenesis of collagen-induced arthritis in mice.
Animals↗
Synthetic retinoids, retinobenzoic acids, Am80, Am580 and Ch55 regulate morphogenesis in chick limb bud.
The retinobenzoic acids Am80, Am580 and Ch55 are synthetic stable analogs of retinoic acid (RA), and show very strong differentiation-inducing activity in human myelogeneous leukemia cell line HL-60. To examine the effects of these synthetic retinoids on limb pattern formation, AG1-X2 beads containing these retinoids were applied to the anterior margin of stage 19-20 chick wing buds. By implanting the beads with 1 microgram/ml retinoids, normal wings were formed and extra digits 2 or 32 were rarely formed. As the retinoid concentrations increased from 10 micrograms/ml to 100 micrograms/ml duplicated limbs 3234, 43234, 432234, 4334 were progressively produced. At higher concentrations, 1 mg/ml, the wings often truncated, although duplication occurred in some embryos. These synthetic analogs seem to have the same degree of morphogenetic potential as RA, since the activity index of these retinoids was similar to that of RA. Since these synthetic retinoids hardly bind to CRABP (cellular retinoic acid-binding protein), it may be possible that the retinoids and RA may affect limb-pattern formation without the interaction with CRABP. It is known that limb buds cannot develop distal structures when the posterior region including all ZPA (zone of polarizing activity) is removed. When beads containing the above mentioned retinoids were implanted to the anterior margin of wing buds from which the posterior one third region including all ZPA had been removed, distal growth of the wing buds and the formation of digit elements were observed. Some of the wing buds produced a completely reverse digit pattern 432. From these results, we discussed the roles of RA in limb development and pattern formation.
Animals↗
Phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy of cerebral ischemia in cats.
The energy metabolism of the brain was measured in three types of ischemic models in the cat using phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The cerebral ischemia was produced as follows. In Group 1, two balloons were inflated in the left subclavian artery and the brachiocephalic trunk. In Group 2, the left middle cerebral artery was occluded through a transorbital approach. A combination of the two was employed in Group 3. Phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectra were obtained serially during 2 hours of ischemia. Immediately after occlusion, peaks of phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate decreased, whereas the peak of inorganic phosphate increased and split in two. Intracellular pH determined by chemical shift of the inorganic phosphate peak decreased. These changes were more pronounced in Group 3 when compared with the other groups. Histological study showed no infarction in Group 1 and infarcted areas in Groups 2 and 3. The size of the infarcted area in Group 3 was larger than that in Group 2. These results suggest that the model of middle cerebral artery occlusion potentiated with the occlusion of the brachiocephalic trunk and the left subclavian artery by balloon catheters is a reliable stroke model and that phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy is useful to understand the pathophysiological state of cerebral ischemia in vivo.
Animals↗
Development of computer-aided motion analyzing (CAMA) system for radiopaque implanted tilting disk heart valves.
The newly developed semiautomatic data acquisition and processing system allows progress in quantitative evaluation of functions of implanted tilting disk valves. In the new system, data acquisition could be carried out semiautomatically by utilizing image processing methods, and the data analysis time was shortened. The system consists of a computer-controlled cinefilm loading device, a CCD camera, a frame memory, a superimposer, and CRT displays. Since series of the open- and shut-mode frames are commonly observed by turns in normal subjects, data acquisition was carried out manually at the first frame of each mode and semiautomatically from the second frame to the last. By processing the image data with the binarization method, the valve contours were detected, and an open angle and other motion properties can be obtained. Analyzing 90 frames of the cinefilm, this system analyzes data in a time period 20 min shorter than the manual procedure. With the implanted Medtronic Hall valve, a 60 to 65 degrees open angle was calculated.
Cineradiography↗
The role of leukocyte depletion by in vivo use of leukocyte filter in lung preservation after warm ischemia.
The oxygen metabolites of leukocytes have been implicated as playing the central role in reperfusion injury of preserved lung for transplantation. Furthermore, it is still unknown how leukotrienes take part in this process. Twelve mongrel dogs were used, divided into two groups. In group A, left thoracotomy and hilar stripping of the left lung was performed under anesthesia. During warm ischemia (two hours) and reperfusion (two hours), a filter was used three times between the femoral artery and vein, and quantitative in vivo blood filtration was performed. In group B, warm ischemia and reperfusion was done in the same fashion without filtration. As for tissue free radical assay, lipid peroxidation products were measured by means of thiobarbituric acid. Tissue leukotriene B4 and C4 levels were measured by radio immunoassay. In addition, peripheral blood count and tissue wet/dry ratio were analyzed. Significant leukocyte depletion of peripheral blood with leukocyte efflux from reperfused lung was observed in group A. Significant increase of tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) titers after reperfusion was observed in group B, whereas no significant fluctuation of tissue MDA titers was noted in group A. Concerning leukotriene B4 and C4, no significant increase was observed in either group. Tissue damage estimated by lung wet/dry ratio was considered to be controlled in group A compared with group B. Thus, the authors conclude that in vivo use of a leukocyte filter is efficient in removal of peripheral blood leukocytes and in preservation of reperfused lung after warm ischemia and that oxygen metabolites of leukocytes are considered to play a role in tissue damage in this process.
Animals↗
[Studies on anti-allergic agent. I. 1,2,3-trisubstituted-2-propen-1-one derivatives, 3,4-disubstituted-4-oxo-2-butenoic acids and the related compounds].
A new series of 1,2,3-trisubstituted-2-propen-1-one derivatives (9a-v, 10a-j, 13a-c, 14a-j) and 3,4-disubstituted-4-oxo-2-butenoic acids (6a-i, 7a-n) with azole compounds were synthesized. Inhibitory activities against rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction and histamine release from rat mast cells were tested. The ester derivatives (7a-n, 14a-j) exhibited a more potent inhibitory activity against histamine release compared with alkylamine (9a-v), beta-hydroxyethoxy (10a-j) and carboxylic acid (6a-i, 13a-c) derivatives, but somewhat weaker in their anti-PCA activity. Structure-activity relationships were discussed.
Animals↗
[Quantification of the extent of myocardial infarction by thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography: comparisons with post-mortem findings].
A circumferential profile analysis with a two-dimensional polar representation of thallium(Tl)-201 myocardial single photon emission computed tomograms (SPECT) is an objective and quantitative method to evaluate myocardial infarction (MI). However, the diagnostic capability depends on the normal range of thallium distribution. Therefore, the quantitative analysis of Tl-201 myocardial SPECT was correlated with the pathological findings of the heart in 50 autopsy cases (28 with MI; 22 without MI) to determine the lower normal limits at which we can precisely determine the extent of MI on a quantitative basis. For correctly detecting the extent of MI, the lower normal limits were 2.5 standard deviations below the mean values calculated using profiles normalized to the maximum pixel count observed in each profile. Using this lower normal limit, the sensitivity was 63.8%; specificity was 87.4%; and accuracy was 80.7% for determining the extents of ischemic lesions, though these values were lower than those obtained by visual analysis. However, for detecting MI, the sensitivity by quantitative analysis was 97% which was higher than that by visual analysis. A medium sized (2.5 cm) non-transmural infarction, undetectable by visual analysis, was detectable by two-dimensional polar representations. However, the specificity of detecting MI was low (59%), and most of the false positive studies were observed in cases of valvular disease, coronary artery disease or other cardiac complications. The detectability of the extent of MI varied according to the location of the lesion. False negative lesions were most frequently observed in the septal region; false positive lesions were most frequently observed at the posterolateral regions of the dilated hypertrophic hearts. The septal region located at the peripheral portion of the MI and septal hypertrophy in cases of hypertension, were the likely negative cases, thus, these pathological characteristics may explain the high incidence of false negative results in the septal region quantitatively as well as by visual analysis. In cases with dilated hearts, the radioactivity of the thallium at the posterolateral region was more reduced by absorption compared with that in the non-dilated hearts. This reduction in counts was empirically regarded as abnormal lesions by visual analysis, however, the same situation can objectively and automatically be recognized as false positive by quantitative analysis. We concluded that quantitative analysis by Tl-201 myocardial SPECT is useful for evaluating myocardial infarction automatically, but care must be exercised concerning possible false positive diagnosis in cases with dilated hypertrophic hearts.
Aged↗
[The effect of peripheral blood leukocyte depletion on reperfusion injury of warm ischemic lung].
UNLABELLED: To clarify the role of leukocytes in reperfusion injury of preserved lung for lung transplantation, leukocyte depletion was performed and lung tissue generation of oxygen metabolites and histological evaluation were investigated. METHOD: 12 mongrel dogs were utilized, divided into 2 groups. In group A, hilar-stripped left lung was submitted to 2 hour warm ischemia and 2 hour reperfusion. Blood filtration was performed three times using leukocyte filter. In group B, warm ischemia and reperfusion were performed without filtration. Lipid peroxidation products of lung tissue were measured by thiobarbituric acid assay. Tissue damage was estimated by wet/dry ratio and histological analysis. Results 1). Peripheral blood counts revealed that effective leukocyte depletion was obtained and leukocyte efflux from reperfused lung was observed in group A. 2) Significant increase of lung tissue oxygen metabolite generation after reperfusion was observed in group B, while no significant fluctuate of tissue MDA titers was noted in group A. Tissue damage estimated by histological analysis and wet/dry ratio were considered to be controlled in group A compared with group B. In conclusion, leukocyte depletion by in vivo use of leukocyte filter was effective for reperfusion injury of warm ischemic lung and oxygen metabolites may play a role in these process.
Animals↗
Characterization of a monoclonal antibody to thymidine glycol monophosphate.
A monoclonal antibody specific for thymine glycol (TG) in irradiated or OsO4-treated DNA was obtained by immunizing with thymidine glycol monophosphate (TMP-glycol) conjugated to bovine serum albumin by a carbodiimide procedure. Screening by dot-immunobinding and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) procedures gave eight clones that bound OsO4- treated DNA. One of them, 2.6F.6B.6C, an IgG2a kappa, was characterized further. Hapten inhibition studies with OsO4-treated DNA showed that the antibody was specific for TMP-glycol. Among the various inhibitors tested, inhibition was in the order TMP-glycol greater than 5,6-dihydrothymidine phosphate greater than TMP greater than thymidine glycol greater than TG. Inhibition by 5,6-dihydrothymidine, thymidine, thymine, AMP, and CMP was negligible. In OsO4-treated DNA, as few as 0.5 TG per 10,000 bp were detectable by direct ELISA. Inhibition assays could detect as few as 1.5 TG per 10,000 bp. The antibody was equally reactive with native or denatured DNA containing TG. Among the X-irradiated homopolymers dC, dA, dG, and dT, only dT reacted with the antibody. Using an ELISA, the antibody could detect damage in irradiated DNA at the level of 20 Gy. Thus the antibody is of potential use in assays for DNA damage caused by X rays or other agents that damage DNA by free radical interactions.
Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
Compound action potential amplitude and conduction velocity as a function of temperature in carp nervus lateralis.
This study shows the relationship between nerve fiber conduction velocity of compound action potentials produced by bipolar electrical stimulation were recorded from the isolated carp nervus lateralis by means of an electrode array consisting of 16 0.5 mm diameter platinum wire electrodes mounted in a nerve chamber. The recordings were repeated at temperatures ranging from 12.0 to 32.5 degrees C. Both the amplitude and conduction velocity of the nerve response peaked at about 28.0 degrees C. First-order mathematical approximations of conduction velocity and response waveform as a function of temperature were developed based on these data. The nerve response depending on temperature is distinguished by microscopic photography.
Action Potentials↗
Post-transfusion graft-versus-host disease in immunocompetent patients after cardiac surgery in Japan.
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Cardiac Surgical Procedures↗
Characterization of antibodies to dihydrothymine, a radiolysis product of DNA.
Antibodies to dihydrothymine were elicited by immunizing rabbits with dihydrothymidine monophosphate conjugated by carbodiimide to BSA. By use of an ELISA assay, the antibodies produced were found to be specific for dihydrothymine. Hapten inhibition studies showed that dihydrothymidine monophosphate was 3 orders of magnitude more effective as an inhibitor than thymidine monophosphate and 4 orders of magnitude more effective than thymidine glycol monophosphate. With DNA containing dihydrothymine, antibody reactivity was observed at 20 fmol of dihydrothymine, which is approximately 0.1 dihydrothymine per 10,000 bases. Thus, the assay is very sensitive. The antibody reacted with denatured DNA containing dihydrothymine but not with native DNA containing this lesion. The antibody was used for measurement of in vivo incorporation of dihydrothymidine in wild-type Escherichia coli or mutants defective in their ability to remove dihydrothymine from DNA or in the de novo synthesis of thymidylate. Lastly, antibodies to dihydrothymine were use to quantitate the formation of dihydrothymine in DNA X-irradiated under N2. Production of dihydrothymine in irradiated DNA correlated with the level of reducing species produced by X-rays, and dihydrothymine was produced preferentially in irradiated single-stranded or denatured DNA as compared to irradiated duplex DNA.
Antibody Specificity↗
Rapid hydrolysis of diacylglycerol formed during phosphatidate phosphatase assay by lipase activities in rat liver cytosol and microsomes.
Side reactions which may affect the determination of phosphatidate phosphatase activity were investigated in rat liver cytosol and microsomes. Incubation of these subcellular fractions with either 14C-labeled phosphatidate bound to microsomal membranes (PAmb) or that coemulsified with microsomal lipids resulted in rapid formation of water-soluble products, most of which were identified as glycerol, in addition to diacylglycerol. Neither lysophosphatidate nor glycerol 3-phosphate accumulated under any of the conditions used and only a minute amount of activity catalyzing hydrolysis of glycerol 3-phosphate could be detected in cytosol and microsomes, suggesting that glycerol was not formed by the deacylation of phosphatidate to glycerol 3-phosphate and subsequent dephosphorylation. On the other hand, pretreatment of cytosol or microsomes with diisopropylfluorophosphate abolished the formation of water-soluble products, indicating that glycerol was formed from diacylglycerol, the product of the phosphatidate phosphatase reaction, by lipase-type activities. Rapid deacylation of diacylglycerol by these subcellular fractions was also observed with an emulsion of phosphatidate, which has been purified from the total lipid extract of PAmb as substrate. The rate of hydrolysis of diacylglycerol was maximum when the concentration of diacylglycerol was less than 20 microM with either cytosol or microsomes. The present results suggest that it is essential to characterize the reaction products before employing specific assay conditions for phosphatidate phosphatase. At least under the conditions we tested, reliable measurement of the enzyme activity in rat liver cytosol and microsomes can be achieved only by determining the release of Pi or that of water-soluble activity from 32P-labeled phosphatidate.
Animals↗
Production of interleukin 1-like factor from human peripheral blood monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes by superoxide anion: the role of interleukin 1 and reactive oxygen species in inflamed sites.
In the present study, we investigated the possibility that oxidative stress to human peripheral blood monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) can induce interleukin 1 (IL-1)-like activity. Oxidative stress that we used was superoxide anion (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). O2-, but not H2O2, could induce an IL-1-like factor(s) from monocytes and PMNs. IL-1-like activity from monocytes and PMNs induced by O2- was due to de novo synthesis because no IL-1-like activity was found in culture supernatants and in the lysate of unstimulated cells. We next examined the effects of radical scavengers on production of an IL-1-like factor(s). Generation of IL-1-like activity from monocytes was amplified by preincubation with catalase (H2O2 scavenger), although it was suppressed by preincubation with either superoxide dismutase (O2- scavenger) or vitamin E (antioxidant analogs). These results suggest that production of an IL-1-like factor(s) from monocytes and PMNs was due to O2- stimulation. Our data that production of an IL-1-like factor(s) from inflammatory cells by stimulation with O2- imply a model of the up-regulation mechanism of inflammation mediated by enhanced IL-1-like factor production stimulated with reactive oxygen species.
Glucose Oxidase↗
The role of monokines in granuloma formation in mice: the ability of interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha to induce lung granulomas.
Granulomatous inflammation is associated with many significant human diseases, including tuberculosis, leprosy, sarcoidosis, parasite infection, and berylliosis. Very little is known about the basic mechanism of this type of inflammation. In the present study, we showed that pulmonary granulomas were induced in mice by the intratracheal injection of agarose beads coupled to recombinant interleukin 1 (IL-1) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Histologically, the bulk of granulomas was composed of macrophages and their derivatives. In contrast, the inflammatory reactions induced by beads coupled to either recombinant IL-2 or murine interferon-gamma were considerably smaller than those induced by beads coupled to monokines. These results suggest that macrophages and monokines such as IL-1 and TNF-alpha, but not T cell-derived lymphokines, play an essential role in granuloma formation.
Animals↗