Ocular inflammation secondary to a punctal foreign body.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
E R Miller
Publications and source records attributed to E R Miller.
Dermatitis among automobile production machine operators exposed to metal-working fluids.
This cross-sectional study was designed to assess differences in prevalence of contact dermatitis between machine operators exposed to metal-working fluids (MWFs) and unexposed assemblers, and to assess potential risk factors for contact dermatitis among these machine operators. In their work, machine operators were exposed to either semisynthetic or soluble oil MWFs. We evaluated 158 machine operators and 51 assemblers from one large automobile transmission plant using questionnaires, dermatologist examination of the skin, and dermal dosimetry to measure wetness and metal exposures. We found that machine operators had more combined (definite plus possible) dermatitis (27.2% vs. 13.7%, chi(2) = 3.9, p = 0.05, 1 df) compared with assemblers. Among machine operators, risk factors significantly associated with (combined) dermatitis were subjective assessment of wetness of the work, exposure to semisynthetic as opposed to soluble oil MWF, current cigarette smoking, and increasing worker age. These risk factors suggested preventive and control measures including control of wet work, surveillance program including early self-report of dermatitis, consideration of replacement of semisynthetic with soluble oil MWFs, and strictly limiting smoking among machine operators exposed to MWFs.
Adult↗
The utility of preliminary surveys to detect the cause of acute metalworking fluid hazards.
This paper describes preliminary studies undertaken to optimize a later epidemiologic study, the aim of which was to identify a causative agent of adverse respiratory effects and dermatitis among production machinists. Two methods were used to rate coolant system hazards. The results of a voluntary plantwide questionnaire with an 18% participation rate showed that both dermatologic and respiratory symptoms were higher among machine operators than among maintenance or assembly workers, that symptoms were not more prevalent early in the week, and that dermatitis may be associated with smoking status; however, the questionnaire was not helpful in rating individual coolant system hazards. The hazard ratings provided by an in-plant expert panel were strongly associated with particular synthetic coolant containing an ethoxylated phenol; however, the resulting design for a later epidemiologic study could not be implemented due to changes in coolants used at the plant.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
Physiology of the lower urinary tract.
This article presents the concepts that give meaning to the pressures observed in the various parts of the body occurring normally and abnormally in various conditions. Normal pressure relationships, holding urine, voiding, incontinence, and flatulence and defecation are discussed.
Defecation↗
Method to electronically collect emergency department data.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To describe the development and completeness of an electronic injury-surveillance system, the Rural Injury Surveillance System (RISS). METHODS: The emergency departments of nine rural Iowa hospitals submitted information on all patients treated from May 1993 through June 1994. RESULTS: The EDs submitted information on 23,594 patients with 32,445 different injury, disease, or follow-up visits. On the basis of comparison with the handwritten ED logbook, 90% of visits were also available in the RISS. Of the visits recorded in the RISS, 99% were also recorded in the logbook. The proportion of missing diagnostic codes decreased from a high of 22.6% in May 1993 to 8.1% in June 1994. The proportion of missing external cause codes was about 25% at the end of the study period. The proportion of missing industry and occupational codes was less than 5% at the end of the study period. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that complete, computerized, ED-based injury surveillance in rural EDs is possible and should be developed further.
Data Collection↗
Injuries among construction workers in rural Iowa: emergency department surveillance.
Surveillance of all emergency department admissions for nine rural hospitals identified visits for injuries by 189 employed patients with construction occupations out of a total of 1843 injury visits of all employed patients with known occupations. The injury rate for construction workers was 20.28 injuries per 100 workers per year-more than 2.5 times that of all other employed people. The work-related injury rate was 7.63 per 100 construction workers, more than four times that of all other employed people. The injuries of construction workers seen in the emergency department were primarily open wounds, fractures and dislocations, and contusions, injuries similar to those of other workers. The percentage of work-related burns was higher in construction workers than for other workers, particularly because of burns to roofers and laborers from tar or hot fluids and flash burns from welding.
Adult↗
Calcium level affects the efficacy of supplemental microbial phytase in corn-soybean meal diets of weanling pigs.
A 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experiment was conducted with 64 pigs (4 wk old, 8.04 +/- .50 kg BW) to determine the effect of various dietary concentrations of Ca, vitamin D, and microbial phytase (Aspergillus niger) on phytate-P utilization. A low-P, corn-soybean meal diet was supplemented with two levels of phytase (unit/gram), 750 (suboptimal) and 1,200 (optimal); of vitamin D (international unit/kilogram), 660 (normal) and 6,660 (high); and of Ca (percentage), .4 (low) and .8 (normal). Pen feed consumption and individual pig weights, plasma inorganic P and Ca concentrations, and plasma alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity were measured at d 10, 20, and 30. The normal dietary Ca concentration had an adverse effect (P < .05) on all the response measures. The depressive effect of the normal dietary Ca on performance was greater (P < .05) at the normal vitamin D level or at the optimal phytase level than at the other levels of these two factors. The elevation in plasma AP activity in pigs fed the normal dietary Ca was greater (P < .05) at the suboptimal than at the optimal phytase level. The decreases in plasma inorganic P concentration and increases in plasma Ca concentration associated with the normal dietary Ca were substantial. In conclusion, the normal level of Ca in the diet greatly reduced the efficacy of supplemental phytase. Raising vitamin D in the diet partially offset this adverse effect but did not produce further improvement when the Ca level was low.
6-Phytase↗
Misery and myth: a connection between society and inadequate pain control?
Despite numerous studies and re-education strategies spanning two decades, inadequate relief of pain remains a significant problem for both clients and nurses. This paper explores the literature on the extent of the problem and suggests that societal attitudes about narcotic drugs are a major contributing factor to this problem. Encouraging reflective practice is one of the strategies suggested to address the situation.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗
Does supplementation of diet with 'fish oil' reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.
BACKGROUND: Several lines of evidence suggest that supplementation of diet with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFA), commonly referred to as fish oils, may reduce blood pressure (BP). However, most clinical trials of omega-3 PUFA supplementation have been of insufficient size to detect relevant BP changes. METHODS: We conducted a meta-analysis of 17 controlled clinical trials of omega-3 PUFA supplementation. To estimate an overall effect of omega-3 PUFA supplementation on BP, we calculated the net BP change in each trial (BP delta in omega-3 PUFA group minus BP delta in control group), which was then weighted according to the inverse of the variance. RESULTS: In the 11 trials that enrolled normotensive individuals (n = 728), omega-3 PUFA supplementation led to significant reductions of systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) in two and one trials, respectively. In the six studies that enrolled untreated hypertensives (n = 291), significant reductions of SBP and DBP were present in two and four trials, respectively. Weighted, pooled estimates of SBP and DBP change (mm Hg) with 95% confidence intervals were -1.0 (-2.0 to 0.0) and -0.5 (-1.2 to +0.2) in the trials of normotensives, and -5.5 (-8.1 to -2.9) and -3.5 (-5.0 to -2.1) in the trials of untreated hypertensives. In 13 of 17 studies, trial duration was less than 3 months. Doses of omega-3 PUFA tended to be high (average dose > 3 g/d in 11 trials). The magnitude of BP reduction was greatest at high BP but was not significantly associated with dose of omega-3 PUFA. Side effects, most commonly eructation and a fishy taste, occurred more frequently in omega-3 PUFA participants than in control participants (28% vs 13%, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Our analyses indicate that diet supplementation with a relatively high dose of omega-3 PUFA, generally more than 3 g/d, can lead to clinically relevant BP reductions in individuals with untreated hypertension. However, use of omega-3 PUFA as antihypertensive therapy will require demonstration of long-term efficacy and patient acceptability of lower doses.
Adult↗
Supplemental microbial phytase improves bioavailability of dietary zinc to weanling pigs.
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of supplemental microbial phytase on utilization of dietary zinc by weanling pigs. Experiment 1 was a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with 24 pigs for 4 wk. Two levels of phytase activity (0 and 1350 units/g) and three levels of zinc (0, 30 and 60 mg/kg as ZnSO4.7H2O) were added to a corn-soybean meal basal diet. Weekly measures included growth performance, plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and plasma mineral concentrations. In Experiment 2, mineral balances were determined in 12 pigs fed the basal diet or the diet with added zinc (30 mg/kg) or phytase (1350 units/g). The results indicated that either supplemental phytase or supplemental zinc increased plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and plasma zinc concentrations, but these increases were not additive. Supplemental phytase decreased plasma alkaline phosphatase activity in pigs supplemented with zinc. Supplemental phytase also significantly enhanced weight gain, feed intake, gain:feed ratio, plasma concentrations of inorganic phosphorus, and retention of phosphorus and calcium. Neither supplemental phytase nor zinc affected zinc retention. Supplementing corn-soybean meal diets with microbial phytase at 1350 units/g feed improves bioavailability of zinc as well as of phytate phosphorus to weanling pigs.
6-Phytase↗
Supplementing corn-soybean meal diets with microbial phytase linearly improves phytate phosphorus utilization by weanling pigs.
Two experiments were conducted with weanling pigs to determine the effectiveness of a dietary supplement of Aspergillus niger phytase in improving the availability of phytate-P in corn-soybean meal diets without supplemental inorganic P. Experiment 1 consisted of two P and Ca balance trials and two feeding trials. Twelve pigs (8.18 +/- .44 kg BW) were housed individually in stainless steel metabolism cages. Six pigs received 750 phytase units (PU)/g of basal diet and the other six pigs received the basal diet without supplemental phytase as control. In Exp. 2, 96 pigs (8.81 +/- .75 kg BW) were allotted to 16 partially slotted floor pens and their basal diets were supplemented with either 0, 250, 500, or 750 PU/g for 4 wk. Individual pig weights and pen feed consumption were measured weekly. Blood samples were taken from all pigs at the end of each trial in Exp. 1 and from three pigs per pen weekly in Exp. 2 to measure serum (plasma) inorganic P (P) and Ca concentrations and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activities. The results of Exp. 1 indicated that dietary phytase increased P retention by 50% (P < .0001) and decreased fecal P excretion by 42% (P < .0001). Pigs that received dietary phytase had serum P and Ca concentrations and serum AP activities that were nearly normal, whereas control pigs had values indicative of a moderate P deficiency. Favorable effects of phytase disappeared when the phytase was removed from the diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
6-Phytase↗
Supplementing corn-soybean meal diets with microbial phytase maximizes phytate phosphorus utilization by weanling pigs.
Two experiments were conducted with crossbred weanling pigs to determine the optimal dietary supplement of Aspergillus niger phytase activity to a low-P, corn-soybean meal basal diet (BD). In Exp. 1, 50 pigs (7.61 +/- .56 kg BW) received the BD supplemented with 750, 1,050, 1,250, or 1,350 phytase units (PU)/g, or .21% P as mono-dibasic calcium phosphate (MDCaP) for 4 wk. In Exp. 2, 12 pigs (6.39 +/- .74 kg BW) were individually housed in metabolism cages and received BD, BD plus the optimal phytase activity (1,200 PU/g), or BD plus .21% P as MDCaP for 2 wk. In Exp. 1, additions of phytase > 1,050 PU/g of BD did not improve ADG, ADFI, gain/feed, or plasma AP activity. Quadratic relationships between dietary phytase activity and these measures were found and their stationary points were at approximately 1,200 PU/g of BD. Estimated maximum responses of these measures in pigs fed phytase were > or = 90% compared with MDCaP. Pigs fed 1,250 PU/g of BD maintained normal plasma P and Ca concentrations. In Exp. 2, pigs that received 1,200 PU/g of BD utilized dietary P more effectively (P < .05) than pigs fed the BD or the BD plus MDCaP. Although they consumed 44% less P per day, these pigs retained only 7% less P than pigs that received MDCaP. One thousand units of phytase activity supported retention of 1.1 mg of P from the BD, and this level of phytase supplementation was equivalent in effect to .91 mg of P from MDCaP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
6-Phytase↗
The dietary protein and(or) lysine requirements of barrows and gilts. NCR-42 Committee on Swine Nutrition.
A cooperative research study involving three experiments and 2,318 pigs was conducted at 12 research stations to evaluate the protein (lysine) requirements of barrows and gilts. The two sexes were penned separately and fed fortified corn-soybean meal diets containing protein levels ranging from 12.0 to 17.2%. Lysine levels in these diets ranged from .52 to .90%. Protein levels in Exp. 1 were 12, 14, and 16%; in Exp. 2, protein levels were 13, 14, 15, and 16%; and in Exp. 3, they were 13.2 15.2, and 17.2%. Fat (5%) was added to one-half of the diets in Exp. 3. Each station that participated contributed a minimum of two replicate pens of pigs per diet-sex combination in a given experiment. Average initial and final weights were 35 and 99 kg in Exp. 1 and 51 and 105 kg in Exp. 2 and 3, respectively. At the end of the test period, pigs were slaughtered and hot carcass weight, 10th rib fat depth, and longissimus muscle area were measured. Percentage of carcass muscle was estimated from these data. Overall, barrows gained weight faster than gilts (P < .01), but gilts required less feed per unit of gain (P < .05) and had less backfat, larger longissimus muscle areas, and a greater percentage of carcass muscle (P < .01) than did barrows. Lean growth rate was similar for barrows and gilts (332 vs 329 g/d). Increasing the dietary protein or lysine level resulted in improved rate and efficiency of gain and increased carcass leanness and lean growth rate in gilts, but the increase was less pronounced or did not occur in barrows, resulting in protein level x sex interactions. Feeding low-protein (12 or 13%) diets decreased performance and carcass leanness to a greater extent in gilts than in barrows. The pooled data from the three experiments indicated that most traits tended to reach a plateau at 13% CP (.60% lysine) in barrows, whereas in gilts, weight gains, feed/gain, carcass muscle, and lean growth rate continued to improve, but at a decreasing rate, with up to 17.2% CP (.90% lysine). The results indicate that gilts require higher concentrations of dietary amino acids to maximize lean growth rate than do barrows.
Adipose Tissue↗
Effect of dietary lysine levels formulated by altering the ratio of corn:soybean meal with or without dried whey and L-lysine.HCl in diets for weanling pigs. NCR-42 Committee on Swine Nutrition.
A regional cooperative study (NCR-42 Committee) evaluated the efficacy of supplemental dried whey and L-lysine.HCl in a corn-soybean meal-based diet for weanling pigs. The experiment involved five research institutions using a total of 960 crossbred pigs weaned between 3 and 4 wk of age. The experiment was conducted as a randomized, complete block design in 15 replications with a minimum of two replicates per station. Two diets were formulated to contain either .95 or 1.10% lysine by altering the ratio of corn:soybean meal (C-SBM). Two other diets were formulated to the same lysine levels but with 20% dried whey (C-SBM-DW). Supplemental L-lysine.HCl was added to each diet mixture as another variable, increasing the lysine level of each diet by .15%. There were station effects (P < .01) for each trait, but no station x treatment interactions (P > .15). Feed intakes and weight gains were greater (P < .01) for pigs fed diets containing dried whey, and there was a greater response (26 vs 10%) to the C-SBM-DW diet that contained 1.10% lysine than to the C-SBM-DW diet at the .95% lysine level. Performance was not improved when L-lysine.HCl was added to either the .95 or 1.10% lysine C-SBM diets, and it elicited a small, but nonsignificant, gain response when it was added to the C-SBM-DW diets. These results suggest that gain and feed performance responses of weanling pigs improved when diets contained dried whey. Lysine was not the limiting factor in either the C-SBM or C-SBM-DW diet formulated to either .95 or 1.10%. Another factor in dried whey was assumed to be responsible for its growth promotion effect.
Animal Feed↗
Effects of vitamin E and selenium on immune responses of peripheral blood, colostrum, and milk leukocytes of sows.
This study was designed to assess how dietary vitamin E (E) and (or) selenium (Se) concentrations affect immune responses of gestating and peripartum sows. Multiparous sows (24), assigned to one of four groups at breeding, were fed ensiled, shelled corn-soybean meal-based diets without supplemental E or Se (-E-Se), with .3 mg of Se/kg (-E+Se), with 60 IU of E/kg (+E-Se), or with both supplemental E and Se (+E+Se) during gestation and to d 4 of lactation. Blood was obtained on 0, 30, 60, and 90 d of gestation and at parturition for serum E and Se assays. Lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) were isolated from the blood, colostrum, and 4-d milk samples for immune studies. Compared with the control (+E+Se) diet, the -E-Se diet reduced (P < .05) the serum tocopherol and Se concentrations, the mitogenic responses of lymphocytes of peripheral blood (PBL) and colostrum (CL), the phagocytic activity of blood and colostral PMN, and the microbicidal activity of blood, colostral, and milk PMN. The -E+Se diet reduced (P < .05) the serum tocopherol concentrations, the mitogenic responses of PBL and CL, and the phagocytic activity of PBL. The +E-Se diet reduced (P < .05) serum Se concentrations and the phagocytic activity of PMN. The data indicated that E restriction depressed PBL and PMN immune functions, whereas Se restriction depressed mainly PMN function.
Animals↗
Effect of dietary copper on intestinal mucosa enzyme activity, morphology, and turnover rates in weanling pigs.
Twenty-four pigs from four litters weaned at 21 d of age (6.6 kg of BW) were used to evaluate the influence of 250 ppm of dietary Cu on intestinal mucosa glucose-6-phosphatase (GP), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity; mucosal morphology; and the turnover rate of the intestinal mucosa throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Pigs were allotted into four pens of six pigs each based on sex, litter, and weight. Pens were then assigned to one of two treatments: 1) corn-soybean meal-whey diet with no antimicrobials (CO), or 2) CO + 250 ppm of Cu. Pigs were fed twice daily an amount approximately equal to ad libitum intake for 14 d. On d 14, pigs were injected i.p. with [3H]thymidine (50 microCi/kg of BW) 10 h after the morning meal. One pig from each pen was euthanatized at 1, 6, 12, 20, 32, and 44 h postinjection, and intestinal tissue was collected from the duodenum, two jejunum sites (upper and lower), ileum, cecum, and colon. The activity of GP and AP in the lower jejunum tended to decrease in pigs fed Cu (P less than .11, P less than .08, respectively). The ATPase activity was not affected by treatment (P greater than .10). Crypt death, villus height, or epithelial cell size (P greater than .10) were not affected by feeding Cu. Migration rate of epithelial cells up the villus was also not affected by treatment (P greater than .10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
Effects of monensin on selenium status and related factors in genetically hypo- and hyperselenemic growing swine.
Monensin is an ionophoretic antibiotic, which selectively transports alkali metal cations across biological membranes. In growing swine, monensin toxicosis causes acute, degenerative cardiac and skeletal myopathy resembling vitamin E-selenium deficiency. Selenium is an essential trace element incorporated in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), an antioxidant enzyme system that protects subcellular membranes. In our study, we examined the effects of monensin on body weight, Se balance, antioxidant status, and serum concentrations of selected minerals in growing pigs that were genetically hypo- or hyperselenemic (hypo-Se and hyper-Se, respectively). Three groups of eight 8-week-old pigs, each comprised of 4 hypo-Se and 4 hyper-Se pigs (76.4 +/- 3.0 and 106.3 +/- 10.3 ng of Se/ml of serum, respectively), were fed standard diets containing 0.1 mg of supplemental Se/kg of body weight, and either 0, 200, or 400 mg of monensin/kg for a 77-day period, followed by a 28-day monensin withdrawal period. On days 0, 7, 28, 56, 70, and 98, all pigs were weighed and blood was collected for determination of serum GSH-Px, creatine phosphokinase, and aspartate transaminase values, as well as serum concentrations of vitamin E, Se, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, and Zn. Significance of main effects of monensin treatment, genetic Se status, and their interactions was tested by Fisher's variance ratio test, followed by conditional comparison of treatment means with a Bonferroni test. Signs of monensin toxicosis were not observed and monensin consumption had no effect on body weight, or serum creatine phosphokinase, aspartate transaminase, or Se values. However, pigs consuming monensin had consistently higher serum GSH-Px activities, possibly because of increased synthesis of this adaptive antioxidant enzyme. Interactions were not found between monensin and genetic Se status. Hyperselenemic pigs were heavier and had higher serum Se and GSH-Px values than hypo-Se pigs. Furthermore, hypo-Se and hyper-Se pigs were hypo- and hypercupremic, respectively, suggesting genetic regulation of copper status. It is likely that pigs with inadequate antioxidant status (hyposelenemia, hypocupremia) are more susceptible to diseases associated with cellular membrane damage, such as vitamin E-Se deficiency disease and monensin toxicosis.
Animals↗
Effects of increased dietary energy and protein during late gestation on mammary development in gilts.
Thirty-two gilts were used to evaluate the effects of increased dietary energy and CP during late gestation on mammary development. On d 75 of gestation, gilts were assigned randomly in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement to adequate (5.76 Mcal ME/d) or increased (10.5 Mcal ME/d) energy and adequate (216 g CP/d) or increased (330 g CP/d) protein. On d 105 of gestation, gilts were slaughtered and total mastectomies were performed. Mammary tissue was separated into mammary parenchymal and mammary extraparenchymal stromal tissue and analyzed for DNA, RNA, protein and lipid. No interactions between dietary energy and protein level were detected (P greater than .20). When adjusted for number of mammary glands and maternal BW (weight of the sow less the weight of the fetuses), mammary parenchymal weight was 27% greater (P less than .03) in gilts fed adequate energy than in gilts fed increased energy, but mammary extraparenchymal stroma weight was unaffected by dietary energy level. Total mammary parenchymal DNA was 30% greater in gilts fed adequate energy than in gilts fed increased energy (P less than .03). Total mammary parenchymal RNA (P less than .02) and total mammary parenchymal protein (P less than .02) also were greater in gilts fed adequate energy than in gilts fed increased energy. Dietary protein level did not affect mammary variables measured, except that increased dietary protein tended to reduce mammary extraparenchymal stromal weight (P less than .09). Increased dietary protein between d 75 and d 105 of gestation did not benefit mammary development, but increased dietary energy was detrimental to development of mammary secretory tissue.
Animals↗