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Biomedical subjects

E R Miller

Publications and source records attributed to E R Miller.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

A study of the acylcarnitine content of sows' colostrum, milk and newborn piglet tissues: demonstration of high amounts of isovalerylcarnitine in colostrum and milk.

As part of a project to determine if newborn piglets contain less than optimal amounts of carnitine, the carnitine and acylcarnitine content of colostrum, milk and serum of sows and of serum, liver, heart and muscle of newborn and 2-day-old piglets was measured. Colostrum contained high amounts (370 nmol/ml) total carnitine, with greater than 95% being acylated. The principal acylcarnitines (approx. 45% each) were acetyl- and isovalerylcarnitine . In contrast, serum from lactating or nonpregnant nonlactating sows and from piglets all contained primarily free carnitine and some acetylcarnitine but only traces of isovalerylcarnitine . At birth, the blood and liver of piglets contained very low amounts of total carnitine, which increased two- and fourfold, respectively, after 2 days of suckling. These data show that newborn piglet liver and blood are carnitine poor and indicate that the high levels in colostrum and milk are a source of tissue carnitine. The large amounts of acetyl- and isovalerylcarnitine in colostrum and milk might facilitate secretion of available carnitine.

Acetylcarnitine↗
PubMed1984

Effects of zeolite a or clinoptilolite in diets of growing swine.

Growth, nutrient balance, plasma ammonia levels and urinary p-cresol excretion were evaluated in growing pigs fed diets containing various levels of zeolite A or clinoptilolite. In one growth trial, crossbred pigs averaging 25 kg initial body weight were assigned to diets containing no zeolite, .3% zeolite A or .5% clinoptilolite for a 6-wk growing phase trial. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADF) and feed/gain (F/G) were unaffected by supplementation of either zeolite in the diet, but metabolizable energy (ME) utilization was improved by feeding diets containing either zeolite. A second growth trial utilized the same crossbred pigs, which averaged 65 kg initial body weight, and were assigned to diets containing no zeolite, 1% zeolite A or 5% clinoptilolite for an 8-wk finishing phase trial. Average daily gain, ADF, and ME utilization were unaffected by feeding either zeolite diet, while F/G was increased in pigs fed the diet containing 5% clinoptilolite. In two nutrient balance trials, 16 crossbred pigs averaging 7.5 kg in initial body weight were fed diets containing 0, 1, 2 or 3% zeolite A in one trial and 16 crossbred pigs averaging 7.0 kg initial body weight were fed diets containing 0, 2.5, 5.0 or 7.5% clinoptilolite in a second trial. In both trials, digestible energy, ME, N-corrected ME and ME corrected for N balance and zeolite levels were linearly reduced as increasing amounts of either zeolite were fed. Daily fecal N increased and apparent digestibility of N was linearly reduced by feeding increasing amounts of zeolite A or clinoptilolite. Biological value of protein was improved linearly as higher levels of zeolite A were fed, indicating that there may be some ammonia binding to zeolite A in the gastrointestinal tract. Net protein utilization was reduced by feeding increasing levels of clinoptilolite in the diet. Calcium, P, Mg, Na, K and Fe retentions were linearly reduced by feeding increasing amounts of zeolite A in the diet, while increasing levels of clinoptilolite caused only P retention to be linearly reduced. Both free and conjugated forms of urinary p-cresol were linearly reduced by feeding increasing levels of clinoptilolite. Plasma ammonia levels were reduced at subsequent bleedings after a meal and by increasing levels of clinoptilolite.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed1983

A copper deficiency in neonatal pigs induced by a high zinc maternal diet.

Because high levels of dietary zinc are known to reduce copper body stores, the objective was to determine if a high zinc maternal diet could induce a copper deficiency in the newborn pig fed a dried skim milk--glucose--starch diet unsupplemented with copper. The offspring of gilts, which were fed 5000 ppm of zinc, were allowed to nurse until 3 to 5 days of age when they were weaned and placed in individual stainless-steel pens. The dietary treatments were 0, 5 and 10 ppm added copper from copper sulfate. After 14 days, pigs receiving the 0-ppm copper diet weighed significantly less (P less than 0.05) and had reduced hemoglobin, hematocrit and serum copper concentrations and no detectable ceruloplasmin activity. After 5 weeks, the pigs were killed, and tissues were collected. The unsupplemented group had 16.4% of the aortic lysyl oxidase activity of the 5-ppm group. Cytochrome c oxidase activity in the heart and liver, and copper stores in the heart, liver, pancreas and kidney were depressed (P less than 0.05) in unsupplemented pigs compared to those receiving 5 ppm copper. These data demonstrate that it is possible to produce quickly a markedly copper-deficient pig, by using the offspring of sows fed 5000 ppm zinc, and support previous conclusions that the dietary copper requirement of the baby pig is about 5 ppm.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effect of dietary zinc levels on the growth and development of the gilt.

The effect of dietary Zn levels on the growth and development of gilts was studied. Sixty crossbred and purebred Yorkshire gilts weighing about 30 kg were allotted by sire into four treatment groups and blocked by the date they were farrowed into three blocks. The dietary treatments, which were the amounts of Zn from Zn0 added to the diet, were 0, 50, 500 and 5,000 ppm. Thus, the treatments were less than NRC nutrient requirement, equal to the NRC requirement, 10 times requirement and 100 times requirement for Zn added to a basal corn-soybean meal diet. Weight gain and feed efficiency were not affected by dietary treatment, although there was a trend for gilts receiving 5,000 ppm added Zn to weigh less after 20 wk. After 4 wk on the experimental diets, gilts receiving 5,000 ppm supplemental Zn had elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) activity and serum Zn levels. The activity of SAP tended to decline with age for animals receiving the other dietary treatments. Gilts receiving no supplementary Zn or 50 ppm additional Zn tended to have lower serum Zn concentrations at 4, 12 and 20 wk on the study than initially. Copper concentrations in the serum were reduced when gilts were fed 5,000 ppm additional Zn. These results suggest that gilts tolerate 5,000 ppm supplemental Zn from Zn0 during growth and development, but mineral profiles are altered.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1983

Effect of dietary zinc levels on health and productivity of gilts and sows through two parities.

The influence of 0, 50, 500 or 5,000 ppm supplemental Zn on productive characteristics, weight change, and serum and organ mineral concentrations of 60 crossbred and purebred Yorkshire gilts was evaluated. Gilts were fed their respective treatment from 30 kg body weight until the completion of two parities. Sows fed 5,000 ppm supplemental Zn weighed significantly less than sows from the other treatments when killed. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was higher for the sows fed the highest level of Zn in all replications at 10 and 14 mo of age than for sows from the other treatments. Sows fed 0, 50 or 500 ppm had lower serum Zn and higher serum Cu concentrations than sows fed 5,000 ppm Zn at 10 and 14 mo of age. The number of pigs farrowed (total and live) and birth weight were not affected by dam's dietary treatment. However, sows receiving no additional Zn had a higher number of abnormal pigs/litter than sows on the other treatments. Sows fed 5,000 ppm additional Zn weaned fewer pigs that weighed less at weaning than sows on the other treatments. The concentration of Zn in the sow's liver increased significantly and liver Cu decreased as dietary level of Zn increased. Sows receiving 5,000 ppm Zn had lower hepatic Fe stores compared with sows receiving 500 ppm Zn. Elevated renal Cu and Zn concentrations were found in sows fed the highest level of Zn supplementation. The Zn concentration was higher and the Cu concentration lower in the aorta of sows fed 5,000 ppm Zn compared with sows fed 0 or 50 ppm additional Zn. Incidence of osteochondrosis was higher in sows supplemented with 5,000 ppm Zn than for sows from the other treatments.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1983

Effect of dietary zinc levels on mineral concentration in milk.

Effects of supplemental dietary Zn levels of 0, 50, 500 and 5,000 ppm on the mineral concentration in milk of first- and second-parity sows were evaluated. Colostrum from sows fed 5,000 ppm of supplemental Zn contained less Cu and P than colostrum from sows on the other treatments. Calcium was reduced in the colostrum from sows fed 0 or 5,000 ppm Zn. Copper was reduced and Zn increased in milk from sows fed the highest Zn level compared with the other treatments during wk 1, 2 and 3 of lactation. Iron was lower in the 2nd wk milk from sows supplemented with 50 ppm Zn compared with sows on the other treatments. Copper and Zn concentrations were reduced in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd wk milk from sows fed 0, 50 or 500 ppm additional Zn compared with colostrum, but only Zn was reduced in milk from sows supplemented with 5,000 ppm Zn compared with colostrum. Calcium concentrations were increased in milk for all treatments compared with colostrum, and Mg was increased in 1st, 2nd and 3rd wk milk from sows fed 0, 50 or 500 ppm Zn and in 2nd and 3rd wk milk from sows fed 5,000 ppm Zn compared with colostrum. Phosphorus was higher in 2nd wk milk from sows fed 0 or 500 ppm Zn and higher in 3rd wk milk for sows fed 0, 500 or 5,000 ppm Zn compared with colostrum. The Fe concentration in 1st wk milk from the second-parity sows was increased compared with that from the first-parity sows for all treatments. Magnesium was reduced in second-parity colostrum compared with first parity for all treatments except the unsupplemented group.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Concentration of minerals in tissues of pigs from dams fed different levels of dietary zinc.

Effects on the tissue mineral concentrations of pigs from sows fed four dietary Zn levels were studied. A male and a female from first- and second-parity litters were killed at 1 and 21 d of age. The dams were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet supplemented with 0, 50, 500 or 5,000 ppm Zn from 30 kg body weight until completion of the second lactation. Pigs from sows fed 5,000 ppm additional zinc had heavier liver, heart, thyroid and adrenal weights relative to their body weight than did pigs from sows on the other treatments. First- and second-parity pigs from sows on the highest Zn supplementation level had higher Fe stores in the liver, higher Zn concentrations in the liver, kidney and pancrease, and higher Cu levels in the kidney compared with pigs from sows on the other treatments. However, Cu concentrations in the liver, heart, pancreas, esophagus, aorta and testes were reduced in pigs from sows on the 5,000 ppm Zn treatment. In first-parity pigs, Ca in the liver was higher for pigs whose dams received 5,000 ppm Zn compared with pigs from sows on all other treatments, and the Mn level was higher compared with pigs from sows receiving 50 or 500 ppm additional zinc. Pigs at 1 d of age from sows on the 0, 50 or 500 ppm treatment had lower hepatic P and Zn concentrations than pigs from sows on the same treatment at 21 d of age. The reverse was true for pigs whose dams received 5,000 ppm Zn.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effect of parenteral iron on serum electrolytes of the baby pig.

Twenty-eight 4-d-old nursing pigs were used in two trials to evaluate the effects of im injection of iron (Fe) from Fe-dextran upon subsequent serum mineral concentrations. An im injection of 150 mg of Fe from Fe-dextran was given to all pigs (n = 17) in trial 1. Serum Fe concentration increased rapidly from an initial mean of 65 to 3,466 micrograms/dl at 6 h postinjection (PI), 5,712 micrograms/dl at 24 h PI, then fell to 317 micrograms/dl at 4 d PI, 143 micrograms/dl at 7 d PI and remained about 100 micrograms/dl at 14, 21 and 28 d PI. Concentrations of other serum minerals did not appear to be influenced by the Fe-dextran injection. Treatments of Pigs (n = 11) in trial 2 were no injection, injection of dextran only, injection of 100 mg Fe from Fe-dextran and injection of 200 mg Fe from Fe-dextran. Serum Fe concentration increased rapidly after Fe-dextran injection, rising to a peak of 11,028 micrograms/dl at 6 h PI from the 100-mg Fe injection and 17,012 micrograms/dl at 6 h PI from the 200-mg Fe injection. Serum Fe concentration dropped steadily in pigs that were given no injection or injected with dextran only. Seven days after trial 2 started, all pigs that had received no injection or dextran only were injected with 100 mg Fe from Fe-dextran.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The effect of sodium fluoride and sodium silicate on growth and bone strength of broilers.

Two experiments were conducted using 300 broilers each. Standard broiler diets were supplemented by adding to the drinking water either sodium fluoride or sodium meta-silicate. Sodium fluoride provided 120 ppm Na and 100 ppm F and 120 ppm Na and 74 ppm Si were provided by the sodium silicate. Control groups received tap water. All groups received a standard corn-soybean meal diet and drinking water ad libitum. All broilers were reared in floor pens, and hardwood shavings were used for bedding. Live weights and feed conversion were determined every 2 weeks. Growth rates, feed conversions, and mortality were not affected by the sodium salts in either experiment. Litter conditions in the pens were closely observed, and no differences were found resulting from the addition of either sodium salt to the drinking water. A significant decrease in humeri strength was observed when one wing of broilers in the control and sodium fluoride treated groups was immobilized with tape during the last 2 weeks of each experiment. This loss of strength was not significant in the sodium silicate group. In both experiments, breaking strength and ash content of humeri and tibiae were significantly increased in birds fed the sodium fluoride when compared to the control group. The sodium silicate group yielded intermediate results.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Mineral and vitamin nutrition of swine.

Major changes in the swine industry during the last quarter century have influenced mineral and vitamin nutrition of swine. Improvements in the efficiency of lean tissue synthesis of pigs through selection has necessitated a reappraisal of dietary requirements of minerals and vitamins to realize the genetic potential. Bioavailabilities of some minerals and vitamins in various feedstuffs have been determined. Much is still to be done. The importance of trace elements in biology and in the swine diet became well recognized during the last 25 years. Analytical capabilities are well developed. Skeletal strength and other measures of maximum bone mineralization have been used as sensitive criteria for dietary adequacy of Ca, P and vitamin D. Dietary mineral or vitamin deficiencies or excesses in the etiology of osteochondrosis or atrophic rhinitis have yet to be satisfactorily proven. The emergence in the last 25 years of the use of supplemental vitamin E and selenium in swine diets and their roles in protection of cellular and subcellular membranes from peroxidative damage have been of utmost importance. The presence of unique proteins carrying trace elements or vitamins in uterine fluids of swine merits research into their role in reproduction. The entire field of trace element and vitamin involvement in endocrine function is a largely unresearched area of swine nutrition. In this paper we review major accomplishments of the last 25 years in mineral and vitamin nutrition of swine and suggest areas of future research needs.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1982

The effects of antibiotics in the weanling pig diet on growth and the excretion of volatile phenolic and aromatic bacterial metabolites.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary antibiotic supplementation on the fecal urinary excretion of volatile phenolic and aromatic bacterial metabolites by the weanling pig, and to determine if a relationship exists between an exposure to these metabolites and growth performance. Wealing pigs were fed a basal diet, supplemented with either 110 ppm chlortetracycline, 110 ppm sulfamethazine and 55 ppm penicillin, 40 ppm lincomycin sulfate, or no antibiotics, for 30 days. Pigs on the chlortetracycline-sulfamethazine-penicillin diet on the average tended to grow at a faster rate, attained a higher percentage weight gain, and weighed slightly more than pigs on either the lincomycin sulfate or no antibiotic diets. Under all treatments, p-cresol was the predominant metabolite of the volatile phenolic and aromatic metabolites detected in feces and urine, with the urine accounting for 88% of its total daily excretion. Pigs on the chlortetracycline-sulfamethazine-penicillin diet excreted less urinary p-cresol than pigs on either the lincomycin sulfate or no antibiotic diets. Total p-cresol excretion expressed on the metabolic body size, resulted in significant treatment differences. Regression analysis of percentage body weight gain on urinary p-cresol excretion gave a negative correlation coefficient (r = -0.73). The results suggest that intestinal p-cresol production may be responsible for depressing the growth of the weanling pig.

Animals↗