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Biomedical subjects

C A Bond

Publications and source records attributed to C A Bond.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Photochemotherapy of psoriasis with methoxsalen and longwave ultraviolet light (PUVA).

The effectiveness of methoxsalen and ultraviolet light (PUVA) in treating is reviewed. The use of this therapy, its mechanism of action, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions, dosage, and comparison with other forms of therapy, are discussed. Administered orally, methoxsalen in combination with long-range ultraviolet light (UVA) is effective in treating patients with moderate to severe forms of psoriasis. Although the short-term risks associated with PUVA therapy are minimal, the long-term risks of oncogenicity have not been evaluated thoroughly. Common adverse reactions to methoxsalen and UVA are nausea, pruritus, and erythema, but usually they can be managed by minor modifications in the treatment regimen. Methoxsalen and UVA therapy should be reserved for patients with moderate to severe forms of psoriasis that do not respond to other forms of therapy until the long-term risks of oncogenicity are evaluated.

Humans↗
PubMed1981

Role of the clinical pharmacist in improving drug therapy. Clinical pharmacists in outpatient therapy.

We analyzed the effectiveness of clinical pharmacists in improving medical records and patient compliance with outpatient drug regimens. Records of patients followed up in a rheumatology and renal clinic were reviewed and compared with their pharmacy files. Records were evaluated for completeness and accuracy of drugs ordered by the clinic physician. Compliance was estimated by examining drug refills. This review was performed before (control group) and nine months after (study group) the introduction of a clinical pharmacist into the clinics. A six-month analysis demonstrates that the pharmacist significantly improved drug documentation, decreased the duplication of prescriptions, and improved compliance of prescribed drugs. The study suggests that the pharmacist improves documentation of drug therapy and estimated patient compliance; the decrease in duplicate prescriptions could prevent the risk of overdose and does reduce drug costs.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1979

Fluphenazine outpatient clinics: a pharmacist's role.

Twenty-five schizophrenic outpatients were treated in a pharmacist-administered fluphenazine decanoate clinic for periods of up to 1 year. These patients had a significantly lower rehospitalization rate, a decrease in medication related side effects, and showed improvement in functional capacity. The results suggest that a pharmacist can be clinically beneficial to schizophrenic outpatients and may help to reduce the cost of treatment programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The accuracy of the medical record as an index of outpatient drug therapy.

The records of 355 patients in outpatient clinics at Madison Veterans Administration Hospital were reviewed and compared with pharmacy files of the same patients. The records were evaluated for completeness and accuracy, with regard to the names, dosage, and directions for drugs ordered by the clinic physician. Twenty-one percent of the charts omitted the name of one or more drugs prescribed by the physicians, and 62% of the charts contained inaccuracies regarding dosage or directions. Documentation of potentially toxic drugs was not significantly different from that of less toxic drugs (p greater than .05).

Dosage Forms↗
PubMed1977

Preliminary monitoring of agricultural pesticides in a cooperative tobacco pest management project in North Carolina, 1971--first-year study.

A preliminary tobacco pest management pesticide monitoring project was initiated in two counties of North Carolina in 1971 to develop an ecologically, economically, and socially acceptable system for protecting tobacco from damaging insect and disease pests. Results from the first year's study including sampling procedures, sample preparation, and analysis and residue data are presented in this paper.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Monitoring agricultural insecticides in the cooperative cotton pest management program in Arizona, 1971--first-year study.

A county-wide pest management program was initiated in Pinal County, Ariz, in 1971 to improve ecologically, economically, and socially the system for protecting cotton from insect pests. In cluded in this program was a plan to determine the environmental impact of any resulting pesticide load in the environment. Monitoring studies were developed for the assay of insecticide residues in soil, sediment, water, and biological materials. This report presents results of the first year's study and analytical methodology used to achieve those results.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

International pharmacy.

Several worldwide initiatives involve pharmacy education and practice; however, the International Pharmaceutical Federation is the only worldwide pharmacy organization currently in existence. This is the first report of the good pharmacy practice initiative published in the United States. We hope that it will stimulate interest in international pharmacy.

Drug Utilization↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An assessment of recent pharmacy graduates' knowledge and competency, professional practice functions, and involvement in pharmacy teaching programs.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine self-evaluated professional knowledge and competency, functions, demographic information, lifelong learning, degree and training status, practice sites, involvement in pharmacy teaching programs, and salary for recent pharmacy graduates. DESIGN: A survey of recent Bachelor of Science (B.S.) pharmacy graduates of the University of Wisconsin School of Pharmacy. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 371 B.S. pharmacy graduates (55% response rate) provided information. Graduates who had an advanced degree or training (from many programs) after completing their B.S. pharmacy degree, and those who were teaching in pharmacy programs generally had higher self-rated levels of knowledge and competencies. Hospital pharmacists spent less of their work time in dispensing activities (33.82% +/- 30.39%) than community pharmacists (61.04% +/- 19.97%; t = 8.78, df = 288, p < 0.001); community pharmacists spent twice as much of their work time counseling and educating patients (16.65% +/- 10.47% vs 7.13% +/- 7.39%; t = 9.06, df = 288, p < 0.001). The amount of time pharmacists spent in dispensing functions had a negative association with knowledge and competencies in the sections on pharmacokinetic and disease process (r = -0.277, p < 0.01), patient communications (r = -0.272, p < 0.01), and administrative and economic aspects of practice (r = -0.210, p < 0.01) for all respondents. Pharmacists reported that they spent 13.78 +/- 14.06 hours per month outside work in professional lifelong learning. There was a negative association between the time pharmacists spent dispensing and the time they spent in professional lifelong learning (r = -0.239, p < 0.001), and a positive relationship between the time spent in such learning and the time providing information to prescribers and other health care professionals (r = 0.214, p < 0.001), monitoring patients (r = 0.216, p < 0.001), and performing primary care activities (r = 0.176, p < 0.001). Graduates reported a mean yearly salary of $46,879 +/- $8183. More hospital pharmacists were involved in teaching (48, 37%) than those practicing in a community setting (19, 12%). CONCLUSIONS: Practice site, advanced degree or training, lifelong learning, involvement in teaching programs, and time spent in various professional functions were associated with pharmacists' self-rated knowledge and competencies.

Community Pharmacy Services↗
PubMedDate not supplied

1992 National Clinical Pharmacy Services Study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent of hospital-based clinical pharmacy services in 1992. DESIGN: National survey with trend comparison to 1989. SETTING: All 1597 United States acute care, general medical-surgical and pediatric hospitals with 50 or more licensed beds and one or more full-time pharmacists (43% of all U.S. hospitals). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Fourteen clinical pharmacy services, carefully defined to indicate pharmacist proactive or concurrent patient care provision, were assessed to determine pharmacists' specific patient care responsibilities. The percentage of hospitals offering each of the services increased from 1989 to 1992, with greatest growth in management of adverse drug reactions (22% increase), pharmacokinetic consultations (14%), and drug therapy protocols (12%). The mean percentage of patients actually receiving clinical pharmacy services ranged from 0.2% for pharmacist participation on the cardiac arrest team to 36.1% for daily monitoring of drug therapy. Pharmacists conducted clinical research in 13% of all hospitals, averaging 3.9 +/- 4.3 protocols per year with a total budget of $79,765 +/- $128,641. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical pharmacy services continue to expand; however, even the most common direct patient care service is provided to a small number of inpatients.

Drug Utilization Review↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hospital and pharmacy characteristics associated with mortality rates in United States hospitals.

We attempted to determine hospital and pharmacy characteristics associated with mortality rates in 4864 United States hospitals. Data were obtained from the Health Care Financing Administration, the American Hospital Association, and the National Clinical Pharmacy Services survey. Univariate and multivariate regression models were used to determine which hospital characteristics were associated with mortality. A similar regression analysis was performed on 718 hospitals for which detailed pharmacy information was available. In a multivariate regression model, some characteristics of 4864 hospitals associated with reduced mortality rates were high-technology index (R2 = 0.09, p < 0.001), severity of illness (R2 = 0.048, p < 0.001), number of hospital beds (R2 = 0.016, p < 0.001), and medical personnel (R2 = 0.012, p < 0.001). This analysis accounted for 41% of the mortality rate variance. For the 718 hospitals and pharmacies, some of these characteristics were high-technology index (R2 = 0.157, p < 0.001), severity of illness (R2 = 0.07, p < 0.001), number of pharmacists/average daily census (R2 = 0.021, p < 0.001), and combined hospitalwide clinical pharmacy services (R2 = 0.016, p < 0.01). The results of this analysis were similar to those in the only other large study in this area, but that excluded pharmacy characteristics. This is the first study to show a statistically significant association between pharmacist and pharmacy variables and reduced hospital mortality rates.

Hospital Bed Capacity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ambulatory pharmacy services affiliated with acute care hospitals.

The extent to which hospital-based pharmacists provide ambulatory clinical pharmacy services in the United States is unknown. We evaluated pharmacists' activities in hospital-affiliated ambulatory clinics and home health services. A questionnaire was mailed to directors of pharmacy in one-half of the United States acute care general medical-surgical hospitals with 50 or more licensed beds. The survey response rate was 56% (n = 1174). In 19% of hospitals, pharmacists provided patient care (nondispensing activities) in ambulatory clinics. The most common clinics with pharmacist involvement were diabetes (10% of hospitals), oncology (9%), cardiology (6%), and geriatrics, infectious disease, and pain (4% each). Nondispensing roles varied by clinic type; prescribing by protocol was performed in 57% of anticoagulation clinics and 7% of diabetes clinics. Home health care services, with pharmacists' activity extending beyond providing drugs, were offered by 28% of the hospitals. Thirty-six percent of the hospitals operated one or more outpatient pharmacies. A statistically significant association was observed between hospitals' inpatient clinical pharmacy services (as assessed by the pharmaceutical care index) and the involvement of pharmacists in both ambulatory clinics and home health care services.

Ambulatory Care↗