[Anaphylactoid reactions after dextran. I. Immunology of the pathomechanism and the hapten inhibition].
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Anaphylaxis↗
Biomedical subjects
D Kraft
Publications and source records attributed to D Kraft.
Lack of evidence for IgM-induced ADCC: studies with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies.
Different kinds of IgM antibodies were tested for their activity in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): firstly an anti-benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) IgM antibody from immune rabbit serum purified by affinity, ion exchange, and molecular-sieving chromatography, secondly two monoclonal rat anti-BPO IgM antibodies and thirdly a human antidextran antibody prepared from a patient showing restriction of anti-dextran antibodies to the IgM class. Human lymphocytes or purified monocytes served as effector cells. While the two monoclonal rat and the human IgM antibodies showed no ADCC-mediating capacity, ADCC was induced by the rabbit anti-BPO IgM antibody when high antibody concentrations were used. This activity was abolished by further purification using an anti-rabbit IgG (Fc) immunosorbent. The initially observed activity was shown to be likely due to traces of aggregated anti-BPO IgG, which cannot be detected by the methods commonly used. Preincubation of lymphocytes for 24 hr increased the number of EA (IgM)] rosette forming cells but failed to induce IgM-mediated ADCC. Furthermore, evidence for amplification of low-dose IgG-ADCC by IgM could not be found.
Antibodies↗
[Baclofen toxicity during intermittent renal dialysis (author's transl)].
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Adult↗
[Long-term treatment of renal anaemia with mesterolone (author's transl)].
Mesterolone, 150 mg daily by mouth, was given to 26 patients (10 men, 16 women) with renal anaemia on chronic haemodialysis (3 times for 5 hours). At the beginning of treatment the patients had been dialysed for at least 6 months under stable conditions: iron deficiency had been excluded or treated. Progressive improvement in the anaemia was observed during the treatment period. After 39 months the haemoglobin concentration had risen from 74 +/- 4 g/l to 95 +/- 5 g/l, haematocrit from 0.22 +/- 0.01 to 0.28 +/- 0.02, and the red-cell count from 2.44 +/- 0.12 X 10(12)/l to 3.09 +/- 0.2 X 10(12)/l. Side effects were rare; some patients developed increased appetite with a rise in body weight, while some women developed acne or hirsutism. There was no effect of mesterolone on liver function. The results indicate that mesterolone can favourably influence renal anaemia and that the side effects of this testosterone derivative are not such as to prohibit its use in women.
Acne Vulgaris↗
[K (killer) and NK (natural killer) cells: characteristics, functions and biological properties (author's transl)].
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity is considered to be an important defence system of the body in the case of virus diseases, transplant rejection and in the early stages of cancer. Apart from T lymphocytes, two types of effector cells which lyse tissue culture cells by different mechanisms have been investigated intensively over the past decade--K (killer) and NK (natural killer) cells. K cells possess the capacity to lyse antibody-coated target cells. These effector cells have been described to occur mainly in peripheral blood and spleen. They are small lymphocyte-like cells which possess receptors for the Fc part of immunoglobulin G. Other surface markers may be present on these cells, depending on the organ of isolation. Other cytotoxic effector cells with similar morphology and surface markers possess the capacity to lyse tissue culture cells without participation of antibody and without in vitro or in vivo sensitization. These cells are called NK cells and are found in peripheral blood, spleen, tonsils and lymph nodes. Up to now neither type of effector cells has been unequivocably identified as mature B or T cells, granulocytes, monocytes or macrophages. Differences exist between the effector mechanisms of K and NK cells, as shown by different susceptibility to modulation of effector cell function by cortisone and, probably, by interferon. Whether K and NK cells represent functional stages of identical cells and furthermore, whether these cells belong to a third lymphocyte population or represent immature mononuclear cells are questions remaining to be clarified.
Animals↗
Modulation of NK and K cell activity by trypsin treatment of effector cells.
The effect of trypsin-treated human peripheral blood lymphocytes on spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was investigated using benzylpenicilloyl (BPO)-coated HeLa cells as targets. For ADCC-experiments an anti-BPO-IgG was purified from rabbit hyperimmune sera by affinity and subsequent ion exchange chromatography and used in different concentrations. After treatment of lymphocytes with high enzyme concentrations (21,500 U/2 X 10(6) lymphocytes/ml) both SCMC (mediated by NK cells) and ADCC (mediated by K cells) were markedly reduced in 3 hours as well as 18 hours 51Cr-release assays. Since decrease of K cell activity in this kind of assay might be due to impairment of SCMC, the effect of trypsin treatment was reevaluated in an NK-free system using BPO-coated lymphocytes as target cells and lymphocytes from the same donor as effector cells. Once again, in this system the K-cell activity was significantly reduced. Chessboard titration resulted in either enhancement of depression of ADCC depending on the dose of enzyme and IgG concentrations. In addition it could be seen from these dose response studies with different IgG concentrations (10--10,000 ng/ml) and different proteolytic activities (170--21,500 U/2 X 10(6) lymphocytes/ml) that the use of high IgG concentrations and low proteolytic activities might simulate resistance of K cells to trypsin treatment. The data presented indicate that the IgG-mediated ADCC should no longer be designated as "trypsin-resistant".
Animals↗
Enhancement of NK, but not K cell activity by different interferons.
Two different interferons derived either from a human lymphoblastoid cell line (Namalva) or from human fibroblasts were tested for their ability to modulate natural killer (NK) or killer (K) cell activity. The lymphoblastoid interferon was purified by ion-exchange chromatography on SP-Sephadex C-25 and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, the fibroblast-derived interferon was purified by chromatography on porous glass beads. Evidence is presented that NK cell activity is enhanced by both of these interferons being active to a similar extent. When tissue culture cells are employed as targets for measurement of K cell activity, the augmentation of cytotoxicity by interferons has to be attributed to the inherent NK cell activity. With the use of the autologous hapten-coated target cells and of affinity chromatography purified antibodies, the cytotoxicity is displayed solely by K cells and this activity is not enhanced by either interferons tested.
Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity↗
Non-destructive neutron activation analysis of aluminium and phosphorus in bone biopsies.
The level of aluminium and phosphorus in bone was measured by neutron activation analysis via the short lived radionuclide 28Al. The contribution of both elements to the 28Al activity could in each case by determined after the samples had been irradiated twice, once with a cadmium shield around the irradiaion position. The samples were analysed non-destructively and may later be used for further tests. Limits for the quantitative determination of aluminium and phosphorus in usual bone biopsies were calculated.
Activation Analysis↗
[Aminopenicillin rashes - a multicentric prospective study (author's transl)].
538 patients, admitted to the hospitals participating in this study for a variety of indications for antibacterial therapy, were treated by the ampicillin-analogue Epicillin. 42 patients (7.8%) who developed exanthem underwent detailed clinical and immunological investigation. Exanthems were scored according to the form of application and doses of Epicillin as well as to the morphology and time of onset of the exanthem. A variety of serological tests were performed: 1. total IgE (RIST), 2. presence of penicilloyl-specific IgE (RAST), 3. penicilloyl-reactive antibodies using an antiglobulin-haemagglutination-tests. In addition, PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation was studied in 10 patients with exanthems. 38/42 patients developed transient monomorphic morbiliform or scarlatiniform exanthems. 4. exanthems were classified as urticarial or polymorphic. In contrast to the 38 patients, the latter also were positive in the serological tests as it is observed in patients with IgE-mediated penicillin allergy.
Ampicillin↗
[Theoretical Basis of Hyposensitization. (author's transl.)].
Hyposensitization was introduced in 1911 and after nearly 70 years of this kind of immunotherapy the mechanisms involved are still obscure. Although some results may be conflicting, there is much evidence from many placebo-controlled studies that hyposensitization has a beneficial effect in patients with allergic diseases. A critical view of the immunological effects shows that increased local and systemic tolerance to the injected allergens seems to be caused by many mechanisms. The injection treatment apparently triggers the synthesis of so-called blocking antibodies, reduces IgE production and may influence the mode of macrophage presentation of allergenic determinants to the immunocompetent lymphocyte and/or the stimulation of T suppressor cells. Considering these assumptions, the understanding and probably the future of hyposensitization depends on the production of better characterized allergen extracts and on the development of simple methods for the monitoring of immunologic effects during therapy.
Antibody Formation↗
Hepatitis B virus markers among family contacts and medical personnel of 239 hemodialysis patients.
The present study was initiated to assess the risk of infection of medical personnel and family contacts of hemodialysis patients. It confirms previous reports that hemodialysis patients and staff members of hemodialysis units are at high risk of acquiring HBV infection. Approximately 25% of the household contacts had serological signs of past or ongoing HBV infections. The risk of infection of the family contact was independent of the mode of dialysis but increased if the contact was a spouse, assisted in dialysis, or if the index hemodialysis patient was HBsAg positive. There is an urgent need for active immunization to prevent spread of HBV related to hemodialysis.
Antibodies, Viral↗
[Treatment of renal osteopathy with 5,6-trans-25-hydroxycholecalciferol (author's transl)].
The influence of 5,6-trans-25-hydroxycholecalciferol on renal osteopathy was investigated in a total of 132 patients in 26 dialysis centres. Various doses were used, the average being 4000-6000 IU/day. In 32 patients a daily dose of 6000-9000 IU was used. The average individual duration of treatment was 276 days with a maximum of 910 days. Histologically there was an improvement in the renal osteopathy in 55.9% of evaluable cases (n = 34) and in 25.3% there was no deterioration. Radiographically these results were found in 21% and in 70.5% of evaluable cases (n = 105). Serum calcium increased in 46.6% of cases (n = 131), remained the same in 32.8% and decreased in 20.6%. The changes in alkaline phosphatase were similar : it dropped in 42.1% of patients, remained the same in 28.1% and rose in 29.8%. Immunoreactive parathormone which was invariably raised at the beginning of treatment (n = 36), fell in 25.0%, remained the same in 44.4% and rose further in 30.6%. The clinical symptoms of renal osteopathy which had been present in 57 patients improved in 51.0%, remained the same in 46.0% and deteriorated in 3.0%. Signs of intolerance and side effects were rare. Severe hypercalcaemia did not occur.
Adolescent↗
Elimination of ampicillin and gentamicin by hemofiltration.
Elimination of ampicillin and gentamicin by hemofiltration was measured in 5 and 4 patients, respectively, being treated for end stage renal failure. Serum half-life time of ampicillin after a single I.V. dose of 2 g, was found to be 2.97 +/- 0.73 h, and the filtrate concentrations declined parallel to the serum ampicillin levels, as was to be expected. The serum half-life time after a single I.V. dose of 1 mg/kg body weight gentamicin was 3.26 +/- 0.42 h, and considerably shorter than T/2 of gentamicin in conventional hemodialysis, while the filtrate concentrations increased paradoxically with declining serum levels. This could be explained by binding of this aminoglycoside to the polyacrylnitril membrane of the RP 6 dialyser used for hemofiltration.
Ampicillin↗
Influence of carbonyl iron treatment on lymphocyte subpopulations.
The influence of carbonyl iron treatment on different human mononuclear cell subsets was investigated. There is evidence that, in addition to removal of phagocytic cells, lymphocytes are depleted, B cells being more affected than other subpopulations.
Animals↗
Effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 on experimental rickets.
The vitamin D3 metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 alone may not be able to reverse defective bone mineralization, while a combination with another metabolite, 24,25(OH)2D3 might be necessary to display the known effect of vitamin D on bone. Growing rachitic rats were treated with 25 ng vitamin D3/d, 10 ng 1,25(OH)2D3/d, 10 ng 24,25(OH)2D3/d, 5 ng 1,25(OH)2D3/d and 5 ng 24,25(OH)2D3/d in combination and 10 ng 1,25(OH)2D3/d and 10 ng 24,25(OH)2D3/d in combination. After 10 days of treatment the epiphyseal plate width of femura and the distance of tetracycline fluorescence bands were measured microscopically on undecalcified sections of the bone. The calcium content of femur epiphysis was measured by neutron activation analysis. Neither parameter showed on greater effect of the combination of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 than of 1,25(OH)2D3 alone.
Animals↗
[Enteral absorption of high calcium doses determined by means of stable isotopes (author's transl)].
The calcium absorption was determined in 8 healthy test persons (average age 25.6 years) after oral administration of 500 mg and 1000 mg of this element. A double isotope method with enriched stable calcium isotopes was used which can be applied without any restriction as, unlike in radiotracer techniques, any exposure to ionizing radiation is avoided. The calcium administered orally was labelled with 48Ca, the CaCl2 injected intravenously with 46Ca. The determination of both isotopes in serum and urine samples was carried out by means of neutron activation analysis. Independent of the calcium dose given, an absorption of 30% was found. From the 46Ca content in the serum samples a mean value of 6.4 +/- 1.0 g calcium or 98.8 +/- 15.4 mg Ca/kg body weight was calculated for the 24 hr-exchangeable calcium body pool.
Adult↗
Separation and characterization of anti-benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) antibodies. I. Biochemical and biophysical properties of anti-BPO-IgG obtained by affinity and subsequent ion-exchange chromatography.
Anti-BPO antibodies were purified by means of affinity chromatography using AH-Sepharose 4B coated with covalently bound BPO groups. Specific elution was achieved by the hapten analogue BPO-epsilon-aminocaproic acid (BPO-EACA); desorption of the remaining antibody was performed thereafter by 0.1 M acetic acid. The resulting antibody fractions--hapten-eluted antibody (H-Ab) and acid eluted antibody (A-Ab), respectively--were further separated by ion-exchange chromatography which led to the appearance of 3 subfractions in the case of H-Ab (H1, H2, H3) and 2 subfractions in the case of A-Ab (A1 and A2). In liquid isoelectrofocusing an inhomogeneous pattern resulted. The bulk of antibodies focused between pH 6.5 and 7.0. The average avidity of H-Ab was found to be higher than that of A-Ab suggesting that avidity may influence the elution pattern in affinity chromatography. The hydrophobic influence of the "spacer" and/or interactions of antibodies directed against the hydrophobic regions of the BPO group may explain why a considerable part of the antibodies could be recovered from the immunosorbent only by acid elution.
Animals↗
Separation and characterization of anti-benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) antibodies. II. Immunological properties of different IgG fractions.
Affinity chromatography and subsequent ion-exchange chromatography of pooled anti-benzylpenicilloyl (anti-BPO) hyperimmune sera separated 5 different anti-BPO IgG fractions as described in the preceding paper. These fractions were tested for activities in passive hemagglutination (PHA), passive immune hemolysis (PIH), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and influence on IgM-induced hemolysis. It was found that anti-BPO IgG fractions with low avidity (dissociation constant K = 4.4--6.7 X 10(-8) moles/l) were poorly active in PHA and ADCC and had no blocking activity in IgM hemolysis. Among the highly avid antibodies (K = 0.7--3.4 X 10(-8) mole/l) no correlations were found between avidity and activities in the immunological tests. The results presented demonstrate that ion-exchange chromatography allows the separation of blocking and lytic antibodies as shown by their influence on IgM-induced complement-dependent lysis of lightly hapten-coated sheep erythrocytes.
Analysis of Variance↗