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Biomedical subjects

B I Cohen

Publications and source records attributed to B I Cohen.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Retention of three endodontic posts cemented with five dental cements.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The retention of a post is believed to be a major factor in restoration survival. Therefore the cement with the greatest in vitro retention property should give the best performance for a restoration. PURPOSE: This study compared retentive values of three posts (Flexi-Post, AccessPost, and ParaPost) cemented with five cements (Flexi-Flow, zinc phosphate, Advance, Duet, and Ketac-Cem) plus a control group that consisted of a Flexi-Post No. 2 dowel without cement. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 160 recently extracted human single-rooted teeth with crowns removed at the cementoenamel junction were divided into 16 groups of 10 samples. Post holes were prepared according to manufacturers' instructions. Posts were then cemented with one of the five cements. Each sample was placed into a specialized jig and on a tensile testing machine with crosshead speed of 0.638 cm/minute, applied until failure. A two-way analysis of variance and Newman-Keuls multiple range comparison tests were performed for all cemented groups. A one-way analysis of variance and a Student-Newman-Keuls multiple range comparison test were performed only for the groups with the Flexi-Post dowel, this included the no cement condition, with significant results if p < 0.05. RESULTS: Flexi-Post dowel with Flexi-Flow Natural cement obtained the highest retentive value (303.91 pounds). ParaPost dowel with Duet cement exhibited the lowest retention value (21.23 pounds). The Flexi-Post dowel demonstrated higher mean retention than AccessPost or ParaPost dowels, AccessPost dowel was higher than ParaPost dowel. Flexi-Flow cement had the highest overall mean retention followed, in decreasing order, by zinc phosphate, Advance, Ketac-Cem, and Duet cements. CONCLUSIONS: Flexi-Post dowel was the most retentive post studied with values ranging from 303.91 pounds with Flexi-Flow Natural cements to 150.93 pounds without cement. Flexi-Flow cements had a higher overall mean retention than other cements studied.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Effect of power settings versus temperature change at the root surface when using multiple fiber sizes with a Holmium YAG laser while enlarging a root canal.

The aim of this study was to determine if there is an increase in temperature at the root surface as the canal is enlarged when using a Holmium:YAG laser. An increase might be expected because, as the canal is enlarged, there is less dentin between the canal walls and the outer cementum surface of the root to absorb the heat. Sixty single-rooted human teeth were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups according to laser power settings: 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 W. Each tooth in each power group was subjected to lasing using fiber sizes of 140, 245, 355, and 410 microns. The dependent variables in these analyses included: (a) change in temperature, measured with T-type thermocouples placed 2 mm from the coronal and apical ends of the root; (b) depth of laser in the tooth; (c) depth that a conventional fiber could be inserted after lasing; and (d) tooth physical dimensions. ANOVA for coronal temperature showed no interaction between fibers and power settings. Repeated-measures ANOVA for apical temperature showed a significant difference between fibers, but not between power settings. No interaction between fibers and power settings was observed. For the depth of tooth during lasing (how far the fiberoptic guide penetrated into the tooth), no interaction between fibers and power settings was observed. Pairwise contrasts revealed that all fibers were different from one another, with depth decreasing as fiber size increased. Depth files could be inserted that showed the depth significantly decreased as file size increased from 50 through 70. ANOVAs illustrated that there were no significant differences between power settings for any of the five tooth physical dimensions. All temperature differences observed apically and coronally were between 0 degree to 10 degrees C, with the majority (> 98%) being between 0 degree to 5 degrees C. After lasing with the 410-micron fiber, the root canals were widened to at least 45 or 50 K-files (450 or 500 microns). However, by using a 410-micron fiber, the laser did not seem to widen the canal beyond a 500-micron diameter.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Tear strength of four irreversible hydrocolloid impression materials.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to examine the tear strength of four irreversible hydrocolloid (alginate) impression materials (Tare-Free Alg, Jeltrate, Identic, and Kromopan). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty specimens, 20 for each alginate tested, were according to the manufacturers' instructions. A cutting die described in American Standard Test and Material document D-1004-94a was used to prepare test specimens. Immediately after removal from the cutting die, test specimens were measured at five points with an electronic caliper. Test specimens were placed into a specialized jig, and a Shimpo force gauge was used to measure tear strength. The tear test was performed no more than 10 minutes after mixing the alginate material with water. The tear strength was then calculated. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the mean force required to induce tearing for each of the four groups, followed by the Newman-Keuls pairwise multiple comparisons test. RESULTS: Results were considered statistically significant at p < .05. There was a statistically significant difference between alginate materials (p < .0001). The Newman-Keuls multiple comparisons procedure showed that Tare-Free Alg (514.5 g/cm) had a significantly higher tear strength value (p < .0001) than Jeltrate (259.0 g/cm), Identic (289.9 g/cm), and Kromopan (323.9 g/cm). CONCLUSIONS: Tare-Free Alg had the highest tear strength value, followed by Jeltrate, Identic, and Kromopan.

Alginates↗
PubMed1998

Simplified obturation of tapered canal preparations.

Canals shaped to wider tapers, specifically .06 mm and .08 mm, have traditionally been associated with thermoplastic fills. However, the canals shaped to .06 mm and .08 mm tapers correlate very closely to the shape of fine-medium and medium gutta-percha points, respectively. Combining the placement of these single-point fills with the patented EZ-Fill bi-directional spiral for well-controlled placement of the EZ-Fill epoxy resin sealer gives the dentist the ability to simplify the obturation procedure with results that are at least equal to those achieved with lateral condensation and thermoplastic techniques.

Epoxy Resins↗
PubMed1998

Formaldehyde evaluation from endodontic materials.

The purpose of this study was to measure the amount of formaldehyde released from three types of endodontic sealing cement (AH-Plus, EZ-Fill, and AH-26). Formaldehyde release was analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography, which could detect as low as 0.25 ppm. The data was tabulated after two runs. The two paste system of AH-Plus endodontic sealing cement had the least amount of formaldehyde release (0.00039%, 3.9 ppm). This was followed by EZ-Fill (0.054%, 540 ppm) endodontic cement and AH-26 (0.1347%, 1347 ppm) endodontic cement which yielded the greatest formaldehyde release. Both of these cements (EZ-Fill and AH-26 endodontic filling cements) are based on a powder-liquid mix. The relative minute amounts of formaldehyde released by the endodontic cements studied (AH-Plus and EZ-Fill) warrant their use as endodontic sealing cements.

Bismuth↗
PubMed1998

A five year study. Fluoride release of four reinforced composite resins.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to record the fluoride released measured in parts per million of four fluoride composite resins for five years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four fluoridated composites were separated into four groups. Two composite resins with high viscosity were core materials, Ti-Core with titanium (group 1) and Ti-Core Natural (group 2) and the other two resins studied were low viscosity post cements Flexi-Flow cement with titanium (group 3) and Flexi-Flow Natural (group 4). The fluoride release was studied under four experimental conditions. Three replications were studied in each condition. Fluoride release was measured for 260 weeks (5 years). STATISTICAL METHODS: A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the average weekly release followed by a Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) pairwise multiple comparison test. All results were considered statistically significant if p < 0.05. RESULTS: The ANOVA analysis released a significant statistical interaction between group and week (p < 0.0001). Further analysis showed that the average weekly release for Ti-Core with titanium did not differ from Ti-Core Natural, and that Ti-Core with titanium and Ti-Core Natural differed from both Flexi-Flow Natural and Flexi-Flow with titanium, which were not different from one another. CONCLUSIONS: Ti-Core with titanium (Group 1) and Ti-Core Natural (Group 2) released a greater amount of fluoride than Flexi-Flow with titanium (Group 3) and Flexi-Flow Natural (Group 4). The fluoride released from these fluoridated resin composites are similar to reported ranges of other fluoride releasing dental restoration materials.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

Fracture strengths of three core restorative materials supported with or without a prefabricated split-shank post.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the fracture strengths of three restorative materials, a lanthanide reinforced composite (Ti-Core Natural), a silver amalgam (Tytin), and a hybrid glass ionomer (Advance), supported by either a multitiered, threaded split-shank post (Flexi-Flange) or with a dentin spur without a post. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 60 recently extracted single-rooted human teeth were divided into six groups of 10. All groups were stored at 100% humidity at room temperature for 1 week before testing. Each specimen was placed in a special jig at a 45-degree angle to the buccolingual axis and subjected to a load that was recorded in pounds and converted to Newtons on a universal testing machine, with a crosshead speed of 0.63 cm/minute until failure. Two-way analysis of variance followed by the Newman-Keuls pairwise multiple comparisons test were used to compare the results. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between core materials (p < 0.001), but not regarding post conditions. Ti-Core Natural material had a significantly larger mean failure threshold for fracture than either Tytin silver amalgam or Advance material and the letter two core materials (Tytin and Advance) do not differ from each other. There was no statistical difference between Ti-Core material supported by a post and Ti-Core material supported without a post.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

Cyclic fatigue testing of five endodontic post designs supported by four core materials.

PURPOSE: This pilot study examined the cyclic fatigue of five endodontic post systems (AccessPost, Flexi-Flange, Flexi-Post, ParaPost, and Vlock) with four core materials (Tytin silver amalgam, Ti-Core, Ketac-Silver and G-C Miracle Mix). MATERIAL AND METHODS: In vitro cyclic fatigue was performed with a machine designed to simulate masticatory fatigue forces. An instantaneous force of 22.2 N (5 pounds) was applied to each post and core combination for a test configuration of 4,000,000 repetitions, or until failure occurred. The type of failure and number of repetitions at failure was recorded for each sample tested. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare groups. RESULTS: All posts/core samples with Ti-Core composite and Tytin silver amalgam completed the test with no failures. All posts/core samples with Ketac-Silver material failed before the 4,000,000 test cycle configuration and all failures were core failures. All posts/core samples with G-C Miracle Mix material failed in a similar manner. Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test illustrated that, with this simulated fatigue test, Ti-Core material and Tytin silver amalgam were superior to both G-C Miracle Mix and Ketac-Silver materials.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

Rational predictable posthole preparation.

Restoration of the endodontically treated tooth is a common occurrence in everyday dental practice. Unfortunately, clinical posthole preparation seems to be a random technique. Even for a prefabricated post supplied with matching drills, the task is often difficult or not straightforward. Some questions inevitably arise. How long should the posthole be? How wide should the canal be prepared? How can the proper width be maintained so that the prefabricated post does not strip in the canal and lose its retention? If it is decided to use a cast post, what is the best posthole preparation to maximize retention? Is there an easy way to avoid perforating the root while preparing the canal for the post? Clinically, how can the posthole be prepared quickly, easily, and predictably every time? These key questions must be addressed when preparing the posthole.

Dental Prosthesis Retention↗
PubMed1996

Effect of castration and hormonal supplementation on cholesterol cholelithiasis in the male hamster.

This study examined the effect of castration and dietary hormonal supplementation on cholesterol cholelithiasis in male hamsters. Animals fed a standard lithogenic diet developed cholesterol gallstones (17%) after 6 wk, while castrated hamsters did not form any stones. Addition of a synthetic androgen, methyltestosterone, to the lithogenic diet induced cholelithiasis in castrated animals (50%). The biles of normal and castrated-hormone supplemented hamsters had cholesterol saturation indices of 1.0 and 1.1, respectively, while the bile of the castrated animals remained unsaturated (0.6). The ratio of cholic acid/chenodeoxycholic acid in bile increased after castration, but returned to normal levels following hormonal supplementation. Biliary cholesterol carriers were separated by ultracentrifugation. Animals in the stone-forming groups (normal and castrated-hormone treated) had a significant proportion of their biliary cholesterol in vesicles (44 and 46%, respectively); castrated hamsters had less cholesterol in vesicle form (9%). The molar ratio of cholesterol/phospholipid in vesicles was reduced after castration (0.93 vs. 0.42) and increased by hormonal supplementation (1.89). In conclusion, when compared to normal male hamsters fed a standard lithogenic diet, castration reduced the cholesterol saturation of bile, lowered the vesicular/micellar ratio in bile, and inhibited cholesterol cholelithiasis. Dietary androgen supplementation increased the lithogenicity of bile, resulting in stone formation in castrated animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Dietary fat alters biliary lipid secretion in the hamster.

Dietary fat has been found to alter the incidence of cholesterol gallstones in hamsters: butterfat intensifies while safflower oil reduces lithiasis. WE not report how dietary fat affects bile flow and biliary lipid secretion in this model. Male hamsters were fed one of three experimental diets: a control diet (containing 0.3% cholesterol); control diet + 4.0% butterfat; or control diet + 4.0% safflower oil. After three weeks, bile samples were collected via an external biliary fistula. The endogenous bile acid pool was depleted for 120 min followed by increasing rates of taurocholate infusion for 160 min. Basal secretion of biliary lipids was measured during the bile acid depletion period. Basal bile flow and bile acid output were not significantly different in the three groups. Dietary butterfat increased basal cholesterol output compared to the control diet (0.037 vs. 0.025 mumol/min.kg, respectively); safflower oil did not change cholesterol output (0.027 mumol/min.kg). Hamsters fed butterfat or safflower oil secreted more phospholipid (0.171 and 0.178 mumol/min.kg, respectively) than controls (0.131 mumol/min.kg). The cholesterol/phospholipid output ratio of the butterfat group was higher than the safflower oil group (0.220 vs. 0.153, respectively). Effects of dietary fat on several relationships between file flow and biliary lipid secretion were analyzed by linear regression using the data for the entire bile collection period (bile acid depletion and taurocholate infusion). Butterfat and safflower oil did not change either bile acid dependent or bile acid independent bile flow. Hamsters fed butterfat had a higher linkage coefficient (slope) of cholesterol vs. bile acid output than the safflower oil group (0.023 vs. 0.009, respectively). The linkage coefficient of phospholipid vs. bile acid output of the butterfat group was higher than the controls (0.278 vs. 0.185, respectively). In summary, butterfat induced a high cholesterol and phospholipid secretion with a high cholesterol/phospholipid output ratio; safflower oil induced a high phospholipid secretion with a low cholesterol/phospholipid output ratio. Butterfat and safflower oil have different effects on biliary lipid secretion. These differences in biliary lipid secretion may explain, in part, how butterfat and safflower oil differ in affecting gallstone formation in hamsters.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Prevention of cholesterol cholelithiasis by dietary unsaturated fats in hormone-treated female hamsters.

We examined the effect of diet on gallstone incidence and the composition of biliary phosphatidylcholines in methyltestosterone-treated female hamsters. These hamsters were fed a nutritionally adequate purified lithogenic diet containing 2% corn oil, 4% butterfat, 0.3% cholesterol, and 0.05% methyltestosterone, resulting in a cholesterol gallstone incidence of 86%. This incidence was lowered when mono- and polyunsaturated fats or fatty acids were added to the diet: 2.5% oleic acid resulted in total prevention of cholesterol cholelithiasis, 2.5% linoleic acid, and 4% safflower oil (78% linoleic acid content) reduced gallstone incidence to 26 and 8%, respectively. An additional 4% butterfat (29% oleic acid content) produced gallstones in 50% of the animals. At the end of the 6-wk feeding period, the bile of all hamsters was supersaturated with cholesterol. The major biliary phosphatidylcholine species in all groups were (sn-1-sn-2): 16:0-18:2, 16:0-18:1, 18:0-18:2, 16:0-20:4, and 18:2-18:2. The safflower oil- and linoleic acid-fed hamsters exhibited an enrichment of 16:0-18:2 (16-18%); added butterfat or oleic acid increased the proportion of 16:0-18:1 (9 and 25%, respectively). We conclude that the phosphatidylcholine molecular species in female hamster bile can be altered by dietary fats/fatty acids and that mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids play a role in suppressing the induced cholelithiasis.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1996

Effect of a synthetic androgen on biliary lipid secretion in the female hamster.

This study was designed to elucidate the effect of the synthetic androgen, methyltestosterone, on bile flow and biliary lipid secretion in female hamsters. Animals were divided into four groups and fed the following diets: group 1, lithogenic diet for three weeks; group 2, lithogenic diet + 0.05% methyltestosterone for three weeks; group 3, lithogenic diet for six weeks; group 4, lithogenic diet + 0.05% methyltestosterone for six weeks. At the end of each experimental period, the hamsters were operated on to establish external biliary fistulas. During the depletion of the endogenous bile acid pool (for two hours), the basal bile flow of group 4 was significantly smaller than that of group 3. Basal bile acid output was significantly lower in the methyltestosterone-fed groups 2 and 4 than in control groups 1 and 3. In contrast, groups 2 and 4 secreted more cholesterol than groups 1 and 3. Group 4 had a higher ratio of cholesterol output to phospholipid output than group 3. Increasing doses of taurocholate were infused after the bile acid depletion period, and it was found that methyltestosterone did not change the bile acid independent bile flow. The increments in cholesterol or phospholipid output induced per increment of bile acid output (linkage coefficients) were analyzed by linear regression. The methyltestosterone-fed groups (groups 2 and 4) had a higher linkage coefficient of cholesterol output to bile acid output than the control groups (groups 1 and 3). The linkage coefficients of phospholipid output to bile acid output of groups 2 and 4 were also higher compared to groups 1 and 3. The linkage coefficient of cholesterol output to phospholipid output of group 2 was higher than that of group 1. These results suggest that methyltestosterone stimulated the cosecretion mechanism of cholesterol and phospholipid in bile associated with an increasing ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid. In conclusion, the synthetic androgen, methyltestosterone, caused a decrease in basal bile flow and bile acid secretion, and an increase in basal cholesterol secretion and the biliary cholesterol-to-phospholipid ratio. These findings explain, in part, how methyltestosterone intensifies the formation of cholesterol gallstones in female hamsters.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

An improved ultracentrifugation method for the separation of cholesterol carriers in bile.

Vesicles and micelles, the major carriers of cholesterol in bile, play a role in the formation of cholesterol gallstones. A simple and rapid ultracentrifugation method was developed to isolate these biliary cholesterol carriers when only microliter amounts of bile were available. The proposed method employs a 46 to 0% sucrose density gradient, a NVT90 near-vertical rotor, and a centrifugation time of one hour. As little as 25 microL of bile can be used with no disruption of the carriers. The method was validated by comparison with gel filtration column chromatography using 6 mM taurocholate in the elution buffer. The sucrose linear density gradient ultracentrifugation procedure described here is simple, fast, and compares favorably with the gel filtration chromatography method for the separation of cholesterol carriers from bile.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Four different core materials measured for fracture strength in combination with five different designs of endodontic posts.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the fractural load of four core materials supported by five post designs. This study was divided into 20 groups with 10 samples per group. Specimens were placed in a special jig at a 45-degree angle, and the fracture load values, in pounds, were obtained with the use of a universal testing machine. A 5 x 4 factorial design was used to assess and compare the fractural strength, and a two-way analysis of variance was used to determine whether the buccolingual, mesiodistal, and height dimensions differed across groupings. Mean fracture load values were obtained. Flexi-Post dowel/Ti-Core material at 277.1 pounds and ParaPost dowel/ Tytin silver amalgam at 277.3 pounds recorded the greatest mean values. These values were not statistically different. ParaPost dowel/Ketac-Silver material had the lowest mean value (49.6 pounds). For all posts Tytin silver amalgam and Ti-Core material were significantly stronger than Ketac-Silver and G-C Miracle Mix material. Ketac-Silver and G-C Miracle Mix materials did not differ from each other. Results indicated that Ti-Core composite material is at least as strong as Tytin silver amalgam.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

Comparative study of two precision overdenture attachment designs.

In this study two precision overdenture attachment designs were tested for retention--a nylon overdenture cap system and a new cap and keeper system. The new cap and keeper system was designed to reduce the time involved in replacing a cap worn by the conditions of the oral environment. Six groups were tested at two different angles and retentive failure was examined at two different angles (26 and 0 degrees). Failure was measured in pounds with a force gauge over a 2000 pull cycle. The amount of force required to remove caps for two overdenture caps and a replaced cap for the metal keeper system was determined. Two dependent variables were absolute force and relative force. Repeated measures analysis of variance (RMANOVA) was used to compare the between-subjects effects of cap and angle, and the within-subjects effect of pull. The results indicated a significant difference between cap types (p < 0.0001) with respect to the relative force required to remove the cap. There was no effect of angle. For absolute force, RMANOVA revealed a highly significant interaction between pull and cap (p < 0.0001). Thus, the way that force changed over pulls depended on which cap was used (no effect of angle). For relative force, RMANOVA revealed no interaction between pull and cap, but there was a main effect of cap type (p < 0.0001) (no effect of angle). The nylon cap design required less force for removal but showed more consistency in the force required over the course of the 2000 pulls when compared with the keeper with cap insert. The results obtained in this study were consistent with similar studies in literature.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

Effect of power settings on temperature change at the root surface when using a Holmium YAG laser in enlarging the root canal.

The aim of this study was to determine the maximum amount of power, in watts, that a Holmium YAG laser could deliver via a 245-micron fiberoptic to the canal surface and still not raise the temperature (delta T) of the cementum by > 5 degrees C. Sixty single-rooted teeth were divided into three groups according to power selection (0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 W). The three main outcome variables were: change in apical temperature, change in coronal temperature, and maximum size of an endodontic file that could fit into the canal after lasing. The group means for apical delta T were: 1.00 W = 2.2 degrees C, 0.75 W = 2.68 degrees C, and 0.50 W = 1.58 degrees C. The group means for coronal delta T were: 1.00 W = 1.15 degrees C, 0.75 W = 0.99 degree C, and 0.50 W = 0.56 degree C. The group means for file size were: 1.00 W = 41.25, 0.75 W = 38.75, and 0.50 W = 40.75. The canal size was increased from a size 25 file up to approximately a size 40 file with all power groups. There were no significant differences between the groups for change in apical temperature (p = 0.32), coronal temperature (p = 0.17), or maximum file size (p = 0.86) when adjustments were made for tooth dimensions. In all groups studied, the delta T was < 5 degrees C. This represents a safe and predictable laser procedure.

Analysis of Variance↗