Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to D Greenberg.
We evaluated a combination of various antineoplastic drugs used in vitrectomy infusion fluid for toxicity. A combination of 250 micrograms/ml of 5-fluorouracil with each of the following agents, 8.0 micrograms/ml of thiotepa or 40 micrograms/ml of etoposide, or 0.1 micrograms/ml doxorubicin, or 0.1 microgram/ml vincristine was tolerated well in the rabbit eyes.
Two systemic agents, vidarabine and acyclovir, were tested for ocular toxicity in intravitreal injection and vitrectomy infusion solutions. On the basis of this study we recommend using up to 30 mcg/0.1 ml of vidarabine as an intraocular injection or 8 to 16 mcg/ml in vitrectomy infusion fluid. For acyclovir, 80 mcg/0.1 ml as an intraocular injection or 40 mcg/ml in vitrectomy infusion fluid may be a therapeutic adjunct for managing viral retinitis.
Four patients with writer's cramp were treated by nurse-therapists who used a combination of habit reversal, in vivo exposure and re-education. All four resumed normal writing activities after an average of four sessions. At follow-up 2-6 yr later, only one had relapsed, and she improved after further sessions. The brevity and simplicity of this method recommend it in the treatment of writer's cramp.
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Twelve antineoplastic drugs were evaluated for their toxicity when used in vitrectomy infusion fluid. These drugs may have implications in the prevention of cellular proliferation inside the eye.
With the use of antibodies to actin and indirect immunofluorescent techniques regions of increased actin concentration were demonstrated first in basal and later in apical areas of mouse neuroepithelial cells. These patterns of staining corresponded to shape changes observed in cranial neural folds as they initially elevated from the neural plate and later moved toward the midline.
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Twenty-six male compulsive gamblers were seen in one hospital over the last 8 years. Five were single, and only 5 had stable marriages. In most cases the compulsive gambling preceded their marriage. The majority had criminal records arising out of their gambling debts. All were offered treatment based on behavioural principles, but only 5 gained and maintained control over their gambling, 7 lapsed intermittently, and the remaining 14 were gambling when last seen. The problems in treatment are discussed, and modifications suggested.
In a behavioural clinic, over a period of nine years, trainee nurse-therapists treated 65 unusual referrals (8 per cent) out of a total of 800 patients. The remainder had phobic, obsessive-compulsive, sexual and social disorders, which responded encouragingly to behavioural treatment. Of the unusual referrals, useful results were obtained by behavioural treatment for stuttering, hairpulling, tics, and writer's cramp; bulimia is worth further study. Unresponsive conditions included compulsive gambling and obesity.
Chlorpromazine (CPZ) distribution was measured in tissues of Syrian golden hamsters bearing Greene melanoma and in BALB/c mice bearing Harding-Passey melanoma. Distribution was evaluated as a function of time (0.5 to 14 days) and as a function of single and multiple doses (up to five) of from 5 to 50 mg CPZ per kg body weight. Routes of administration (i.p., i.v., p.o.) were compared. The physiological behavior of CPZ is of interest as it is used extensively as a tranquilizing drug (Thorazine). Further, since CPZ binds to the pigment melanin, the possibility exists of using CPZ to transport diagnostic or therapeutic agents to melanoma. It was found that, at 2 days postinjection, tumor/tissue concentration ratios exceeded 10 for metabolizing organs, such as liver and 100 for "back-ground" tissues, such as blood and muscle. Absolute concentrations of CPZ in tumor exceeding 100 microgram CPZ per g tumor were obtained with both single and multiple doses. This selective high concentration in tumor would make CPZ an ideal vehicle for the transport of boron to tumor for use in neutron capture therapy via the 10B(n, alpha)7Li reaction.
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Since pulsatile patterns of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion have been reported in long-term ovariectomized (OVX) rats, but not intact rats, the patterns of tonic LH secretion were studied in intact female rats and 2, 4 and 8 days after OVX. Blood samples were taken every 10 min for 2 h from intact rats, catheterized the previous day, during the late morning of diestrus-1, proestrus and estrus. Mean LH concentrations were 55 +/- 7 ng/ml and did not differ among days. A single increase of circulating LH suggestive of one pulsatile release was seen in 4 of the 14 rats, but no animal showed the regular, repeated increases characteristic of long-term OVX animals. 2 days after OVX, mean LH concentrations were 156 +/- 10 ng/ml and patterns characteristic of regular pulsatile releases of LH were seen in 2/6 animals, with occasional pulsatile discharges in another 3. By 4 days after OVX, all 6 animals showed pulsatile patterns of LH, and mean LH concentrations were 190 +/- 32 ng/ml. By day 8, mean LH levels had increased significantly, to 357 +/- 44 ng/ml, and peak and nadir levels, as well as LH pulse amplitude, had all risen significantly. No significant difference in frequency of LH pulses was noted after OVX, although they seemed to occur more frequently at 8 days. These results suggest that pulsatile discharges of LH in the intact rat are either heavily suppressed or infrequent but that they become a prominent feature of LH secretion soon after OVX.
Melanin content (percentage by weight) was determined in both pigmented and nonpigmented tissues of Syrian golden hamsters bearing Greene melanoma. Melanin content was also measured in various other melanoma models (B-16 in C57 mice, Harding-Passey in BALB/c mice, and KHDD in C3H mice) and in nine human melanomas, as well as in selected normal tissues. The purpose was to evaluate the possible efficacy of chlorpromazine, which is known to bind to melanin, as a vehicle for boron transport in neutron capture therapy. Successful therapy would depend upon selective uptake and absolute concentration of borated compounds in tumors; these parameters will in turn depend upon melanin concentration in melanomas and nonpigmented "background" tissues. Hamster whole eyes, hamster melanomas, and other well-pigmented animal melanomas were found to contain 0.3 to 0.8% melanin by weight, whereas human melanomas varied from 0.1 to 0.9% (average, 0.35%). Other tissues, with the exception of skin, were lower in content by a factor of greater than or equal to 30. Melanin pigment was extracted from tissues, and the melanin content was determined spectrophotometrically. Measurements were found to be sensitive to the presence of other proteins. Previous procedures for isolating and quantifying melanin often neglected the importance of removing proteins and other interfering nonmelanic substances.
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We compared the roentgenographic, bronchoscopic, and cytopathologic findings from 26 patients with carcinomatous lung abscesses (23 of which were within the tumor) with findings from 31 patients with simple lung abscesses. Despite well-described roentgenographic characteristics of the carcinomatous abscess, differentiation from a simple abscess was frequently not possible. Direct visual findings at the time of bronchoscopy were not helpful in the absence of an endobronchial lesion. Using sputums and cytological specimens from a single fiberoptic bronchoscopy, a diagnosis was made by cytopathology on initial hospitalization in 22 (88%) of 25 patients with carcinoma. No false-positive cytological studies were reported in the nonmalignant group despite the frequent presence of inflammation and infection.
The utility of 99mTc-IDA imaging in the differential diagnosis of jaundice was assessed. Although overall accuracy was 84%, this method is still inferior to the reported efficiency of ultrasonography and CT in making the correct diagnosis. Radionuclide imaging is a good alternative when these other modalities are not available and it functions well in an adjuvant capacity. The diagnostic limitations of 99mTc-dimethyl IDA imaging in cases of moderate to severe jaundice are largely overcome by the use of 99mTc-p-butyl IDA.