Occupational allergic contact dermatitis due to methylisothiazolinones in a cleansing cream.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
B Gruvberger
Publications and source records attributed to B Gruvberger.
Chromate sensitization and elicitation from cement with iron sulfate.
For some years, iron sulfate has been added to cement manufactured in the Scandinavian countries to prevent sensitization to and elicitation from chromate in cement. Allergic contact dermatitis from chromate is reported here in 3 workers with hand dermatitis and exposure to cement containing iron sulfate. Although iron sulfate had been added to the cement, high chromate concentrations were found in many samples of cement to which these workers were exposed.
Adolescent↗
PABA, benzocaine, and other PABA esters in sunscreens and after-sun products.
Contact/photocontact allergy to PABA and benzocaine are not uncommon. PABA and PABA esters are used in sunscreens and benzocaine may contaminate such sunscreens or may be an intentional constituent in after-sun products. Labelling of ingredients in sunscreens and after-sun products is not required by law in Sweden. The presence of PABA, PABA esters used as sunscreen agents, and benzocaine was therefore investigated by HPLC in 97 sunscreens and 15 after-sun products. PABA was detected in 2 sunscreens while almost 50% of the sunscreens contained 2-ethylhexyl p-dimethyl-aminobenzoate. Benzocaine was not found in any after-sun product but was present in 1 sunscreen containing 4-bis(hydroxypropyl)aminobenzoate. Glyceryl p-aminobenzoate and amyl p-dimethyl-aminobenzoate were labeled on 1 and 3 sunscreens, respectively, but glyceryl p-aminobenzoate was not found in any of them and only traces of amyl p-dimethylaminobenzoate were found in 1 sunscreen.
4-Aminobenzoic Acid↗
Patch testing with cement containing iron sulfate.
Addition of iron sulfate to cement means transformation of water-soluble hexavalent chromium into nonwater-soluble trivalent chromium. This has been the basis for preventive measures concerning sensitization to hexavalent chromium (chromate) in cement. For some years, iron sulfate has been added to cement manufactured in the Scandinavian countries. In the present in vivo study, cements with and without iron sulfate were compared concerning their capacity to elicit allergic patch-test reactions in eight chromate-hypersensitive individuals. No patch-test reactions were obtained from a water extract of cement with iron sulfate when appropriately buffered.
Chromium↗
Contact allergy to dichlorinated methylisothiazolinone.
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Dermatitis, Contact↗
Patch testing with degradation products of Kathon CG.
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Dermatitis, Contact↗
Formaldehyde-induced depression of skin reactivity to 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one in the guinea pig.
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Animals↗
Sensitization studies in the guinea pig with the active ingredients of Euxyl K 400.
The preservative Euxyl K 400 consists of the 2 active ingredients, 2-phenoxyethanol and 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane. Sensitization studies with the guinea pig maximization test were performed with these substances, but no sensitizing capacity was demonstrated in the case of either compound.
Animals↗
Contact and photocontact allergy to glyceryl para-aminobenzoate.
High-purity glyceryl para-aminobenzoate was produced from a commercial source of the chemical by using a chromatographic technique. Negative test reactions to this purified substance were obtained when it was patch/photopatch-tested on 2 patients with contact and photocontact allergy to a nonpurified batch of glyceryl para-aminobenzoate.
4-Aminobenzoic Acid↗
Contact allergy to the active ingredients of Kathon CG.
The preservative Kathon CG is a commercial preparation, consisting of 2 active ingredients and other components. 28 patients with contact allergy to Kathon CG participated in a study in which patch testing was performed with serial dilutions, and with 5 chromatographically separated fractions. All reacted to fraction IV, and 2 patients also to fraction II. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry identified fraction II and IV to be the active ingredients; 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one.
Dermatitis, Contact↗
Contact allergy to the active ingredients of Kathon CG in the guinea pig.
Preservative Kathon CG (K-CG) is a commercial preparation, consisting of the two active ingredients (a.i.), 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (243-K-CG) and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (5243-K-CG) and also of other components. Both a.i. are known contact sensitizers in humans. In this study guinea pig maximization tests were performed with the a.i. in order to assess and compare the degrees of the sensitizing capacities. The animals were also rechallenged with the sensitizer and 4 chemically related compounds, all being preservatives or known ingredients in preservatives, in order to study the cross-reaction patterns. 5243-K-CG was demonstrated to be a strong sensitizer and 243-K-CG a weak sensitizer. With 5243-K-CG as the sensitizer, 4.5-dichloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one was a possible cross-reacting compound. Possible cross-reactivity was indicated between the a.i. when 243-K-CG was the sensitizer.
Animals↗
Contact allergy to the preservative Kathon CG.
Of 976 patients routinely patch tested with Kathon CG (Rohm & Haas), 300 ppm, 43 (4.4%) gave a positive reaction. Of 170 patients routinely tested with Kathon CG 250 ppm, 10 (5.9%) gave a positive reaction. Out of 34 patients tested with serial dilutions of Kathon CG, 17 (50%) reacted to 100 ppm, 8 to 30 ppm and 2 to 10 ppm. The concentration of 1000 ppm of Kathon CG was irritant in some cases, but 300 ppm was not irritant. Of the 976 patients tested with Kathon CG 300 ppm, 8 (0.8%) showed a "flare-up" reaction, indicating patch test sensitization. Of the 170 tested with Kathon CG 250 ppm, 2 (1.2%) were sensitized. When the patch-test-sensitized patients were retested with serial dilutions, they showed the same pattern as the other patients. 13 sensitized patients were use tested and 7 (54%) gave responses. In the literature, Kathon CG 100 ppm is recommended as the routine patch test concentration. However, 50% of the sensitive persons may then be overlooked. In our clinics, Kathon CG has become the second most common contact sensitizer, but the sensitivity cannot be traced in all patients with clinically relevant allergy without an unacceptable risk of patch test sensitization.
Biopsy↗
Demonstration of Kathon CG in some commercial products.
The preservative Kathon CG has become one of the most common sensitizers. It has, however, been difficult to explain the sensitization and to assess the clinical relevance of the contact allergy, partly due to lack of specification of the preservative in products. A high-performance liquid chromatography method was used to demonstrate Kathon CG in 123 commercial products of both "leave on" and "rinse off" types. 38 of these contained Kathon CG in the range of 1-15 ppm of active ingredients. There were no differences between "leave on" and "rinse off" products concerning the relative number of products containing Kathon CG and the concentrations of the preservative.
Allergens↗
Contact allergy to photoproducts of musk ambrette.
A patient with photocontact allergy to musk ambrette was investigated with patch and photopatch testing with dilutions of musk ambrette and 4 other nitro-musk compounds (musk ketone, moskene, musk tibetine, musk xylene) as well as with in vitro ultraviolet-irradiated solutions of musk ambrette. Besides a strong photoallergy to musk ambrette, a plain contact allergy to photoproducts of musk ambrette was demonstrated. An attempt to isolate the photoproducts causing the plain contact allergy was performed by using a preparative thin layer chromatography technique. These isolated photoproducts were not, however, responsible for the contact allergy to the photodecomposed musk ambrette.
Adult↗
A simple method for the detection of formaldehyde.
The commonly used chromotropic acid method for the determination of formaldehyde sometimes produces a masking discolouration. We have therefore evaluated a complementary method in which acetylacetone is used as the reagent. By a combination of the 2 methods, formaldehyde can be traced in most products.
Cosmetics↗
Contact sensitivity to nickel in white gold.
Nickel release from white gold discs stored at room temperature for 1 week in synthetic sweat was analyzed. The nickel content of the discs was 2-15%. The nickel release from the discs was 0.09-0.82 microgram. Rhodium plating reduced the nickel release to 0.04-0.54 microgram. 18 nickel-sensitive women were patch tested with the white gold discs and all showed at least 1 positive patch test reaction. All the white gold discs gave a negative dimethylglyoxime test.
Dermatitis, Contact↗
Nickel release from ear piercing kits and earrings.
Ear piercing with nickel-alloyed studs/clasps involves considerable risk of nickel sensitisation. Stainless steel studs/clasps for ear piercing and different types of earring were stored in synthetic sweat for 1 week. The nickel release was determined. One "hypoallergenic" stud/clasp released 0.005 microgram Ni; 21 unused studs/clasps and earrings released 0.05-3 microgram Ni, and 11 unused studs/clasps and earrings released 6-25 micrograms Ni. 6 earrings which caused dermatitis released 14-442 micrograms Ni. Thus, all studs/clasps and earrings released nickel. Neither gold nor silver plating prevented the nickel release. Nickel-sensitive women were asked to wear studs/clasps releasing various amounts of nickel. The most sensitive of them showed eczematous reactions to studs/clasps releasing nickel down to 0.05 micrograms. The dimethylglyoxime test was positive only when more than 10 micrograms Ni was released.
Alloys↗
Blue and black pottery as a potential source of cobalt.
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Cobalt↗