Coping strategies and breast disorders/cancer.
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Adaptation, Psychological↗
Biomedical subjects
C L Cooper
Publications and source records attributed to C L Cooper.
Work stress, burnout, and sense of coherence among dialysis nurses.
The overall goal of this study was to examine the relationship among work stressors, burnout, and sense of coherence (SOC) in dialysis nurses. Two hundred thirty-eight registered nurses from 56 dialysis units completed a demographic data form, the Nursing Stress Scale, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and Antonovsky's Sense of Coherence Scale. The results indicated that work load was the major contributing factor to both overall stress and burnout. Understanding the stressors that affect responses to the work environment will allow for successful interventions to alter the risk of exhaustion and burnout.
Adult↗
Prospective comparison of blood and peritoneal lymphocytes from continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients.
Although a few studies have analyzed the characteristics of peritoneal lymphocytes from continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients, there have been no definitive longitudinal investigations comparing peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) with peritoneal lymphocytes (PL) from these patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to prospectively compare the phenotypes of PBL and PL of CAPD patients and to determine if phenotypic changes occurred from the initiation of CAPD therapy over the subsequent 12 months. Patients were categorized into younger (< 60 years) or older (> 60 years) to determine if age-related factors contributed to differences in lymphocyte phenotypes. Blood and overnight peritoneal dialysate effluents (PDE) were obtained from 18 patients at the initiation of CAPD therapy and for 11 successive months. Fourteen lymphocyte subsets were quantitated using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry analysis. CAPD patients had significantly higher percentages of peripheral activated T (CD3+/HLA-DR+) cells and natural killer (CD57+) cells at the beginning of CAPD than normal controls. There were significantly greater percentages of B cells, activated T cells, and suppressor T (CD8+/CD11b+) cells and significantly fewer helper T (CD4+) cells in the PDE as compared with the patients' peripheral lymphocytes. No significant changes were observed over time in the phenotypes of PBL and only one PL phenotype showed significant changes with fluctuating levels of CD4+/CD45RA+ cells with continued peritoneal dialysis. In general, these findings suggest that although both PBL and PL activation is occurring in clinically uninfected patients, the characteristics of lymphocytes are stable over time.
Adult↗
Solubilization of a guanine nucleotide-sensitive form of the P2Y-purinergic receptor.
P2Y-Purinergic receptors were solubilized from turkey erythrocyte plasma membranes with the nonionic detergent digitonin. Adenosine 5'-O-(2-[35S]thiodiphosphate) ([35S]ADP beta S) labeled a single population of soluble high affinity sites (Kd = 12.9 nM; Bmax = 4.5 pmol/mg of protein) in an equilibrium binding assay; adenine nucleotide analogs competitively inhibited [35S]ADP beta S binding with a rank order of potency consistent with that for P2Y-purinergic receptors. Radioligand binding to solubilized P2Y-purinergic receptors was noncompetitively inhibited by guanine nucleotides with a rank order of potency that was in agreement with the potency order observed for guanine nucleotide-mediated inhibition of [35S]ADP beta S binding in purified turkey erythrocyte plasma membranes. The rate constant for dissociation of [35S]ADP beta S from solubilized receptors was increased 2.3-fold by guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S). Plasma membrane P2Y-purinergic receptors were labeled with [35S]ADP beta S or covalently labeled with the photoaffinity probe 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyl adenosine 5'-[alpha-32P]triphosphate ([alpha-32P]BzATP) before solubilization and gel filtration chromatography on Superose 12. [35S]ADP beta S- or [alpha-32P]BzATP-labeled species eluted as a single peak of radioactivity of apparent Mr greater than or equal to 300,000. Incubation of the Mr greater than or equal to 300,000 protein species with GTP gamma S before rechromatography resulted in loss of labeling of proteins by [35S]ADP beta S and a shift in apparent size of the covalently [alpha-32P]BzATP-labeled species to a single peak of radioactivity of approximate Mr 70,000. These results suggest that a P2Y-purinergic receptor-guanine nucleotide regulatory protein complex is stable to membrane solubilization with digitonin, even in the absence of prebound agonist.
Adenine↗
[32P]3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyl ATP as a photoaffinity label for a phospholipase C-coupled P2Y-purinergic receptor.
A 32P-labelled ATP analog, 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyl ATP (BzATP) previously shown to be an agonist at P2Y-purinergic receptors (Boyer J. L., and Harden T. K. (1989) Mol. Pharmacol. 36, 831-835), has been used as a probe for the P2Y-purinergic receptor on turkey erythrocyte plasma membranes. In the absence of light, [32P]BzATP bound to membranes with high affinity (KD approximately 5 nM), and in a saturable and reversible manner. The binding of [32P]BzATP was competitively inhibited by ATP and ADP analogs (2-methylthioadenosine 5'-triphosphate greater than adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) greater than BzATP greater than ATP greater than beta,gamma-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate greater than 5'-adenylylimidodiphosphate) with pharmacological specificity consistent with that of a P2Y-purinergic receptor. Guanine nucleotides (guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) greater than GTP greater than guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) greater than GMP) noncompetitively inhibited the binding of radioligand. Photolysis of [32P] BzATP-prelabeled membranes resulted in incorporation of radiolabel into a protein of approximately 53,000 Da. Photolabeling was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by ATP and ADP analogs with a potency order characteristic for a P2Y-purinergic receptor and was modulated by guanine nucleotides. A protein of approximately 53,000 daltons was also labeled by [32P]BzATP in membranes from several other tissues known to express the P2Y-purinergic receptor. These results suggest that [32P]BzATP can be used to label covalently the P2Y-purinergic receptor and that this radioprobe will be a useful reagent for further characterization and purification of the P2Y-purinergic receptor.
Adenine Nucleotides↗
Evidence that the inositol phospholipids are necessary for exocytosis. Loss of inositol phospholipids and inhibition of secretion in permeabilized cells caused by a bacterial phospholipase C and removal of ATP.
We directly manipulated the levels of PtdIns, PtdInsP and PtdInsP2 in digitonin-treated adrenal chromaffin cells with a bacterial phospholipase C (PLC) from Bacillus thuringiensis and by removal of ATP. The PtdIns-PLC acted intracellularly to cause a large decrease in [3H]inositol- or [32P]phosphate-labelled PtdIns, but did not directly hydrolyse PtdInsP or PtdInsP2. [3H]PtdInsP and [3H]PtdInsP2 levels declined markedly, probably because of the action of phosphatases in the absence of synthesis. Removal of ATP also caused marked decreases in [3H]PtdInsP and [3H]PtdInsP2. The decrease in polyphosphoinositide levels by PtdIns-PLC treatment or ATP removal was reflected by the inhibition of the production of inositol phosphates upon subsequent activation of the endogenous PLC by Ca2(+)-dependent catecholamine secretion from permeabilized cells was strongly inhibited by PtdIns-PLC treatment and by ATP removal. Ca2(+)-dependent secretion was similarly correlated with the sum of PtdInsP and PtdInsP2 when the level of these lipids was changed by either manipulation. PtdIns-PLC inhibited only the ATP-dependent component of secretion and did not affect ATP-dependent secretion. Both PtdIns-PLC and ATP removal inhibited the late slow phase of secretion, but had little effect on the initial rapid phase. Although we found a tight correlation between polyphosphoinositide levels and secretion, endogenous phospholipase C activity (stimulated by Ca2+, guanine nucleotides and related agents) was not correlated with secretion. Additional experiments indicated that neither the products of the PtdIns-PLC reaction (diacylglycerol and InsP1) nor the inability to generate products by subsequent activation of the endogenous PLC is likely to account for the inhibition of secretion. Incubation of permeabilized cells with neomycin in the absence of ATP maintained the level of polyphosphoinositides and more than doubled subsequent Ca2(+)-dependent secretion. The data suggest that: (1) Ca2(+)-dependent secretion has a requirement for the presence of inositol phospholipids; (2) the enhancement of secretion by ATP results in part from increased polyphosphoinositide levels; and (3) the role for inositol phospholipids in secretion revealed in these experiments is independent of their being substrates for the generation of diacylglycerol and InsP3.
Adenosine Triphosphate↗
Type A stress prone behaviour and breast cancer.
This quasi-prospective study of 2163 women attending breast-screening clinics (and controls), indicates that there is a link between personality factors and breast disease. Certain aspects of Type A behaviour seem to be associated with breast-disease states.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Examining the relationships among self-report measures of the Type A behavior pattern: the effects of dimensionality, measurement error, and differences in underlying constructs.
The most widely used self-report measures of the Type A behavior pattern (TABP) are the Bortner scale, the Framingham scale, and the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS). Though high scores on each of these measures have been linked to the development of coronary heart disease, their intercorrelations are rather low, suggesting that they may reflect different aspects of TABP. This study indicates that the low correlations among the Bortner scale, the Framingham scale, and the JAS are due not only to differences in underlying constructs but also to measurement error and multidimensionality. These results also identify several psychometric problems, which raise serious questions regarding the use of these measures in TABP research. Suggestions for the development of new measures of TABP are offered.
Coronary Disease↗
The relationship between psychosocial factors and breast cancer: some unexpected results.
A growing body of research suggests a link between psychosocial factors and breast cancer. Research in this area often contains methodological problems, however, such as small sample size, inadequate comparison groups, omission of important control variables, inclusion of only a few psychosocial variables, and failure to analyze moderating effects. To overcome these problems, the present study examined the link between breast cancer and multiple psychosocial variables (life events, coping, Type A behavior pattern, availability of social support) among 1,052 women with and without breast cancer. After controlling for history of breast cancer and age, we found very few significant relationships between psychosocial variables and breast cancer. Furthermore, the relationship between life events and breast cancer was not moderated by coping, Type A, or availability of social support. Methodological and substantive reasons for these findings are discussed.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Biochemical properties of a P2Y-purinergic receptor.
The turkey erythrocyte has substantial value as a model for the study of a receptor that exhibits pharmacological properties very similar to those delineated in mammalian tissues for a P2Y-purinergic receptor. The G protein-dependent coupling of this receptor to phospholipase C can be studied in detail, and the availability of an abundant source of homogeneous cells from which highly purified plasma membranes can be prepared, has led to the development of a radiolabeled, reversibly binding radioligand for a P2Y-purinergic receptor and a photoaffinity covalent radiolabel for this receptor. This source of plasma membranes highly enriched in P2Y-purinergic receptors should also serve as a rich starting material for the eventual purification and structural characterization of this important signaling protein.
Adenosine Triphosphate↗
The psychometric properties of the Bortner Type A Scale.
Recent evidence indicates that the relationship between Type A behaviour pattern (TABP) and coronary heart disease (CHD) is dependent upon the method of measuring TABP. This suggests that the psychometric properties of TABP measures should be carefully investigated. This article examines one widely used TABP measure, the Bortner Scale, using data from 1320 working adults divided into three random samples. The reliability of the Bortner Scale as an overall TABP index is unacceptably low. However, further analyses indicate that, rather than reflecting a single dimension, the Bortner Scale contains two independent dimensions, one reflecting speed and the other reflecting competitiveness. The speed dimension was negatively related to job satisfaction and, to a lesser extent, positively related to anxiety and somatic symptoms, whereas the competitiveness dimension was positively related to job satisfaction. Implications for the use of the Bortner Scale are discussed.
Adult↗
Occupational stress in health service employees.
Levels of occupational stress were examined in 383 employees of various occupations in one health district, as a preliminary to devising a strategy to reduce the negative effects of stress in the workplace. In comparison with white collar and professional workers in industry, health workers reported significantly greater pressure at work, higher ratings of physical and mental ill health, lower job satisfaction, less internal control over their working environment but used more coping strategies. Approximately one in eight of the subjects has stress symptoms of equal magnitude to patients attending clinical psychology outpatient clinics. It was also found that job satisfaction and psychosomatic ill health were related to sickness absence amongst health employees. The implications of these findings and the consequent challenges facing health service managers are discussed.
Absenteeism↗
2-Acylglycerolphosphoethanolamine acyltransferase/acyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase is a membrane-associated acyl carrier protein binding protein.
Two enzymatic activities, 2-acylglycerolphosphoethanolamine (2-acyl-GPE) acyltransferase and acyl-acyl carrier protein (acyl-ACP) synthetase, were solubilized and purified from Escherichia coli membranes. Electrophoretic analysis of the final product of the purification procedure revealed a single protein species with an apparent molecular mass of 27 kilodaltons. The ratio of acyltransferase to synthetase activities remained the same throughout the purification scheme indicating that both activities were catalyzed by the same enzyme. 2-Acyl-GPE acyltransferase exhibited an apparent ACP Km of 64 nM under standard assay conditions that increased to 10 microM when the assay was conducted in the presence of 0.4 M LiCl. Acyl-ACP synthetase activity was not detected in the absence of 0.4 M LiCl, and the apparent ACP Km for this reaction was 16 microM. Direct evidence that ACP was a subunit of the acyltransferase/synthetase was obtained by the adsorption of both catalytic activities to an ACP-Sepharose affinity column and by the binding of [3H]ACP to the purified enzyme preparation. The apparent Km for acyl-ACP was 13 microM, and the rate of acyl transfer from this acyl donor was enhanced by the addition of 0.4 M LiCl indicating that the exchange of enzyme-bound ACP for acyl-ACP was a determinant factor in the rate of phosphatidylethanolamine formation from acyl-ACP. These data indicate that the 2-acyl-GPE acyltransferase and acyl-ACP synthetase reactions are catalyzed by the same membrane protein that possesses a high affinity binding site for soluble ACP.
Acyl Carrier Protein↗
Analysis of naturally occurring delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in leprosy by in situ hybridization.
Analysis of tissue lesions of the major reactional states of leprosy was undertaken to study the immune mechanisms underlying regulation of cell-mediated immunity and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) in man. In situ hybridization hybridization of reversal reaction biopsy specimens for INF-gamma mRNA expression revealed a 10-fold increase in specific mRNA-containing cells over that observed in unresponsive lepromatous patients. Expression of huHF serine esterase, a marker for T cytotoxic cells, were fourfold increased in reversal reaction and tuberculoid lesions above that detected in unresponsive lepromatous individuals. Immunohistology of reversal reactions confirmed a selective increase of Th and T cytotoxic cells in the cellular immune response. Of interest, the microanatomic location of these serine esterase mRNA-containing cells was identical to the distribution of CD4+ cells. Analysis of erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) lesions revealed differences in the underlying immune processes in comparison with reversal reaction lesions. Although phenotypic Th cells predominated in ENL lesions, IFN-gamma and serine esterase gene expression were markedly reduced. We suggest that reversal reactions represent a hyperimmune DTH response characterized by a selective increase of CD4+ IFN-gamma producing cells and T cytotoxic cells, which result in the clearing of bacilli and concomitant tissue damage. In contrast, ENL reactions may be viewed as a transient diminution of Ts cells and activity leading to a partial and transient augmentation in cell-mediated immunity, perhaps sufficient to result in antibody and immune complex formation, but insufficient to clear bacilli from lesions.
Esterases↗
Guanine nucleotide-sensitive interaction of a radiolabeled agonist with a phospholipase C-linked P2y-purinergic receptor.
Analogs of ATP and ADP produce a guanine nucleotide-dependent activation of phospholipase C in turkey erythrocyte membranes with pharmacological properties consistent with those of a P2y-purinergic receptor (Boyer, J. L., Downes, C. P., and Harden, T.K. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 884-890). This study describes the interaction of adenosine-5'-O-2-thio[35S] diphosphate ([35S]ADP beta S) with this putative P2y-purinergic receptor on purified plasma membranes prepared from turkey erythrocytes. In binding assays performed at 30 degrees C, the association rate constant of [35S] was 1.1 x 10(7) M-1 min-1 and the dissociation rate constant was 3.8 x 10(-2) min-1. [35S]ADP beta S bound with high affinity (Kd = 6-10 nM) to an apparently homogeneous population of sites (Bmax = 2-4 pmol/mg protein). ATP and ADP analogs (2-methylthio ATP, ADP beta S, ATP, ADP, 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate, alpha, beta-methylene adenosine-5'-triphosphate, and beta, gamma-methylene adenosine 5'-triphosphate) inhibited the binding of [35S]ADP beta S with properties consistent with ligand interaction by simple law of mass action kinetics at a single site. The rank order of potency for inhibition of [35S]ADP beta S binding was identical to the potency order observed for these same agonists for stimulation of phospholipase C in turkey erythrocyte ghosts. Guanine nucleotides inhibited [35S]ADP beta S binding in a noncompetitive manner with the following potency order: guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) greater than 5'-guanylyl imidodiphosphate greater than GTP = GDP greater than guanosine 5'-O-2-(thiodiphosphate). The data are consistent with the idea that [35S]ADP beta S may be used to radiolabel the P2y-purinergic receptor linked to activation of phospholipase C in turkey erythrocyte membranes. In addition, interaction of radiolabeled agonist with the receptor is modified by guanine nucleotides, providing evidence that an agonist-induced receptor/guanine nucleotide regulatory protein complex may be involved in P2y-receptor action.
Adenosine Diphosphate↗
Compartmentalization of a CD4+ T lymphocyte subpopulation in tuberculous pleuritis.
The study of T lymphocytes from pleural fluid and tissue of patients with tuberculous pleuritis provides an opportunity to evaluate the human immune response to infection at the site of disease activity. Therefore, we investigated the phenotype and function of CD4+ pleural fluid cells from patients with tuberculous pleuritis. Pleural fluid was enriched with CD4+CDw29+ T lymphocytes, which are thought to represent "memory" T cells. Immunoperoxidase staining of pleural tissue confirmed the predominance of CD4+CDw29+ T lymphocytes at the site of disease activity. CD4+ subpopulations were evaluated for their ability to contribute to a cell-mediated immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by assaying immune function in vitro. Pleural fluid-derived CD4+CDw29+ cells, but not CD4+CDw29- lymphocytes, proliferated vigorously and produced high levels of IFN-gamma when stimulated with purified protein derivative of M. tuberculosis. CD4+CDw29+ clones produced IFN-gamma specifically in response to purified protein derivative of M. tuberculosis but not to an irrelevant Ag, tetanus toxoid. IFN-gamma levels were markedly elevated in pleural fluid, compared to peripheral blood, suggesting production of this lymphokine in vivo at the site of tissue inflammation. The sum of these data indicate that, in tuberculous pleuritis, CD4+CDw29+ cells are concentrated at the site of disease activity, produce IFN-gamma and are likely to play an important role in the local human cell-mediated immune response to M. tuberculosis.
Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte↗
Mental health, job satisfaction, and job stress among general practitioners.
OBJECTIVE: To identify sources of job stress associated with high levels of job dissatisfaction and negative mental wellbeing among general practitioners in England. DESIGN: Multivariate analysis of large database of general practitioners compiled from results of confidential questionnaire survey. Data obtained on independent variables of job stress, demographic factors, and personality. Dependent variables were mental health, job satisfaction, alcohol consumption, and smoking. SETTING: National sample of general practitioners studied by university department of organisational psychology. SUBJECTS: One thousand eight hundred seventeen general practitioners selected at random by 20 family practitioner committees in England. INTERVENTIONS: None. END POINT: Determination of the combination of independent variables that were predictive of mental health and job satisfaction. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Women general practitioners both had job satisfaction and showed positive signs of mental wellbeing in contrast with other normative groups. Conversely, male doctors showed significantly higher anxiety scores than the norms, had less job satisfaction, and drank more alcohol than their women counterparts. Multivariate analysis disclosed four job stressors that were predictive of high levels of job dissatisfaction and lack of mental wellbeing; these were demands of the job and patients' expectations, interference with family life, constant interruptions at work and home, and practice administration. CONCLUSIONS: There may be substantial benefit in providing a counselling service for general practitioners and other health care workers who suffer psychological pressure from their work.
Adult↗
Incidence and perception of psychosocial stress: the relationship with breast cancer.
This study explored the incidence and perception of psychosocial stress among 1596 patients attending breast screening clinics and 567 controls attending a well women clinic. It was found that some major life events (e.g. death of husband, death of close friend) were significantly related to breast disease and severity. The implications of the results are discussed.
Adaptation, Psychological↗