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Biomedical subjects

C A Bond

Publications and source records attributed to C A Bond.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

1998 national clinical pharmacy services study.

This study determined the extent of hospital-based clinical pharmacy services in 950 United States acute care, general, medical-surgical, and pediatric hospitals with 50 or more licensed beds in 1998 and compared results with data from similar national surveys in 1989, 1992, and 1995. Fifteen clinical pharmacy services were assessed to determine pharmacists' specific patient care responsibilities. Two services increased substantially over both the 9-year period and between 1995 and 1998: drug therapy protocol management and clinical pharmacokinetics consultations, which were offered in 70% and 80% of hospitals in 1998, respectively. Pharmacists' provision of in-service programs decreased 6% between 1995 and 1998, whereas other services remained constant. Pharmacists conducted clinical research in 14% of hospitals in 1998, averaging 7.2 +/- 19.7 protocols/department annually; total budget was $224,572 +/- 753,321; and mean clinical research funding increased 2.3-fold between 1995 and 1998. Clinical pharmacy services continue to expand, with pharmacists providing higher-level direct patient care related to drug therapy management and pharmacokinetics consultations.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed2000

Clinical pharmacy services, pharmacy staffing, and the total cost of care in United States hospitals.

This study evaluated direct relationships and associations among clinical pharmacy services, pharmacist staffing, and total cost of care in United States hospitals. A database was constructed from the 1992 American Hospital Association's Abridged Guide to the Health Care Field and the 1992 National Clinical Pharmacy Services Database. A multiple regression analysis, controlling for severity of illness, was employed to determine the relationships and associations. The study population consisted of 1016 hospitals. Six clinical pharmacy services were associated with lower total cost of care: drug use evaluation (p=0.001), drug information (p=0.003), adverse drug reaction monitoring (p=0.008), drug protocol management (p=0.001), medical rounds participation (p=0.0001), and admission drug histories (p=0.017). Two services were associated with higher total cost of care: total parenteral nutrition (TPN) team participation (p=0.001) and clinical research (p=0.0001). Total costs of care/hospital/year were lower when any of six clinical pharmacy services were present: drug use evaluation $1,119,810.18 (total $1,005,589,541.64 for the 898 hospitals offering the service), drug information $5,226,128.22 (total $1,212,461,747.04 for the 232 hospitals offering the service), adverse drug reporting monitoring $1,610,841.02 (total $1,101,815, 257.68 for the 684 hospitals offering the service), drug protocol management $1,729,608.41 (total $614,010,985.55 for the 355 hospitals offering the service), medical rounds participation $7,979,720.45 (total $1,212,917,508.41 for the 152 hospitals offering the service), and admission drug histories $6,964,145.17 (total $208,924,355.10 for the 30 hospitals offering the service). Clinical research $9,558,788.01 (total $1,013,231,529.06 for the 106 hospitals offering the service) and TPN team participation $3,211,355.12 (total $1,027,633,638.43 for the 320 hospitals offering the service) were associated with higher total costs of care. As staffing increased for hospital pharmacy administrators (p=0.0001) and clinical pharmacists (p=0.007), total cost of care decreased. As staffing increased for dispensing pharmacists, total cost of care increased (p=0.006). Based on this total cost of care model, optimal hospital pharmacy administrator staffing was 2.01/100 occupied beds. Staffing for dispensing pharmacists should be as low as possible, and definitely fewer than 5.11/100 occupied beds. Staffing for clinical pharmacists should be as high as possible, but definitely more than 1.11/100 occupied beds. The results of this study suggest that increased staffing levels of clinical pharmacists and pharmacy administrators, as well as some clinical pharmacy services, were associated with reduced total cost of care in United States hospitals.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed1999

Clinical pharmacy services, pharmacist staffing, and drug costs in United States hospitals.

We evaluated direct relationships and associations among clinical pharmacy services, pharmacist staffing, and drug costs in United States hospitals. A database was constructed from the 1992 American Hospital Association's Abridged Guide to the Health Care Field and the 1992 National Clinical Pharmacy Services database. Multiple regression analysis, controlling for severity of illness, was employed to determine the associations. The study population consisted of 934 hospitals. Four clinical pharmacy services were associated with lower drug costs: in-service education, $77,879.19+/-$56,203.42 (a total of $48,518,735.37 for the 623 hospitals offering this service, p=0.016); drug information, $430,579.84+/-$299,232.76 ($90,852,346.24 for the 211 hospitals offering this service, p=0.015); drug protocol management, $137,333.67+/-$98,617.83 ($45,045,443.76 for the 328 hospitals offering this service, p=0.049); and admission drug histories, $213,388.21+/-$201,537.85 ($5,548,093.46 for the 26 hospitals offering this service, p=0.011). As staffing increased for hospital pharmacy administrators (p<0.0001), dispensing pharmacists (p<0.0001), and pharmacy technicians (p<0.0001), drug costs increased. As staffing increased for clinical pharmacists, drug costs decreased (p=0.018). The results of this study show that increased staff levels of clinical pharmacists and some clinical pharmacy services are associated with reduced hospital drug costs.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1999

Health care professional staffing, hospital characteristics, and hospital mortality rates.

To evaluate associations among hospital characteristics, staffing levels of health care professionals, and mortality rates in 3763 United States hospitals, a data base was constructed from the American Hospital Association's Abridged Guide to the Health Care Field and hospital Medicare mortality rates from the Health Care Financing Administration. A multivariate regression analysis controlling for severity of illness was employed to determine the associations. Hospital characteristics associated with lower mortality were occupancy rate and private nonprofit and private for-profit ownership. Mortality rates decreased as staffing level per occupied bed increased for medical residents, registered nurses, registered pharmacists, medical technologists, and total hospital personnel. Mortality rates increased as staffing level per occupied bed increased for hospital administrators and licensed practical-vocational nurses. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that pharmacists were associated with lower mortality rates.

Hospital Mortality↗
PubMed1999

Clinical pharmacy services and hospital mortality rates.

We evaluated the associations between clinical pharmacy services and mortality rates in 1029 United States hospitals. A data base was constructed from Medicare mortality rates from the Health Care Financing Administration and the National Clinical Pharmacy Services data base. A multivariate regression analysis, controlling for severity of illness, was employed to determine the associations. Four clinical pharmacy services were associated with lower mortality rates: clinical research (p<0.0001), drug information (p=0.043), drug admission histories (p=0.005), and participation on a cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) team (p=0.039). The actual number of deaths (lower) associated with the presence of these four services were clinical research 21,125 deaths in 108 hospitals, drug information 10,463 deaths in 237 hospitals, drug admission histories 3843 deaths in 30 hospitals, and CPR team participation 5047 deaths in 282 hospitals. This is the first study to indicate that both centrally based and patient-specific clinical pharmacy services are associated with reduced hospital mortality rates. This suggests that these services save a significant number of lives in our nation's hospitals.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1999

Staffing and the cost of clinical and hospital pharmacy services in United States hospitals.

A survey was mailed to pharmacy directors at all United States acute care medical-surgical hospitals that related to staffing and cost components of hospital pharmacies and clinical services. Cost information was evaluated as both unadjusted and adjusted for severity of illness using the Health Care Financing Administration's Medicare case mix index (CMI). Unadjusted drug costs/occupied bed/year were $13,350+/-6927, a 36% increase over 1992 and a 112% increase over 1989, with statistically significant differences observed by geographic region, hospital size, hospital ownership, and drug delivery system. Annual median pharmacist salary costs/patient associated with centrally based clinical pharmacy services were drug use evaluation $111, in-service education $20, drug information $117, poison information $24, and clinical research $35. Annual median pharmacist salary costs/patient associated with patient-specific clinical services were drug therapy monitoring $5, pharmacokinetic consultation $8, patient counseling $6, medical rounds $4, admission drug histories $7, and drug therapy protocol management (prescribing) $9. Drug costs continue to increase at double-digit rates. Substantial differences exist among various regions of the country with salary and specific cost components. Registered nursing staffing is increasing at twice the rate of pharmacists staffing increases.

Hospital Costs↗
PubMed1997

Multidimensional scaling of complex sounds by school-aged children and adults.

A paired-comparisons procedure was used to evaluate the processing of complex, nonspeech sounds by 7- and 10-year-old children and adults. Stimuli were brief duration and included pure tones, harmonic complexes, and bands of noise. From their similarity ratings, a three-dimensional multidimensional scaling solution was derived. Results suggested that listeners classified the stimuli into clusters based upon periodicity and the number of spectral peaks. Within each cluster, the stimuli were ordered according to frequency. Because individual differences in the overall weightings of features were large, separate solutions were derived for two subgroups of listeners, formed based upon similarities in the pattern of dimension weights obtained in the group analysis. One subgroup, for whom the full group analysis captured a large proportion of the variance in the ratings, included the adults, many of the 10-year-olds, and a few of the 7-year-olds. The solution derived for this subgroup suggested that spectral and temporal information were weighted equally and integrated into all dimension weights. Frequency information was coded but given less weight and was not used for stimulus classification. A second subgroup of listeners included most of the 7-year-old and some of the 10-year-old children. Examination of their data suggested that they relied heavily on an analysis of the signals according to periodicity as was reflected in their temporal fine structure. Also encoded but of lesser importance were aspects of spectral shape and absolute frequency.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1995

Cost of pharmaceutical services in U.S. hospitals in 1992.

The results of a 1992 national survey of hospital-based pharmaceutical services are reported and compared with data collected during a similar survey in 1989. A questionnaire was mailed to pharmacy directors at all 3756 medical-surgical hospitals in the United States that had 50 or more licensed beds. Cost results were evaluated both as unadjusted data and as data adjusted for severity of illness with the case mix index. The response rate was 43% (1597 usable responses). Mean +/- S.D. unadjusted medication costs per occupied bed were $9850 +/- 4744 (a 46% increase over 1989 costs); significant differences were observed for geographic region, hospital ownership, drug delivery system, and pharmacy director's education. Mean +/- S.D. unadjusted total pharmacy costs per occupied bed were $16,550 +/- 6,249 (a 40% increase over 1989 costs); significant differences were observed for geographic region, hospital ownership, drug delivery system, and pharmacy director's education. Other mean +/- S.D. unadjusted pharmacy cost components were as follows: injectable solution costs, $2627 +/- 2191 (a 38% increase over 1989 costs); inventory costs, $2029 +/- 2593 (70% increase); pharmacist salary costs per occupied bed, $2997 +/- 1267 (33% increase); pharmacy technician costs per occupied bed, $995 +/- 876 (24% increase); pharmacist salary costs per full-time equivalent (FTE), $43,791 +/- 12,206 (14% increase); pharmacy technician salary costs per FTE, $18,953 +/- 6,154 (15% increase); and pharmacy staff development costs per occupied bed, $45 +/- 41 (29% increase). Pharmacist salary costs associated with centrally based clinical pharmacy services ranged from a high of $361 per occupied bed per year for drug-use evaluation to a low of $15 per occupied bed per year for inservice education. Pharmacist salary costs for patient-specific pharmaceutical services ranged from $3 per patient for medical rounds to $8 per patient for cardiopulmonary resuscitation team participation and drug protocol management. A 1992 survey provided comprehensive data on the cost structure of hospital-based pharmaceutical services and a basis for comparison with 1989 cost data.

Geography↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of recent pharmacy graduates' practice patterns, professional lifelong learning, pharmacy organization memberships, and salary.

OBJECTIVES: To document information on recent bachelor of science (B.S.) pharmacy graduates' practice patterns, professional lifelong learning (PLL) methods, pharmacy organization memberships, and salary. The association between advanced training and education on PLL methods, pharmacy organization membership, and salary are explored. DATA SOURCES: Pertinent literature was identified by MEDLINE searches (1966-1992). STUDY DESIGN: The results of a Fall 1991 survey of recent B.S. pharmacy graduates (n = 371) of the University of Wisconsin School of Pharmacy are reported (55 percent response rate). RESULTS: Hospital pharmacists devoted more time to PLL outside of work (18.00 +/- 17.89 h/mo) than community pharmacists (9.93 +/- 8.76 h/mo), t = 5.02, degrees of freedom (df) = 289, p < 0.001. Graduates who had completed an advanced degree program, residency, or fellowship (advanced degree/training [ADT]) spent more time in PLL (17.76 +/- 10.63 h/mo) compared with graduates who had only obtained a B.S. degree (10.63 +/- 8.56 h/mo), t = 3.80, df = 311, p < 0.001. Graduates who had ADT were more likely to belong to multiple pharmacy organizations (2.14 +/- 1.38 organizations) than hospital pharmacists (1.61 +/- 1.27 organizations) and community pharmacists (1.11 +/- 1.06 organizations). Of the pharmacists who graduated in 1989 and 1990 (one to two years postgraduation), 55 percent belonged to the American Pharmaceutical Association. This declined to 19 percent of the graduates from 1984 and 1985 (six to seven years postgraduation), a 62 percent decline in membership. Membership in the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists (ASHP) was held by 19 percent of graduates one to two years after graduation; and 34 percent of graduates belonged to ASHP six to seven years after graduation, an 81 percent increase. Graduates with ADT (compared with graduates with the B.S. degree only) showed the strongest correlation of membership affiliation, which was about equal with ASHP (phi = 0.32) and ACCP (phi = 0.33). Although pharmacists changed their individual pharmacy organization memberships during the first seven years after graduation, there was no evidence of a decline in overall interest in pharmacy organization membership. Pharmacists who had completed ADT had an annual mean salary of $51,112 +/- $10,012; those pharmacists who did not complete an ADT program had an annual mean salary of $46,440 +/- $7802, a difference of $4672 per year. Hospital pharmacists who had obtained ADT had an annual mean salary of $51,840 +/- $9765; B.S. pharmacists without ADT in hospital practice had an annual mean salary of $43,603 +/- $8192, a difference of $8237 per year. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacists' PLL methods, organization memberships, and salaries varied significantly by their practice site and the completion of an ADT program.

Education, Pharmacy, Continuing↗
PubMed1992

Legal status and functions of hospital-based pharmacy technicians and their relationship to clinical pharmacy services.

The relationships among (1) laws and regulations governing hospital-based pharmacy technicians, (2) functions pharmacy technicians perform, and (3) pharmacists' provision of clinical pharmacy services were studied. A state-level technician-restriction score was developed, based on state rules and regulations in effect in 1989. Scoring included (1) type of supervision required for hospital-based pharmacy technicians, (2) ratio of technicians to pharmacists, (3) pharmacist-only reconstitution of injectable products, and (4) pharmacist-only counting and pouring. Actual use of hospital pharmacy technicians was measured with the technician-use index, and overall provision of clinical pharmacy services was measured with the pharmaceutical-care index. Based on the technician-restriction scores, 25 states and the District of Columbia were categorized as having less restrictive laws and 25 states as having more restrictive laws. Technician use varied with hospital size, teaching affiliation, owner-ship, type of drug delivery system, and education level of the director of pharmacy. Use of pharmacy technicians increased with the severity of hospital-patient illness treated. A fair correlation was found between the pharmaceutical-care index and the technician-use index. A positive association was found between pharmacy technician use and pharmacists' provision of clinical pharmacy services.

Certification↗
PubMed1992

Pharmaceutical services in U.S. hospitals in 1989.

The results of a spring 1989 national survey of hospital-based pharmacy services are reported. The study group (n = 2112) comprised half of U.S. acute-care general surgical or medical hospitals with 50 or more licensed beds. Pharmacy directors were asked about their hospital's provision of 14 clinical pharmacy services. The survey had a response rate of 56% (1174 usable responses). Provision levels varied significantly with the pharmacy drug delivery system for 14 services, pharmacy director's education for 12 services, hospital teaching affiliation for 12 services, hospital ownership for 9 services, hospital size for 9 services, and geographic region for 5 services. The following percentages of respondents offered specific services: drug-use evaluation, 90%; inservice education, 66%; adverse drug reaction (ADR) management, 46%; drug therapy monitoring, 41%; pharmacokinetic consultations, 40%; parenteral-enteral nutrition team participation, 28%; patient medication counseling, 26%; drug therapy protocol management, 25%; cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) team participation, 25%; clinical research, 22%; drug information, 16%; participation in medical rounds, 13%; poison information, 9%; and medication histories, 2%. Pharmacist staffing requirements for clinical services usually centralized within the department were highest for drug information and poison information. Within hospitals offering the services, four of nine patient-specific services were potentially available to more than half the patients: ADR management, CPR team participation, drug therapy monitoring, and nutrition team participation. Drug therapy protocol management required the most pharmacist staff time. Only one service, pharmacokinetic consultations, was justified by more than half of the providers of that service. Respondents expected all the services to undergo net growth during 1989-90. The 1989 National Clinical Pharmacy Services Survey showed that provision of clinical pharmacy services varied with the pharmacy drug delivery system, pharmacy director's education, hospital teaching affiliation, hospital ownership, hospital size, and geographic region.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed1992

Cost of inpatient pharmaceutical services in U.S. hospitals in 1989.

The results of a spring 1989 national survey of hospital-based pharmacy services are reported; this article focuses on the cost structure of services. A questionnaire was sent to 2112 hospitals, comprising half of U.S. acute-care general medical or surgical hospitals with 50 or more licensed beds. Cost results were evaluated both as unadjusted data and as data adjusted with the case mix index (CMI). The survey had a response rate of 56% (1174 usable responses). Both pharmacy cost information and the CMI were obtained for 1000 hospitals. Mean +/- S.D. unadjusted medication costs per occupied bed were $6744 +/- $3048 and varied significantly with geographic region. Mean +/- S.D. pharmacist salary costs per full-time equivalent (FTE) were $38,432 +/- $8,550 and differed with geographic region, hospital ownership, the pharmacy drug delivery system, and the pharmacy director's education. Pharmacist salary costs associated with centrally based clinical pharmacy services ranged from a high of $60 per occupied bed per year for drug information services to a low of $15 for inservice education. The state with the highest mean +/- S.D. pharmacist annual salary per FTE was California ($45,900 +/- $11,037); the state with the lowest annual salary was Indiana ($29,637 +/- $7,110). A 1989 survey of clinical pharmacy services provided comprehensive data on complex cost structures.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed1990

Hospital pharmacy services in the Great Lakes region.

The results of a spring 1987 survey of hospital pharmacy services in seven states of the Great Lakes region are reported. The study group (n = 1087) comprised all hospitals in seven states that employed at least one full-time or part-time pharmacist and that had 50 or more licensed beds. The survey had a 63% response rate (681 usable responses). Seventy percent of the hospitals were small (average daily census, less than 200), 20% were medium sized (200-399), and 11% were large (greater than or equal to 400). Some 33% of the hospitals were affiliated with a college of pharmacy. Pharmacy directors who held an advanced degree (master of science or doctor of pharmacy) were more likely to work in larger hospitals and in those affiliated with educational institutions. The extent of unit dose services differed based on hospital teaching affiliation and pharmacy director's education. Provision of i.v. admixture services differed based on hospital teaching affiliation and pharmacy director's education but not hospital size. Pharmacy preparation of six specialty i.v. products differed according to pharmacy director's education and hospital teaching affiliation; however, pharmacy preparation of only three of the specialty products differed based on hospital size. Larger hospitals that were affiliated with an educational institution were more likely to employ a clinical coordinator, drug information specialist, or clinical pharmacist. Home health-care services involving pharmacists were provided by 26% of the hospitals; the most common programs were antimicrobial therapy and total parenteral nutrition therapy. Pharmacists provided services in ambulatory-care clinics in 24% of the hospitals, with the most common services being patient education, pharmacokinetics consultation, and dosage regimen adjustment. Provision of 10 of 12 inpatient clinical pharmacy services differed based on hospital size and teaching affiliation; 11 of the 12 services differed based on education of the pharmacy director. Workload and pharmacist staffing data for the inpatient clinical pharmacy services varied widely. Eleven of these services were expected to undergo a positive net growth, while one service, provision of admission medication histories, was expected to decline. An extensive survey of hospital pharmacy services in the Great Lakes region showed that the provision and scope of many services were related to hospital size, hospital teaching affiliation, and the education of the pharmacy director.

Drug Information Services↗
PubMed1990

A comprehensive measure of pharmaceutical services: the pharmaceutical-care index.

The construction, validation, and use of a numerical index for measuring the provision of pharmaceutical care are described. The 681 respondents to the 1987 Great Lakes Pharmacy Services Survey were randomly divided into two equal groups of hospitals. Data for the first group (n = 341) were used to construct and validate the pharmaceutical-care index (PCI); data for the second group were used for index analysis. Bivariate analysis of 14 major inpatient pharmaceutical services resulted in one service, admission medication histories, being dropped from the index. Multivariate analysis showed that the remaining services contributed equally to the PCI; they were therefore retained. The possible range of PCI scores was -11.166 to 26.518, with a high score indicating greater provision of service. Analysis of data for the second randomly selected group of hospitals (n = 340) showed that PCI scores differed significantly on the basis of hospital size, hospital teaching affiliation, and pharmacy director's education. The correlation between average daily census and PCI score was fair. Higher scores were associated with the presence of a clinical coordinator or a clinical pharmacist. There were weak associations between PCI score and numbers of pharmacists, pharmacy managers, drug distribution pharmacists, and clinical pharmacists. However, the number of decentralized pharmacists and the number of technicians both showed a fair association with PCI score. Hospitals that had pharmacist participation in ambulatory-care clinics or a staff development program had higher PCI scores than hospitals that did not. The provision of inpatient pharmaceutical services, as assessed by the PCI, may be influenced by hospital size, teaching affiliation, the education of the pharmacy director, and other factors. Further research is needed to extend these findings to other hospitals, expose interactions among the factors that affect pharmaceutical care, and refine the PCI.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1989

Pharmacists' attitudes toward and use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training received in pharmacy school.

Recent graduates of a pharmacy school were surveyed to determine their attitudes toward and use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and basic life support (BLS) training received as part of their pharmacy school instruction. Questionnaires were mailed to 215 pharmacists who had completed the mandatory CPR-BLS training; only those who had practiced pharmacy for at least 6 of the previous 12 months were asked to respond. Usable questionnaires were received from 187 of the pharmacists surveyed. Of the respondents, 134 (72%) believed that the CPR-BLS program should continue to be mandatory for graduation; 131 (70%) believed their training to be of value in their current practices, and 174 (93%) believed it would be of value in the future. Nine (5%) of the pharmacists had actually performed CPR since their graduation. Pharmacists practicing in small and large hospitals were more likely to participate in CPR than pharmacists in medium-sized hospitals, and such participation was associated with the presence of decentralized and clinical pharmacy services. Recent pharmacy graduates who had received mandatory CPR-BLS training in school had positive attitudes about the value of this training in their professional practices.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1984

Sustained improvement in drug documentation, compliance, and disease control. A four-year analysis of an ambulatory care model.

We analyzed the effectiveness of an intervention program involving a clinical pharmacist and nurse clinician in improving drug documentation in medical records, patient compliance, and disease control. Medical records and prescription files were reviewed for patients in a rheumatology and renal clinic. Compliance was estimated by examining prescription refill patterns. Reviews were performed before intervention (control group), nine months after intervention (study group 1), and four years nine months after our intervention program began (study group 2). A six-month retrospective analysis at each review point demonstrated a significant improvement in drug documentation, compliance, and disease control--BP--for both study groups. A significant correlation was found between compliance (refill patterns) and BP control--correlation coefficient phi for the control group, 67 for study group 1, and .89 for study group 2. Cost reductions associated with our intervention program suggest that this program is cost-effective.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1981

Bipolar affective disorder following coronary bypass surgery.

Bipolar affective disorders characterized by mania and depression have not previously been reported as a complication of coronary bypass surgery, although pure depressive symptoms are well known. This case describes a 46 year old male, with a negative psychiatric history, who developed mania as well as depression after having two vessel bypass surgery on his right coronary artery. The patient's history and symptoms of mania and depression met research criteria for the diagnosis of a bipolar affective disorder, and he responded well to lithium carbonate.

Bipolar Disorder↗