Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

E R Miller

Publications and source records attributed to E R Miller.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Value of raw soybeans and soybean oil supplementation in sow gestation and lactation diets: a cooperative study.

A cooperative study using 215 sows during two parities (349 litters) was conducted at six stations to determine the effect of raw soybeans in gestation and lactation diets on sow and litter performance. Sows were bred and allotted to fortified corn diets containing either soybean meal (control) or raw soybeans. A corn-soybean meal-soybean oil diet, isocaloric to the raw soybean diet, was included as a third treatment at three stations. All diets contained 14% CP. These diets were fed during both gestation and lactation through two parities. The daily gestation feed intake ranged from 1.8 to 2.3 kg/sow, depending on station. During lactation, the sows were allowed ad libitum access to their respective diets. Gestational weight gain was not influenced by diet, but sows fed raw soybeans consumed less (P less than .01) feed during lactation and had greater (P less than .01) lactational weight loss and their pigs were lighter in weight (P less than .05) both at 21 d and at weaning (varied between 3 and 5 wk of age). Sows fed the diet with supplemental oil had reproductive and lactational performance similar to those fed the control diet. Milk obtained at d 10 to 14 of lactation from sows fed raw soybeans had lower (P less than .05) protein content than milk from sows fed the other two diets, but fat content of the milk tended to be increased by raw soybeans or by added soybean oil. Return to estrus was not affected by diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

The influence of gestational dietary calcium on serum 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in sows and their pigs.

Fifteen multiparous sows (three groups of five) were studied during one gestation-lactation cycle to measure the influence of dietary Ca (.5, .8[control], and 1.1%) on 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1, 25-(OH)2D3) in serum and colostrum of the sows and serum of their pigs. Concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D3 and Ca, Mg, P, Cu, and Zn were determined on d 15 and 45 of gestation, at parturition, and at 3 wk postpartum in sow serum and at birth and d 10 and 21 in pig serum. Colostrum was assayed for 1,25-(OH)2D3. Serum 1,25-(OH)2D3 in sows was affected inversely (P less than .05) by dietary Ca within d 15 of gestation and was correlated (r = -.88) with serum Ca during gestation and lactation. Serum Ca was correlated (r = .52) with dietary Ca at d 15 and 45 of gestation and at farrowing. Sow serum Mg was inversely related (r = -.49) to serum Ca during gestation and early lactation. Serum 1,25-(OH)2D3 of the pigs at birth ranged from 38.7 to 44.2 pg/ml was decreased (P less than .05) by 1.1% maternal Ca intake. Sow colostrum 1,25-(OH)2D3 was related (P less than .05) inversely (r = -.40) to sow dietary Ca and directly (r = .90) to sow serum 1,25-(OH)2D3. Serum 1,25-(OH)2D3 of 10- and 21-d-old pigs was inversely related (P less than .05) to their dams' dietary Ca. These results indicate that 1,25-(OH)2D3 production in sows is quickly affected by modest changes in dietary Ca.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Physiological relationships between microbiological status and dietary copper levels in the pig.

Ten germ-free pigs and 10 conventionally reared pigs were fed one of two nutritionally balanced diets containing either 16 ppm Cu (basal) or 283 ppm Cu (high-Cu) to evaluate the physiological relationships between Cu and microbiological environment. Germ-free pigs tended to have higher ADG and average daily feed intake (ADFI) than conventionally reared pigs. Feeding the high-Cu diet tended to reduce ADG and ADFI in germ-free pigs but it increased ADG and ADFI in conventionally reared pigs. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were higher in germ-free pigs than in conventionally reared pigs (P less than .001), and hematocrit (P less than .01) and erythrocyte count (P less than .06) were reduced by feeding the high-Cu diet. Germ-free pigs had lower total leukocyte count (P less than .01) and the relative percentages of differentiated leukocytes were altered compared with conventionally reared pigs. Feeding the high-Cu diet increased the percentage of band neutrophils and monocytes in germ-free pigs but reduced the percentage of these cells in conventionally reared pigs (P less than .04). Germ-free pigs had higher concentrations of Cu and Zn in liver and plasma (P less than .001) and greater plasma ceruloplasmin oxidase activity (P less than .001) than conventionally reared pigs did. The high-Cu diet increased liver Cu and Zn (P less than .001) and plasma Cu (P less than .001) and reduced liver and plasma Fe (P less than .05). Organ weights (g/kg BW) differed between germ-free and conventionally reared pigs, and feeding the high-Cu diet reduced thymus weights (P less than .002). Intestinal weight and thickness were reduced in germ-free pigs, and feeding the high-Cu diet generally reduced villus height and width and crypt depth in germ-free pigs, whereas it increased these measurements in conventionally reared pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Relationship between body fat and postweaning interval to estrus in primiparous sows.

Twenty-two primiparous Yorkshire sows were used to determine whether a minimal threshold of body fat exists below which the return to estrus is delayed. A second objective was to examine the relationship between body fat and interval from weaning to estrus in restricted-fed sows. During lactation (28 d), sows received 7, 9, 11 or 13 Mcal of ME daily to produce a range of sow body fatness at weaning. Intake of all dietary essentials except ME was similar for all sows. Litter size was adjusted to 10 pigs for all sows by d 3 postpartum. Each day from weaning to estrus, sows received 110 kcal ME per kg metabolic body weight plus 1,359 kcal ME per sow. Body fat was estimated at weaning and at first postweaning estrus by deuterium oxide dilution. Last rib backfat depth was determined ultrasonically 24 h postpartum and at weaning. Irrespective of dietary ME intake, percentage body fat at weaning (R2 = .24; P less than .05) and first postweaning estrus (R2 = .03; P greater than .50) accounted for only a small portion of variation in interval from weaning to estrus. Likewise, loss of backfat depth during lactation was not an accurate predictor of interval from weaning to estrus (R2 = .24; P less than .05). The low coefficients of determination (less than .25) suggest that body fat is a minor controller of postweaning interval to estrus. In contrast, dietary ME intake during lactation accounted for the largest portion of the variation (R2; = .48; P less than .01) in postweaning interval to estrus. We conclude that timing of postweaning estrus in primiparous sows is not dependent on a minimal threshold of body fat. Furthermore, effects of lactational ME intake on the postweaning interval to estrus are more pronounced than the effects of body fat.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1988

Fumaric and citric acids as feed additives in starter pig diets: effect on performance and nutrient balance.

The effect of dietary citric acid (CA) and fumaric acid (FA) on pig weight gain (ADG) and gain/feed (G/F) was studied in two trials using 192 crossbred, 4-wk-old weaning pigs. Three dietary levels (0, 1.5 or 3.0%) of either FA (Trial 1) or CA (Trial 2) with or without an antibiotic supplement (110 mg chlortetracycline, 110 mg sulfamethazine and 55 mg penicillin/kg diet) formed six treatment combinations in each trial. These six diets were fed to two replicate pens of eight pigs each for a 4-wk period. In Trial 1, ADG was improved (P less than .01) during wk 1, and G/F was improved during wk 1 (P less than .01) as well as during wk 1 to 2 (P less than .05) for pigs consuming FA-supplemented diets. In Trial 2, CA had no beneficial influence on ADG during the 4-wk trial. However, feed intake during wk 1 was depressed (P less than .05) by adding CA, as was G/F during wk 1 to 2 (P less than .05). Based on these results, FA was selected to be used in a nutrient balance study. Twelve 4-wk-old weanling pigs were fed one of three diets: control (C), C + 1.5% FA, or C + antibiotic supplement (A). Diet digestible energy (DE), ME and N-corrected ME (MEN) were not different among treatments. Nitrogen balance, percentage N retained and apparent N digestibility were not affected by dietary treatment. Calcium balance and percentage of Ca retained were unaffected by diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1987

Emetic activity of the trichothecene 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol in swine.

The emetic activity of 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), a deoxynivalenol (DON) precursor, was evaluated in swine over a dose range of 25-200 micrograms/kg body weight and found to be very similar to that of DON. The minimum effective oral doses for 15-ADON and DON were 75 and 50 micrograms/kg, respectively, with 3/15 of the 15-ADON- and 4/15 of the DON-treated pigs exhibiting emesis, over the total dose range. The minimum effective ip doses for 15-ADON and DON were also 75 and 50 micrograms/kg, respectively, with 9/15 pigs in each group exhibiting emesis, over the total dose range. For pigs receiving 15-ADON and DON ip, increased dosage was associated with decreased average time to vomition, increased duration of emesis and increased average number of vomitions.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effects of adding fat to the sow lactation diet on lactation and rebreeding performance.

One-hundred-three multiparous sows were randomly assigned to one of two lactation diets containing either no supplemental animal fat (C) or 10% added fat (F) during two seasons, summer (S) and winter (W), in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Sows were placed on their respective dietary treatments 1 wk prior to farrowing and were fed these diets ad libitum throughout the 28-d lactation period. Weekly feed intake and total feed intake were not affected by diet or season, while weekly metabolizable energy (ME) intake tended to be higher during week 1 and 3, and was higher (P less than .04) during wk 2 for sows fed diet F. Sow weight loss from farrowing to 21 d of lactation and to weaning (28 d) were unaffected by diet or season. Average pig birth weight was .15 kg higher (P less than .01) for pigs born during S compared with those born in W. Sows receiving diet F had heavier litters at 21 d (P less than .01) and heavier average pig 21-d weights (P less than .01). This was primarily due to the 13.1% increase (P less than .04) in estimated milk yield and the higher fat concentration (P less than .001) of milk consumed by the pigs nursing sows fed diet F. Interval between weaning and rebreeding was shortened by 5.9 d (P less than .01) for sows during W than during S, and tended to be lower for sows fed diet F (7.3 d) compared with that of sows fed diet C (9.7 d).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Importance of diet of dam and colostrum to the biological antioxidant status and parenteral iron tolerance of the pig.

Fifteen second-parity sows were used to determine the importance of vitamin E (E) and selenium (Se) supplementation of the sow's diet and colostrum consumption by the neonatal pig on tolerance to parenteral iron. Selenium (.1 ppm) and E (50 IU/kg) supplementation of the diet of the sow increased plasma tocopherol and Se concentrations, but did not increase plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. Colostrum had greater concentrations of E (primarily alpha-tocopherol) and Se than milk. Plasma biological antioxidant status (tocopherol level and GSH-Px activity) of pigs at birth was very low, but by 2 d of age had increased, especially in alpha-tocopherol (nearly a 20-fold increase). Liveability and body weight gain of pigs were not affected by the pre-colostrum iron injection (200 mg Fe as gleptoferron); however, plasma tocopherol concentrations of Fe-injected pigs were lower and plasma Se concentration and GSH-Px activities were higher at 2 d of age than values of pigs not receiving parenteral Fe. Supplementation of the dam's diet with E and Se maintained high tocopherol and Se levels in her colostrum and milk and a high biological antioxidant status in her pigs throughout the nursing period.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Stability of glutathione peroxidase in swine plasma samples under various storage conditions.

The stability of plasma glutathione peroxidase under different temperatures (4 degrees C vs. -15 degrees C), various durations of storage (0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 d), and storage under inert gas (nitrogen (N2)) vs air is described. The glutathione peroxidase activity of swine plasma decreased consistently with storage at either 4 degrees C or -15 degrees C 1-56 d after collection, and differed (P less than or equal to 0.01) from the initial values. Storage under N2 at -15 degrees C slowed the rate of enzyme activity decrease but did not maintain the initial activity. For absolute measurements, it is suggested that swine plasma glutathione peroxidase activity be measured immediately after separation from the blood cells or be assayed within 24 h in plasma samples stored at -15 degrees C with air space displaced by N2. If relative treatment differences in enzyme activity are satisfactory, then assays can be conducted after controlled periods of storage.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Bladder cancer risk among auto and truck mechanics and chemically related occupations.

Male participants in the NCI National Bladder Cancer study were evaluated for risks in auto and truck mechanic and in chemically related exposure occupations compared with those who had never worked in these areas. In nonsmokers the adjusted rate ratios (RR) for mechanics equalled 1.33, (95% CI 0.77, 2.31). The adjusted RR in the nonsmoker chemically related group was 1.53 (95% CI 1.13, 2.07). Duration of exposure as a mechanic was not clearly associated with bladder cancer risk regardless of smoking status.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Genetic predisposition of pigs to hypo- and hyperselenemia.

A continuing, sporadic incidence of vitamin E-selenium (Se) responsive disease among confinement-reared pigs believed to be fed complete and adequately supplemented diets prompted these studies on the potential genetic influence over vitamin E and Se metabolism in pigs. The initial study revealed a wide range of serum Se and vitamin E concentrations among age-matched, commonly housed and commonly fed growing pigs. Pigs found relatively hyposelenemic (hypo-Se) or hyperselenemic (hyper-Se) early in life retained their relative Se status while commonly reared. The persistence of vitamin E status was poor. Selected matings between identified, relatively hypo-Se gilts and boars and between relatively hyper-Se gilts and boars produced similarly affected baby pigs. In Exp. 2, representative hypo-Se (20) and hyper-Se (20) pigs were identified from a total of 107 baby pigs by 30 d of age. These pigs were allotted to an experiment to compare the responses of these two populations to .1 and .3 ppm supplemental dietary Se through 150 d of age. The difference in mean serum Se of the selected hypo- and hyper-Se pigs fed .1 ppm Se was significant at each sampling time. This difference approximated that observed between pigs (either hypo- or hyperselenemic) fed .1 and .3 ppm Se. The increase in serum Se due to .3 ppm supplemental dietary Se was greater among the selected hypo-Se pigs than among the hyper-Se pigs. Plasma Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was a better indicator of dietary or serum Se status than was erythrocyte GSH-Px. The selected hyper-Se pigs maintained a more rapid rate of growth than did the hypo-Se pigs and were approximately 10 kg heavier at 150 d than the hypo-Se pigs.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

Effects of riboflavin supplementation and selenium source on selenium metabolism in the young pig.

The effect of dietary riboflavin (B2) supplementation and selenium (Se) source on the performance and Se metabolism of weanling pigs was studied. Pigs fed a B2-supplemented (10 mg/kg) casein-glucose diet for 18 d gained faster than pigs fed the B2-unsupplemented diet. Percentage active erythrocyte glutathione reductase (GR) declined rapidly when pigs were placed on the B2-unsupplemented diet and was lower (P less than .01) than that of B2-supplemented pigs after 12 d on test. Percentage active erythrocyte GR values fell below 50% before other B2 deficiency signs became evident. Supplementation of diets with 10 mg B2/kg resulted in increased kidney and muscle glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. The Se concentration of liver and heart increased and plasma Se levels decreased with dietary B2 supplementation. Riboflavin supplementation and Se source did not alter apparent Se absorption, but B2 supplementation decreased urinary Se and thus increased Se retention. Also, there was less urinary Se excretion when selenomethionine was the dietary Se source and consequently more Se was retained than when sodium selenite was the dietary Se source. In a final trial, B2 supplementation increased kidney, muscle, heart and brain GSH-Px activity when sodium selenite was the dietary Se source, but not when selenomethionine was the dietary Se source.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Development of an assay to determine the bioavailability of potassium in feedstuffs for the young pig.

A series of four trials was conducted to verify the published requirement of .26% total K in the diet and to identify response variables useful in an assay of the bioavailability of K in feedstuffs for the young pig. Purified diets were supplemented with K at four levels as KC2H3O2 in three trials and as KHCO3 in the fourth trial. In the first three trials, the requirement was estimated by least-squares analysis of a linear-plateau response of average daily gain. Additional measures in each trial were taken for linear response to dietary K levels. The three estimates of K requirement obtained were .30, .33 and .26% total K in the diet. These three estimates were not found to be inconsistent with the published value of .26% total K in the diet. Various urinary and hematological measures also were examined during the four trials for linear response to dietary K levels. Plasma K was the only hematological response to show a significant linear relationship to dietary K levels. Urinary K concentrations and daily excretion showed a highly significant linear response to dietary K levels. Based on these results, a K bioavailability assay using urinary K measures as the primary response variable and plasma K as the secondary response variable seems the most promising.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1985

Lysine availability in flash-dried blood meals for swine.

The available lysine content of three flash-dried blood meals was determined by use of a pig growth assay. Pigs that were 5 to 6 wk old were fed either one of the reference diets or one of the test diets for the 4-wk period of each assay. The reference diets were a corn-soybean meal basal (B) that was deficient in lysine, B+.1% L-lysine and B+.2% L-lysine. The test diets were B plus 1.5% and 3.0% of blood meal. The available lysine levels (percentage as fed) of ring-dried cattle blood meal, ring-dried swine blood meal and drum-dried cattle blood meal were determined to be 6.9, 7.4 and 6.7, respectively. All three flash-dried blood meals appeared to have similar available lysine levels and a value of 7% lysine may be used to formulate diets containing flash-dried blood meals. Incorporation of 3 or 6% drum-dried blood meal into starter diets improved N retention over a corn-soybean meal diet and did not reduce N-corrected metabolizable energy density of the diet.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1985

Mineral X disease interactions.

The ability of animals to cope with infection may be influenced by mineral nutrition, in particular Mg and P of the macroelements and Zn, Fe, Cu and Se of the trace elements. Deficiencies of Zn, Fe, Cu and Se have resulted in a lowered resistance to disease either through an impaired immune response or faulty leukocyte function. The role of Se in bactericidal action of the phagocytes is associated with oxidative functions believed important for killing phagocytized bacteria. The role of these and other essential elements in disease prevention is an important area of animal nutrition research.

Anemia, Hypochromic↗