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Biomedical subjects

H Goldstein

Publications and source records attributed to H Goldstein.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Familial retroperitoneal fibrosis.

Retroperitoneal fibrosis is an unusual cause of obstructive uropathy in the pediatric population. The etiology is unknown although there are laboratory and clinical associations with various autoimmune diseases. Familial associations have not been reported in children. A family is reported where two siblings have idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. In addition, these sisters and the father manifest clinical laboratory evidence for systemic immunologic diseases. These young girls represent the first patients to illustrate both autoimmune and familial characteristics of this disease. These cases support the concept that retroperitoneal fibrosis is a local manifestation of a systemic immune disease.

Child↗
PubMed1987

Experimental analysis of syntax training in Broca's aphasia: a generalization and social validation study.

A multiple baseline design across responses was used to examine the effect of syntax training on the sentence production of 4 individuals with chronic Broca's aphasia. Subjects were trained to produce five exemplars of five sentence types from Helm's Elicited Language Program for Syntax Stimulation (Helm-Estabrooks, 1981). Generalization and maintenance of trained sentence types to novel exemplars and novel stimulus conditions served as dependent measures. In addition, five naïve judges rated subjects' responses before and following the treatment in terms of their "adequacy." Generalization to novel exemplars was demonstrated sequentially by 3 subjects (i.e., following the teaching of all five forms), and the remaining subject demonstrated generalization for three of five sentence types trained. Maintenance was variable across subjects and sentence types. Generalization across stimulus conditions was limited for all subjects. Adequacy judgments revealed improved communication skills for wh-questions but limited changes in the perceived adequacy of subjects' declarative responses. These findings indicate that the effects of syntax training procedures are limited to those grammatical constructions taught, that generalization of learned forms to novel stimulus conditions is not an automatic consequence of acquisition, and that the effect of such training on the adequacy of subjects' responses may be limited.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Augmenting communicative interaction between handicapped and nonhandicapped preschool children.

A peer-mediated intervention designed to promote communicative interaction by 3 handicapped children with behavioral, social, and communicative deficits in an integrated preschool was evaluated. All 6 normally developing preschoolers in the class were taught facilitative strategies. A multiple baseline design across subjects was used in combination with withdrawal designs for 2 of the subjects. Significant increases in communicative interaction occurred when the peers were prompted to use the strategies with the 3 handicapped classmates. In particular, increases in the handicapped children's response rates were demonstrated during free play observations. In addition, fewer initiations by the handicapped children during the peer intervention was shown to be attributable to reductions in teacher prompting. Generalization to other settings was demonstrated by 1 subject. Although most strategy use by peers was prompted during the initial intervention phases, prompting dropped gradually while peer strategy use was maintained by the end of the study. Results of this study have implications for refining our ability to tailor interventions individually to improve treatment effectiveness based upon the characteristics of handicapped children.

Child Behavior Disorders↗
PubMed1986

Demonstration that human B cells respond differently to interleukin 2 and B cell differentiation factor based on their stages of maturation.

The mechanisms whereby interleukin 2 (IL 2), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and B cell differentiation factor (BCDF) alone or in combination modulate human B cell differentiation are currently under intensive study. To dissect out the effects of individual lymphokines contained in mixed lymphocyte reaction-culture supernatants (MLR-CS) on B cell differentiation, we employed pure factors that possessed the same activity as factors contained in MLR-CS (IL 2: 50 U/ml, IFN-gamma: 7 U/ml, BCDF-Nal: 5 pM/ml, BCDF-YA2: 12.5% v/v) singly and in combination to human B cells. By activating purified human B cells with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC) for 3 days, separating B blast cells by the Percoll centrifugation method, and then either using these B blast cells as B cells in the earlier stage after SAC-activation, or further culturing these B blast cells for 4 more days without any stimuli and using these B cells as B cells in the later stage after SAC-activation, we could define two different populations of cells. Disparity in the populations could be demonstrated by the observation that B cells in the earlier stage were 81.2% Tac-antigen+, 23.2% B2+, 68.9% transferrin receptor+, and 90.5% HLR-DR+, whereas B cells in the later stage were observed to be less positive for each surface antigen: 36.1% Tac-Ag+, 8.3% B2+, 45.3% transferrin receptor+, and 58.7% HLR-DR+. By adding each factor to both B cell fractions, we also demonstrated functional differences in the two populations. B cells in the earlier stage of activation only differentiated in response to IL 2 or IL 2 + IFN-gamma but not to BCDF, which was in contrast to B cells in the later stage that did not differentiate in response to IL 2 but did differentiate to BCDF. However, B cells in both stages proliferated in response to IL 2 but not to BCDF. Finally, we separated B cells in the later stage into two populations by the Percoll discontinuous gradient centrifugation. Lower density (larger) B cells were observed to proliferate but not to differentiate in response to IL 2, whereas higher density (smaller) B cells were observed to differentiate in response to BCDF. Therefore, we conclude that activated B cells initially become large and gain Tac-Ag and differentiate in response to IL 2 alone as well as the combination of IL 2 and IFN-gamma, whereas later in the more mature stage they become smaller again and differentiate into Ig-secreting cells only in response to BCDF.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed1986

Sexual dimorphism in mandibular growth of French-Canadian children 6 to 10 years of age.

Polynomial regression is used to model the mandibular growth of 28 girls and 26 boys who were followed longitudinally from 6 to 10 years of age. The pooled-within individual designs indicate that ramus height follows a linear pattern of size increase; corpus and total mandibular lengths display curvilineal, decelerating, patterns of growth over the age range. Multivariate analyses of variance reveal significant sex differences in size, favoring boys, for the two length measures at 6 years of age. Growth velocity for corpus length is also significantly greater in boys than in girls. Sexual dimorphism in the growth of total mandibular length is more complex, including differences in velocity and deceleration. Ramus height shows no significant pattern of variation between boys and girls for either size or growth velocity.

Aging↗
PubMed1986

Application of the office or home computer to searching the medical literature.

Search of the medical literature has, until recently, most often been conducted by medical librarians. The recent development of "user friendly" systems and competition among an increasing number of commercial and non-commercial vendors now provide the opportunity to personally conduct literature searches using a home or office computer without enormous investment in time, training or equipment. Hardware requirements and general principles of computerized literature searching are described, and the various services available for individual subscription are summarized, including National Library of Medicine (NLM) MEDLINE; Bibliographic Retrieval Services (BRS) and BRS/Saunders Colleague; PaperChase; Dialog/Knowledge Index; American Medical Association (AMA) Minet; and MEDIS.

Computers↗
PubMed1986

Peer intervention effects on communicative interaction among handicapped and nonhandicapped preschoolers.

A peer-mediated intervention designed to promote communicative interaction on the part of three language-delayed children was evaluated. Two nonhandicapped preschoolers were taught strategies thought to facilitate interaction and were prompted to use these strategies during free play with three handicapped classmates. The intervention resulted in higher rates of interaction for each of the handicapped children that persisted above baseline levels after teacher prompting was withdrawn.

Child Behavior Disorders↗
PubMed1985

On the subject of subjects: suggestions for describing subjects in language intervention studies.

Recent child language intervention literature was analyzed to determine the content and consistency of subject descriptions. The amount and type of descriptive information varied widely both within and among journals. In view of the potential importance of such descriptions and the apparent lack of standards for acceptability, suggestions were developed and forwarded as a working model for describing language-handicapped children in intervention studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Characterization of a T4+/Leu-8+ T cell clone that directly helps B cell Ig production by secreting B cell differentiation factor.

A human T4+/Leu-8+ T cell clone (YA2) was established by phytohemagglutinin activation and interleukin 2 (IL 2) propagation. Functional characterization of this clone demonstrated that it provided potent help towards Ig production by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated B cells in the presence of small numbers of autologous T cells or by Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC)-activated B cells in the presence of B cell growth factor (BCGF). YA2 provided no help to resting B cells and minimal help to either unactivated B cells cultured with BCGF or SAC-activated B cells. Supernatant generated from clone YA2 by IL 2 stimulation had significant B cell differentiation activity but no BCGF or IL 2 activity. Thus, YA2 is a T4+/Leu-8+ potent direct helper only to B cells that are activated and proliferating due to its selective secretion of a differentiation factor, and not an activation and growth factor. The availability of phenotypically defined cloned populations of T cells with restricted functional helper activity related to the secretion of selected B cell tropic factors should prove useful in the dissection of the role of individual T cell subsets in the regulation of the human B cell cycle.

Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte↗
PubMed1984

Effects of modeling and corrected practice on generative language learning of preschool children.

A simultaneous treatments design was used to compare the effects of modeling and corrected practice on generative language acquisition of six preschool children. New syntactic forms used to describe agent-action and agent-action-object stimuli were taught concurrently. All six children learned both new syntactic forms. However, generative language learning was accomplished more efficiently with corrected practice, irrespective of the number of words or the linguistic complexity of utterance forms. When modeling was not effective initially, instructing two children to start talking like the model resulted in rapid observational learning. It is suggested that descriptive researchers may have prematurely discounted the possible role of corrected practice in the enhancement of language learning. This analog study indicates that corrected practice should provide a more efficient approach for establishing generalized syntactic responding, at least initially, in language intervention programs.

Child Language↗
PubMed1983

Word recognition in a foreign language: a study of speech perception.

Models of speech perception have stressed the importance of investigating recognition of words in fluent speech. The effects of word length and the initial phonemes of words on the speech perception of foreign language learners were investigated. English-speaking subjects were asked to listen for target words in repeated presentations of a prose passage read in French by a native speaker. The four target words were either one or four syllables in length and began with either an initial stop or fricative consonant. Each of the four words was substituted 60 times in identical sentence contexts in place of nouns deleted from the original story. The results indicated that four-syllable words were more easily detected than one-syllable words. Contrary to expectation, stop-initial words were not more accurately detected than fricative-initial words. Based on these findings additional considerations that seem needed in order to apply current models of word recognition to naive listeners are discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed1983

Training generative repertoires within agent-action-object miniature linguistic systems with children.

This study investigated processes responsible for generative language acquisition through the use of a miniature linguistic system. The miniature linguistic system consisted of nonsense syllables and concrete-enactive, agent-action referents. The purpose of Experiment 1 was to determine (a) whether children would recombine agent and action constituents to produce novel utterances and (b) whether children would generate further extensions of the linguistic system (e.g., agent-action-object sentences) following training of a novel syntactic construction. Four children (aged 8:8, 7:4, 4:9, and 4:5) produced novel utterances to describe untrained agent-action referents. They also progressed from agent-action learning to producing agent-action-object sentences after training on only one or two examples of this sentence type with the appropriate referents. Experiment 2 explored conditions more likely to facilitate recombinative generalization among preschoolers. In particular, how a history of lexical learning affects subsequent language learning was investigated with seven 4-year-olds. Results indicated that a history of lexical learning greatly enhanced generative production of untrained agent-action utterances. In addition, all seven children learned new syntactic rules to generate three-word utterances, regardless of the orderings of agent, action, and object words. Implications for developing efficient language remediation programs are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1983

Visual and tactual perception of syllable number in sentence stimuli.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether suprasegmental information could be perceived by artificially deafened subjects via the Multipoint Electrotactile Speech Aid (MESA) so as to enhance the visual perception of connected discourse. This study compared subjects' untrained ability to perceive the number of syllables in sentence stimuli in three conditions: Visual Alone (VA), Tactile Alone (TA), and Tactile plus Visual (TV). Five adults tapped the temporal pattern of stimuli using a telegraph key. Stimuli consisted of 1-, 3-, 5-, and 7-syllable meaningful sentences and 5- and 7-syllable (nonmeaningful) second-order sentences. The subjects perceived correctly a mean of 37% of the stimuli in the TA condition, and approximately 60% of the stimuli in the VA and TV conditions. Three possible explanations are offered to account for these results: (1) the limitations of the MESA's electrocutaneous transform of the speech signal, (2) the sensory limitations of the skin, and (3) the absence of extensive training.

Adult↗