[Exogenous allergic alveolitis caused by inhalation of avian antigens].
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Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic↗
Biomedical subjects
D Kraft
Publications and source records attributed to D Kraft.
[NK cells and the nervous system].
Light- and electron-microscopic studies of human, mouse, rat and guinea pig tissue subjected to PAP and ABC immune reactions revealed, that a monoclonal antibody against human natural killer cells (LEU 7) reacted also specifically with neural elements. In man, not only NK cells, but also myelin sheaths, oligodendrocytes, neurones, astroglial and ependymal cells as well as some enterochromaffin cells were labelled. Similar results, with the exception of negative ependymal cells, were obtained in the laboratory animals investigated. Controls and experiments using another monoclonal antibody against human natural killer cells (VEP 13) were negative. The presence of an antigen shared by human natural killer cells and neural elements could be of importance for the pathogenesis of demyelinating disorders.
Animals↗
[Extrinsic allergic alveolitis: comparison of 2 methods (Ouchterlony gel precipitation and ELISA) for antibody detection in routine diagnosis].
Sera from 58 patients with suspected extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA) were tested in parallel by the double diffusion test and the "enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)" using 10 different antigen solutions (extracts from thermophilic actinomycetes, various mycetes, pigeon serum, pigeon droppings and the wheat weevil sitophilus granarius). The ELISA technique was more sensitive than the double diffusion test in detecting antibodies to the panel of antigens used. However, by using several antigen dilutions the number of sera positive sera with the double diffusion test increased and an overall correlation of 93.1% with the ELISA was achieved. The results of the study are discussed with regard to the advantages and disadvantages of both test systems for the in vitro diagnosis of EAA.
Adult↗
[Bird breeder's lung with conversion to fatal fibrosing alveolitis].
An 11-year-old girl developed typical symptoms of bird breeder's lung after several years of contact with budgerigars and other birds. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by immunological and lung-function tests. Despite exclusion of exposure to allergens and treatment with steroids and D-penicillamine no improvement occurred, the exogenous allergic alveolitis progressing to fibrosing alveolitis of which the girl died.
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic↗
Marker of peripheral blood granulocytes and monocytes of man recognized by two monoclonal antibodies VEP8 and VEP9 involves the trisaccharide 3-fucosyl-N-acetyllactosamine.
Two hybridoma antibodies (VEP8 and VEP9) raised against the promyelomonocytic leukemia cell line HL60 have previously been shown to distinguish human granulocytes and monocytes from other cells of the peripheral blood. We report here that both antibodies recognize the carbohydrate structure 3-fucosyl-N-acetyllactosamine with the following sequence: (formula; see text) This structure is the same as that recognized by a hybridoma antibody against mouse teratocarcinoma cells (anti-SSEA-1) which recognizes an early embryonic antigen in the mouse. Until recently this carbohydrate structure was considered to be rare among glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids. However, there is a growing list of human and animal glycoproteins in which this sequence has been detected by chemical and immunochemical methods. In this article we survey this information and discuss how this and other carbohydrate structures behave as differentiation- or tumor-associated antigens.
Animals↗
Phenotypes of human large granular lymphocytes as defined by monoclonal antibodies.
Four monoclonal antibodies VEP8, VEP9, VIM-D5, VIB-C5 against antigens expressed on human mature myeloid cells (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMNL] and/or monocytes) as well as on immature cells in the bone marrow were tested for reactivity with cell preparations highly enriched for large granular lymphocytes (LGL). These cells are known to be the main effector cells responsible for natural killer (NK) cell activity in human peripheral blood. Using indirect membrane immunofluorescence (IMF), none of these antibodies showed any reactivity at all. In addition, LGL-enriched cell preparations were tested with the anti-lymphocyte monoclonal antibodies OKT6, anti-Leu1, anti-Leu2a, anti-Leu3a, and anti-human Lyt3, and also with OKM1 antibody. Significant reactivity was found with anti-Leu2a (59 +/- 8%), anti-Lyt3 (55 +/- 4%) and OKM1 (81 +/- 11%) antibodies, whereas T6, Leu1, and Leu3a antigens were less pronounced or missing on LGL. As a further approach, another monoclonal antibody, VEP13, which reacts with LGL, granulocytes but not monocytes and is therefore different in its specificity from OKM1 and OKT10, was used for identification of LGL. The coexpression of antigens as defined by the above-mentioned antibodies and OKT10 on VEP13+ cells was studied. Again, phenotypes similar to those observed on LGL enriched by Percoll gradient centrifugation were found: of VEP13+ cells 84 +/- 6% reacted with OKM1, 82 +/- 5% with OKT10, 52 +/- 17% with anti-human Lyt3, and 48 +/- 14% with anti-Leu2a, whereas VEP8, VEP9, VIM-D5, VIB-C5, T6, Leu1, Leu3a antigens were not expressed on VEP13+ cells. Taken together as an overall evaluation of phenotypic characteristics, our data indicate that LGL cannot be integrated into one of the known lymphocytic or myelomonocytic lineages. LGL show an intermediate phenotype depending possibly on varying differentiation or activation stages of haemopoietic cells. However, the possibility also exists that LGL belong to a separate, yet undefined cell lineage.
Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
Target-effector-cell interactions in the human natural-killer(NK)-system: isolation of target structures.
The existence of structures on NK-sensitive target cells selectively recognized by the effector cells have been postulated. To test this hypothesis, four selected human cell lines were investigated for target-cell proteins which could serve as specific ligands for the putative NK-cell receptor(s). NP-40 extracts from two highly NK-sensitive (K 562 and Molt-4) and two rather insensitive cell lines (HL-60 and Reh-6) were fractionated on SDS-polyacrylamide gels and tested for their ability to inhibit binding of effector to target cells as well as NK cytotoxicity. Three fractions with molecular weights (MW) of 200, 120 and 80 +/- 10 KD isolated from K 562 cells were able to inhibit binding of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) to K 562. Of the other cell lines, Molt-4 and HL-60, both which were able to inhibit lysis of K 562 in a cold target inhibition assay, showed also two inhibitory fractions with MW 120 and 80 KD, whereas Reh-6, which is not able to compete with 51Cr-labelled K 562 in a cytotoxicity assay, lacked these structures. The 200, 120 and 80 KD fractions isolated from K 562 and the 120 and 80 KD fractions from Molt-4 and HL-60 were able to inhibit lysis of K 562 cells when added to the cytotoxicity assay. By adsorption/elution of radiolabelled K 562 extracts to/from LGL it was possible to detect an 80 KD target-cell surface protein which became preferentially bound by LGL-enriched but not by LGL-depleted lymphocyte preparations. Our results indicate the existence of target-cell proteins in NK-sensitive cell lines which serve as specific ligands for binding of NK cells. These target-cell structures of human cell lines differed from NK target structures described for mouse-NK-sensitive cell lines.
Binding, Competitive↗
Precipitins to inhaled avian antigens: results of an inter-laboratory study.
Precipitins against avian antigens in sera from patients with extrinsic allergic alveolitis, asymptomatic pigeon and chicken breeders and from control individuals were tested with different antigen extracts in six laboratories by a variety of different methods. Eighty percent of the results coincided in identifying the positive sera from patients and 90% in identifying the controls. It seems possible therefore to exchange results among experienced laboratories with fair confidence.
Adult↗
Thyroid function in patients with proteinuria and normal or increased serum creatinine concentration.
The thyroid function of 13 patients with proteinuria and normal serum creatinine level (Group 1) and 15 patients with proteinuria and increased creatinine level (Group 2) was investigated. The daily urinary T41- and T3 excretion was much higher in Group 1 patients than in Group 2 patients (37.1 +/- 25.9 nmol T4 vs 17.5 +/- 8.7 nmol T4, 3.3 +/- 1.6 nmol T3 vs 1.1 +/- 0.8 nmol T3, respectively) and correlated in both groups with the protein loss. None of the patients suffered from hypothyroidism as a consequence of this hormone loss. Although the mean serum T4-, T3-, FT4-, FT3-, TBG- and TBPA concentrations in both groups of patients were within the normal range, the urinary hormone loss appeared to influence these values considerably. It was striking that the rT3 concentration in the patients with the highest hormone loss was frequently less than 0.08 nmol/l, the lower limit of detectability. The basal TSH levels in serum of the nephrotic patients were similar to those of normal individuals. The thyroid function of patients with proteinuria accompanied by retention of creatinine due to renal failure was more difficult to assess because different pathological mechanisms may exert their influence on the thyroidal hormone secretion as well as on the peripheral hormone metabolism.
Aged↗
VEP 10 and VEP 13: two monoclonal antibodies raised against human large granular lymphocytes.
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Animals↗
A monoclonal antibody (VEP10) against an antigen shared by human large granular lymphocytes, thymocytes and activated T cells.
In an attempt to produce monoclonal antibodies against human large granular lymphocytes (LGL), the effector cells of natural killer (NK) and killer (K) activity, a monoclonal IgM antibody (VEP10) has been obtained. This antibody is reactive by indirect membrane immunofluorescence (IMF) with 14.7 +/- 8.5% peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), with greater than 95% thymocytes and with 25.0 +/- 5.0% bone marrow (BM) cells; a stronger expression of VEP10 antigen was found on thymocytes than on PBL and BM cells. Compared to unseparated lymphocytes a higher percentage (58.5 +/- 10.2) of VEP10+ cells could be detected in LGL-enriched cell preparations obtained by Percoll gradient centrifugation. Evidence that the VEP10 antigen is expressed on NK and K cells was provided by depletion of NK/K activity by antibody plus complement treatment of PBL. In addition, VEP10 antigen could be detected on certain human cell lines (Raji, Daudi, Molt4, Yurkat, KG1). The expression of VEP10 antigen on leucocytes could be increased by interferon-alpha treatment and was also observed on concanavalin A (Con A)- and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-activated cells. The IMF distribution of VEP10 antigen on various cell types and successful blocking experiments with OKT10 revealed that both antibodies seem to recognize the same or closely related epitopes on cell membranes. In addition to IMF, a more sensitive assay, rosette formation with VEP10-coated ox red blood cells, was employed to study VEP10 antigen expression on cells. Rosette formation experiments indicate that this antigen is also present although in lower amounts on IMF-negative cells, e.g. most T, B cells and monocytes. The finding that the expression of the VEP10 antigen increases under the influence of the thymic environment, mitogens or interferon suggests that VEP10 antibody recognizes a molecule involved in the proliferation and differentiation of haemopoietic cells.
Animals↗
Immunoglobulin class and subclass distribution of dextran-reactive antibodies in human reactors and non reactors to clinical dextran.
The red cell-linked antigen-antiglobulin reaction (RCLAAR) with stearoyldextran-coated erythrocytes was used to characterize the immunoglobulin (Ig) classes and IgG subclasses of dextran reactive antibodies (DRA) in 27 dextran reactors (DR) and 96 on reactors (DNR). High titres of dextran reactive IgG were regularly found in sera of patients with severe dextran-induced anaphylactoid/anaphylactic reactions (DIAR) prior to the infusion. In four lethal cases IgG antibodies were found to be in the highest titre range of 16,384 to 32,768. In addition, high IgA and IgM titres were also in severe DIAR. DNR had much lower titres of dextran reactive antibodies of IgG, IgM and IgA classes and IgD antibody was absent in both groups. Dextran reactive IgE antibodies were not demonstrable in DR. Dextran reactive IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 and IgG1 (indirect measurement) were demonstrated in both DR and FNR. Dextran infusion caused variable neutralization in all Ig classes and IgG subclasses, but the contribution of IgG2 was considered most important because of its high titres and most pronounced neutralization in severe DIAR. It is concluded that DRA mainly of the IgG class, play a critical pathogenic role in the induction of severe DIAR, which accordingly is classified as immune complex (Type III) anaphylaxis. The method of RCLAAR allows to delineate a risk group of about 2% of potential reactors.
Adolescent↗
The suitability of the iliac crest biopsy in the element analysis of bone and marrow.
Bone samples from the iliac crest were taken from 20 subjects and the content of some trace elements (iron, zinc, selenium, cobalt, strontium, aluminium, scandium, rubidium and fluorine) and of the matrix elements calcium, phosphorus and sodium was determined. The samples were taken in accordance with Burkhardt's method, which is often used in hospital for bone biopsies. The sources of errors occurring during the analysis of trace elements using this clinical procedure and the contamination of the samples by blood and the surrounding tissue are discussed. In-vivo activation analysis is also discussed as an alternative method of element analysis of the skeleton.
Aged↗
A monoclonal antibody against a surface antigen shared by human large granular lymphocytes and granulocytes.
A monoclonal IgM antibody VEP13 was raised against a cell membrane antigen by immunizing BALB/c mice with a cell preparation enriched for human large granular lymphocytes (LGL). These cells are known to include the effector cells responsible for natural killer (NK) and killer (K) cell activity. By indirect immunofluorescence, VEP13 antibody reacted with 21.4 +/- 7.9% of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and more than 95% granulocytes but not with B lymphocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes, thymocytes, and immature bone marrow cells. Cell suspensions enriched for T cells by means of E-rosetting using neuraminidase-treated sheep red blood cells contained 14.7 +/- 5.5% of VEP13+ cells. When PBL were treated with VEP13 antibody and complement, NK activity against a variety of target cells was greatly reduced and K cell activity was also strongly affected. Enrichment experiments of VEP13+ cells by means of the fluorescence-activated cell sorter revealed that all the NK activity resides in the VEP13+ fraction. This cell fraction was a homogeneous population of LGL. Studying the coexpression of various other antigens as defined by monoclonal antibodies, 84.6 +/- 4.6% of VEP13+ cells also expressed M1, 81.6 +/- 5.5% T10, 47.9 +/- 14.4% Leu 2a, 51.6 +/- 17.0% human Lyt-3, and 6.0 +/- 4.0% HLA-DR antigens. Leu 1, Leu 3a, and T6 antigens were found to be absent from VEP13+ cells. We conclude that VEP13 antibody should be helpful in determining LGL in peripheral blood as well as in tissue sections of tumor patients.
Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
[Some observations on farmer's lung (author's transl)].
Sera from 72 patients--29 females, 43 males--with symptoms suggestive of farmer's lung were tested by the Ouchterlony double diffusion technique using 10 different antigen solutions (extracts from mycetes and thermophilic actinomycetes, pigeon serum, extracts from pigeon droppings and Sitophilus granarius). In 23 cases precipitating antibodies were observed and Micropolyspora faeni was the most common antigen responsible for positive reactions. In 17 seropositive patients the diagnosis of exogen allergic alveolitis was established by clinical and laboratory findings. Measurements of immunoglobulins in these sera showed pronounced elevation of IgG and slightly elevated levels of IgA; IgM, IgE and C 3 c levels were in the normal range. The results are discussed with regard to the classification of farmer's lung as an occupational disease in Austria since December 30th, 1980.
Complement C3↗
Comparison between human IgM and IgG antibodies to dextran, regarding their activities in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
Human sera containing dextran-reactive antibodies of various immunoglobulin classes were tested for their capacity to induce ADCC against dextran-coated chicken red blood cells (CRBC). It was found that only IgG antibodies were active in ADCC, while IgM antibodies were not, thus providing further evidence that IgM antibodies do not contribute to ADCC even when human antibodies are used.
Animals↗
Radioallergosorbent test with conjugates specific for 'minor' haptenic determinants in the diagnosis of IgE-mediated penicillin allergy in man.
Penicillamine-polylysine, benzylpenicillanyl-human serum albumin and ampicillin-polymers were coupled to CNBr-activated paper discs and used in addition to penicilloyl G and penicilloyl V discs in RAST investigations. Sera from sixty patients with case histories of penicillin allergy and with positive or negative skin tests to different penicillin determinants and from seventeen subjects with atopic diseases caused by allergens other than penicillin were tested. The penicilloyl-('major' determinant) specific RAST (Phadebas RAST Penicilloyl G and V) was positive in twenty out of twenty-four patients with positive skin tests to penicilloyl-polylysine, in eight out of twelve patients with sole skin reactivity to 'minor' determinants, and in five out of twenty-four patients with negative skin tests to all antigens used. The penicillamine-specific RAST was the only positive in vitro test in four patients with negative skin tests (two) or sole positive skin reactivity to 'minor' determinants (two), whereas benzylpenicillanyl and ampicillin-polymer discs added no more information than the penicilloyl structures in all patients tested. Antibodies specific to 'minor' determinants apparently show strong in vitro cross-reactivity with the penicilloyl determinant. It is, therefore, concluded that 'minor' determinant specific conjugates are of marginal importance for in vitro diagnosis of penicillin-allergic patients.
Benzeneacetamides↗
Challenge of penicillin-allergic volunteers with penicillin-contaminated meat.
In order to obtain information about the clinical course and immunological background of possible allergic reactions due to penicillin-containing food, nine volunteers with penicillin allergy proved by case history, positive skin tests and/or positive penicilloyl-specific RAST were exposed to penicillin-contaminated pork. For this purpose a farm pig from an inbred strain received "therapeutic" doses of benzyl procain penicillin before being slaughtered. Meat samples were taken from muscle tissues, kidney and liver and analyzed by diffusion and extraction methods. Very small amounts of penicillin were detectable in muscle tissue, whereas kidney material contained up to five times as much (0.12 mcg/g). Except two cases which reacted with itchy sensations after ingestion of penicillin contaminated meat "á la tartare", all probands were clinically free of symptoms. Assaying penicilloyl-specific IgE antibodies by RAST during the trial, a tendency to increased levels in the serum after 2 and 24 h was noted, whereas the titers of BPO-specific IgG antibodies measured by the red cell-linked antigen-antiglobulin reaction (RCLAAR) remained unchanged. It is concluded from this study that small and hidden amounts of penicillin and its derivatives in food seldom induce anaphylactic reactions in penicillin allergic patients.
Adult↗