Biomedical subjects
B Glick
Publications and source records attributed to B Glick.
Pituitary and testicular activity in chickens after embryonic testosterone treatment.
This study was conducted to explain the lower circulating testosterone levels in chickens exposed to testosterone propionate (TP) on the 3rd day of incubation. Control and TP males were injected with either luteinizing hormone (LH) or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and LH were measured by radioimmunoassay. Levels of circulating T in 20-wk-old TP males were significantly lower than controls, but the response to GnRH was similar in both groups. LH levels were also similar. Testosterone responses to LH in 20-wk-old TP males were lower than controls, possibly due to their lower initial T concentrations. Pituitary extracts from TP and control birds showed similar abilities to induce testicular 32P uptake in day-old cockerels. The data demonstrate that the anterior pituitary gland and testes of TP birds are capable of responding to GnRH and LH, respectively. The TP males are defective in that they fail to produce testosterone, which may reflect a reduced concentration of LH receptors in their testes.
The influence of age on the induction of delayed hypersensitivity to human gamma globulin.
Delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reactions by chickens to human gamma globulin (HGG) were influenced by age. Chickens 6 to 12 weeks of age exhibited a significantly greater DH reaction than 3-week-old chickens. The injection of HGG 1, 2, or 3 weeks after sensitization did not significantly influence the DH reactions. Our data allow us to reject the hypothesis that there is no significant age difference in the DH response of chickens.
Graft versus host response as influenced by the origin of the cell, age of chicken, and cellular interactions.
Mononuclear cells collected by Ficoll-paque or T cells collected by nylon wool elicited the same magnitude of graft versus host (GvH) response as mononuclear cells collected from the buffy coat (BC). Bone marrow, spleen, or thymic BC cells from day-old chickens did not produce a GvH response. The GvH ability of spleen and bone marrow BC cells increased rapidly during the first 4 weeks and then plateaued. Although at 4 and 12 weeks of age the GvH response produced by thymic BC cells was significantly less than spleen or bone marrow BC cells, thymic BC cells did produce a significant GvH response at these ages. Thymic BC cells from 11-month-old chickens showed significantly higher GvH response than those of previous ages. Corticosterone treatment of chickens eliminated the thymic cortex but did not enhance the GvH reactivity of thymic BC cells. Suppressor effect of thymic BC cells from day-old chickens was not detected. A synergistic effect was noted in the GvH reaction when thymic cells were combined with bone marrow or splenic BC cells of 4-week-old chickens.
Effect of partially purified B- and T-lymphocyte inhibitory factors on the mitogenic and chemotactic responses.
Avian lymphocyte inhibitory factor (LyIF) is produced by thymic (T) and bursal (B) lymphocytes following sensitization of chicks to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Our previous studies showed that maximum activities for both B- and T-LyIF were within a molecular weight range of 10,000 to 50,000 daltons (LyIF-III). These results led us to question what other functional differences may exist. The chemotactic and mitogenic properties of B- and T-LyIF-III were investigated. Neither B- nor T-LyIF-III had chemotactic properties whereas both lymphokines significantly inhibited the uptake of [3H]-thymidine in the presence of phytohemagglutinin-M. Inhibition of migration by LyIF-III may be a reflection of LyIF-III inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis.
Calorie-protein deficiencies and the immune response of the chicken. II. Cell-mediated immunity.
Calorie-protein deficiency affects humoral immunity in the chicken. Secondary responses to sheep-red blood cells, a T-dependent antigen, were lower in birds fed diets two-thirds deficient in calories (C), amino acids (AA), or both (C/AA). These results led us to question what effects might be found in cell-mediated immunity after nutritional deficiency. Birds fed the same diets as in our previous study showed no reduction in total white blood cells, absolute lymphocytes, or absolute heterophils. Splenic lymphocytes from 3- or 7-week-old nutritionally deficient chickens with the exception of the AA group at 7 weeks, produced a nonsignificant increase in graft-versus-host (GvH) response of 12-day-old embryos. Thymic cells from 3-week-old nutritionally deficient birds were not deficient in the GvH potential. Thymic histology revealed reduced cellularity in AA-deficient birds. The reduced cellularity may not have been in response to stress since the mean corticosterone levels were not significantly different. Birds fed the deficient diets for 10 weeks had a significantly reduced delayed hypersensitivity response to human gamma globulin. The results indicate that the chickens' ability to produce a GvH response was not compromised and that T-cell subpopulations may have differential sensitivities to nutritional deficiencies.
Ascites formation in the chicken.
We have observed the rapid development (4 to 7 hr after injection) of an ascitic condition in the hepatoperitoneal sac after the i.v. injection of large amounts of carbon. The amount of ascitic fluid varied from .5 to 12 ml/chicken. The protein content of the fluid was identical with that of the sera, but the specific IgM immunoglobulin was lower in the ascitic fluid than in the sera. The cellularity of the ascitic fluid was poor. Mononuclear cells containing lipid and phagosomes and aggregated thrombocytes were the predominant cells. A mechanism regulating water balance between the liver and cecal pouch was suggested by the ascitic fluid data.
Functional lymphocytes in the chicken pineal gland.
The primary antibody response of lymphoid tissue occupying the pineal gland of 6-wk-old chickens was studied subsequent to injection of the carotid artery with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or bovine serum albumin (BSA). Injection of SRBC did not produce plaque-forming cells (PFC) among pineal lymphocytes whereas BSA stimulated synthesis of anti-BSA immunoglobulin in pineal lymphoid tissue. A cytotoxic assay using appropriate anti-lymphocyte sera indicated that single-cell suspensions of pineal lymphocytes were composed of 42% B lymphocytes and 51% T lymphocytes. Bursal and thymic lymphocytes labeled with tritiated thymidine migrated into pineal lymphoid tissue when injected into 4- and 5-wk-old naive chicks. These observations indicate that the bursa and thymus make equivalent contributions to the lymphoid mass in the chicken pineal gland. Challenge of pineal-established lymphocytes by antigen introduced via the blood vascular system suggests that soluble antigens--rather than particulate ones--stimulate antibody production in the pineal gland. Collectively, these studies indicate that the pineal gland should be considered as a functional component of the chicken's lymphomyeloid system.
A case report of transfusion-induced babesiosis.
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Splenic white pulp and associated vascular channels in chicken spleen.
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The morphology of the starling (Sturnus vulgaris) bursa of Fabricius: a scanning and light microscope study.
Two starlings, a male and female, were sampled from the nest in 1980 and 1981. Scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy revealed the bursa of Fabricius to be similar in these two nestlings. In the center of the elongated bursa is a wide central canal from which blind secondary canals branch. The luminal surface of the central canal is smooth and lacks the plicae characteristically observed in the chicken's bursa. The central and secondary canals contain a mixture of epithelial cells: mucin-producing goblet cells and epithelial cells with deeply stained granules. The former cells are present in the chicken's bursa while the latter cells are not. These epithelial cells lack the florid microvilli observed in the chicken's interfollicular epithelium. The secondary canals are lined by bursal follicles which are divided into a cortex and medulla by epithelial cells. The epithelial cells of the corticomedullary border form an arch which partly encloses lymphocytes. A row of lymphoblasts commonly line the archlike epithelial cells. Follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) appears at the apex of the bursal follicle. Unlike the chicken, one may observe tingible-body macrophages associating with the FAE. A prominent terminal web is located beneath the apical surface of the FAE.
A comparison of the immune response between two lines of chickens selected for differences in the weight of the bursa of Fabricius.
Experiments were designed to compare antibody-mediated immunity in two lines of 5-month-old chickens previously selected for a large or small bursa. After receiving a primary or secondary challenge with sheep-red-blood cells, bovine serum albumin, or dinitrophenyl, birds from the small bursa line (SBL) were significantly more efficient antibody producers than birds from the large bursa line (LBL). However, Immunoglobulin G synthesis by SBL birds was significantly lower than in LBL birds.
The percentage of T- and B-cells in the lymphomyeloid tissue of hyperimmunized bursaless chickens.
Bursa or bursa follicles failed to develop when 3-day-old embryonated eggs were dipped in 2% testosterone propionate in ethanol. The chicks from the treated and control eggs (TP-chicks) were hyperimmunized with sheep red blood cells and the percentages of thymus-derived (T) and bursal-derived (B) lymphocytes in different lymphoid organs determined. The percentage of T-cells in the thymus of TP-embryos was not significantly affected, but the B-cell population was significantly depressed. The percentage of B-cells in peripheral blood, spleen, and bone marrow of TP-hyperimmunized chickens was significantly below that of controls. These data support previous observations of B-cells in bursaless birds. The significantly higher percentage of T-cells in the bone marrow of TP-birds is discussed in relation to T-suppressor cells.
Lymphopoiesis in the chicken pineal gland.
Pineal lymphoid development was studied in two breeds of chickens from hatching until sexual maturity. No lymphocytes were found in the pineal prior to 9 days of age (da). Lymphocytes migrate through the endothelium of venules into the pineal stroma. Lymphoid tissue reached its maximal accumulation in 32-da pineal glands of both breeds. At this age, the New Hampshire (NH) breed had a larger proportion of lymphoid volume to total pineal volume (32%) than did pineal glands from White Leghorn (WL) chickens (18%). Averaged over the period 23 to 62 da, NH chickens (a heavy breed) had a lymphoid volume (0.753 mm 3) that was about three times greater (P less than 0.05) than that of the lighter WL breed (0.251 mm 3). Lymphocytes are able to enter cerebrospinal fluid form lymphoid accumulations (LA) embedded in the choroid plexus by migrating between choroid ependymal cells. The 122-da chickens typically lacked lymphoid tissue in the pineal gland with the exception of occasional LA contained in capsular tissue. Surgical bursectomy, thymectomy, or their combination at hatching followed with whole-body irradiation (IR) at 24 hours postsurgery inhibited the initial influx of lymphocytes usually seen in 9-da pineal glands. Also, these treatments prevented formation of germinal centers normally found in the pineal at 3 and 5 weeks and reduced total pineal volume at each age examined. However, pineal lymphoid volume of the surgical-IR group did not differ from control-IR chickens at either 3 or 5 weeks. Pineal glands from birds made agammaglobulinemic (bursa-cell depleted) by cyclophosphamide treatment in ovo were devoid of germinal centers, although thin strands of lymphocytes were usually found along venous sinuses. These dissociation studies suggest that the normal expression of lymphoid tissue in the chicken pineal gland is dependent on the bursa and thymus. Furthermore, these observations indicate that the pineal gland should be considered a functional component of the chicken's lymphomyeloid complex.
Cellular composition of the bone marrow in the chicken: II. The effect of age and the influence of the bursa of Fabricius on the size of cellular compartments.
The blood and bone marrow of New Hampshire chicks were analyzed quantitatively from the time of hatch to 8 weeks of age. Hormonal bursectomy was performed by treating embryonating eggs on the 11th day of incubation with testosterone propionate (TP) which resulted in severe hypogammaglobulinemia and complete atrophy of the bursa of Fabricius. TP-treated birds exhibited some lymphocytopenia, reduced splenic weight, and lack of plasma cells in their bone marrow. The number of cells per milligram bone marrow was comparable in normal and TP-treated birds, falling in the range reported for laboratory rodents. The chick medullary hemopoiesis is characterized by the predominance of erythroblasts throughout early development; granulocytes and lymphocytes represent much smaller cellular compartments than in rodents. In the chick granulocytes tend to decrease after hatch, whereas in rodents they tend to increase. The normal chick shows a temporary increase in marrow lymphocytes after hatch, similar to that observed in some young rodents, but on a much smaller scale. Hormonal bursectomy did not prevent the development of a lymphocyte population in the bone marrow. These cells were fewer in TP-treated birds at hatch and at 4 weeks than in normal birds, but at 8 weeks of age normal and bursectomized chicks had comparable numbers of lymphocytes in their marrow. Although some lymphocytes in avain bone marrow may depend on the bursa of Fabricius for their development, a substantial proportion of bone marrow lymphocytes in the chick are bursa independent. The cell surface phenotype and site of origin of these cells remains to be investigated.
An electron and light microscope study on the caecal tonsil: the basic unit of the caecal tonsil.
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Secretory cells in the medulla of the bursal follicle: the small lymphocyte-like cells are precursors of the secretory cells.
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Effect of levamisole on the phytohemagglutinin induced basophil hypersensitivity reaction in the chicken wattle.
The potentiating effect of levamisole (L) on the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) induced hypersensitivity skin reaction in the chicken's wattle was studied. The L increased the number of heterophils and basophils 10 and 6 times, respectively. The number of mononuclear phagocytic cells in the PHA skin reaction was unaltered. These results contrast slightly with those of mammals.