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Biomedical subjects

B Carlsson

Publications and source records attributed to B Carlsson.

At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Sensitive assay of methadone in plasma by using capillary gas chromatography with photoionization detection.

A new gas chromatographic assay for methadone, utilizing a fused-silica capillary column, is presented. Extreme sensitivity was reached, compared to nitrogen-phosphorus and mass spectrometry detection, by employing a photoionization detector. Plasma concentrations of methadone as low as 1 ng/ml can easily be detected and, by further optimization, 0.1 ng/ml was reached. The minimum detectable amount of methadone reaching the detector was 70 fg. The results indicate that the photoionization detector has potential as a tool in drug monitoring.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1986

Secretory antibodies in IgA-deficient and immunosuppressed individuals.

Total levels of IgM and secretory IgM as well as specific antibodies to poliovirus type I antigen, Escherichia coli O antigens, and beta-lactoglobulin were measured in unstimulated and stimulated saliva as well as nasal secretion using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The levels of these antibodies in IgA-deficient adults with and without frequent respiratory infections and children under immunosuppressive therapy for malignant disease were compared to those in normal adults and infants 1-7 months of age. The IgA-deficient adults had significantly higher IgM levels (P less than 0.002) than the normal adults as well as higher levels of IgM antibodies to poliovirus type I (P less than 0.05) and E. coli O antigen (P less than 0.002). There was a less pronounced IgM anti-beta-lactoglobulin compensation. Secretory component (SC)-carrying antibodies against all three antigens were lower than in normal adults. The infants studied had levels of IgM in secretions close to those of the normal adults and significantly lower than those of the IgA-deficient adults (P less than 0.001) but with a higher proportion of SC-carrying IgM. The increase in total IgM and specific bacterial and viral IgM antibodies in saliva above that of the normal adults was significant (P less than 0.001-0.005) for those IgA-deficient individuals without, but not for those with, frequent infections. There was, however, no significant difference between the levels in the two groups of IgA-deficient adults.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Serum antibodies against native, processed and digested cow's milk proteins in children with cow's milk protein intolerance.

Children with or without cow's milk protein intolerance were investigated for serum antibodies to native cow's milk proteins, processed cow's milk proteins and native- and pepsin-digested beta-lactoglobulin. Antibodies of IgG and IgA isotypes were determined with ELISA and those of IgE isotype with RAST. Children who exhibited slowly appearing untoward reactions to cow's milk feeding had significantly higher titres of IgG antibodies against both native and digested beta-lactoglobulin than children with an immediate type of reaction or no intolerance. The IgG antibodies to pepsin-digested beta-lactoglobulin were efficiently inhibited by native beta-lactoglobulin even at low concentrations, which suggests that there were no antibodies specific for the degraded proteins. The children with slow reactions to cow's milk also tended to have higher antibody levels of the IgG and IgA isotypes to both native and processed cow's milk. Antibodies to this mix of antigens discriminated less well, however, than the antibodies to isolated beta-lactoglobulin between the groups of children with slowly appearing reactions, with immediate reactions and the controls. Seven out of nine children with an immediate type of reaction to cow's milk protein had IgE antibodies against cow's milk protein determined with the RAST, while this type of antibodies could not be demonstrated in any child in the two other groups. Using processed or digested protein as antigen did not increase the sensitivity of the antibody determinations.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Secretory IgA and IgM antibodies to E. coli O and poliovirus type I antigens occur in amniotic fluid, meconium and saliva from newborns. A neonatal immune response without antigenic exposure: a result of anti-idiotypic induction?

Antibodies to E. coli O-antigens and poliovirus type I antigen as well as total SIgA were analysed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in amniotic fluid and in meconium, urine and saliva from neonates. Secretory IgA and IgM antibodies to E. coli and poliovirus antigens were found in saliva as well as in most meconium samples taken during the first day of life. SIgA could be quantified in all types of samples including amniotic fluid. The finding of secretory IgA and IgM antibodies to E. coli and poliovirus type I antigens in early samples from an infant of a hypogammaglobulinaemic mother, given regular intravenous (i.v.) immunoglobulin prophylaxis, but still lacking IgA and IgM antibodies, supports a fetal origin for at least part of the secretory antibodies detected in the different samples. Since it is unlikely that the fetus has been exposed to poliovirus, which is rare in Sweden, it is hypothesized that the stimulus inducing the SIgA and IgM antibodies found in the neonate could be anti-idiotypic antibodies from the mother.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1986

Ethical issues in animal experimentation--view of the animal rightist.

The basic stand-point of the animal rightist is that other animals than man are living beings also capable of feeling pain and distress, pleasure and joy. The capacity for suffering we have in common with other animals. This is quite obvious from the biological point of view and, in point of fact, a prerequisite for a lot of animal experimentation, the results of which would be invalid if the likeness was false. There would be no need for ethics of any kind, if man was not sentient. However, since sentience is a characteristic of other animals as well as man, logically the ethics applied to mankind must be extended to encompass all animals. For the animal rightist it is apparent that not only man, but other animals, too, must be attributed an intrinsic value. Consequently, using animals in procedures to which they would not consent, if they were able to speak for themselves, and which are carried out solely because of the means of power man possesses and the other animals lack, and are used to exploit those who are less powerful, is not good ethics. It is the dirty reality of oppression, based on prejudice, which is of the same brand as racism or sexism, but was given its own name, symptomatically, only 15 years ago, namely speciesism. Power is the key to animal experimentation, on the industrial, university, legislative and individual level. There is a growing public concern about animals being used in experiments, which must be taken into account by animal experimenters, regulation authorities and politicians alike. The question of animal rights is a political issue with wide-reaching implications for man and other animals, if animal experiments were reduced, replaced or totally abolished. The great number of animal experiments do not benefit mankind, only various groups of people, who for different reasons have an interest in experiments on animals being carried out. Would there be a bigger benefit to society as a whole, including man, other animals and nature--thus adopting an ecological view of the world--if experiments on animals were to cease? It is a fallacy to believe that the gains for medical treatment of people (or other animals) have been so great that it would in any way support the common argument from animal experimenters about the "necessity" of animal experimentation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animal Testing Alternatives↗
PubMed1985

Facial palsy.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Erythema↗
PubMed1985

Defence of mucous membranes by antibodies, receptor analogues and non-specific host factors.

Most infections reach man via the mucosal membranes, and more than half of the lymphoid system is found in connection with mucosae. The major antibodies found on mucous membranes are secretory IgA, which function primarily by binding microorganisms and thereby preventing their contact with the host tissues. The optimal mode of immunization to obtain a secretory IgA response is not well defined. Repeated mucosal exposure with antigen may result in oral tolerance, with decreasing circulating antibodies but a remaining secretory IgA response. The secretory IgA response is usually short-lived and can be difficult to boost. IgM as well as IgG antibodies may add to host defence at the mucosal level, but when engaged, they usually induce inflammation in host tissues. Analogues to bacterial receptors on mucosal epithelium may be present in exocrine secretions such as human milk. During an attack on the host, it is possible that such receptor analogues may aid in the prevention of attachment of bacteria to mucous membranes used as an initial site. A number of non-specific host factors support mucosal defence. One of them is lactoferrin. Lactoferrin deficiency seems to result in recurrent bacterial infections, suggesting its importance in normal host defence.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed1985

Secretory and serum immunoglobulin class-specific antibodies to poliovirus after vaccination.

Immune responses in serum and saliva were studied in Pakistani children by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after natural exposure to poliovirus and vaccination with live or inactivated poliovirus vaccines. Swedish children unexposed to wild poliovirus who had almost 100% vaccination coverage with inactivated vaccine at 8, 9, and 18 months and at 5 years of age were analyzed for comparison. Natural exposure induced secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies to poliovirus in the saliva of Pakistani infants at one month of age that reached adult levels at six months. No difference in levels of salivary antibody at eight months was observed between groups vaccinated with either live or inactivated vaccines. Vaccination with live or inactivated vaccine starting at 2 or 3 months of age resulted in high titers of IgG antibody to poliovirus in serum, the highest of which occurred after four doses of live vaccine. In Sweden, an increase of antibody in serum was observed after the third vaccination. IgA antibodies continued to increase subsequently, whereas IgG antibodies reached a plateau. The SIgA response in saliva initially appeared on the third vaccination, with a significant increase after the fourth. Repeated vaccination with inactivated poliovirus vaccine induces specific SIgA antibodies. Adults all had SIgA antibodies to poliovirus in saliva.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Tick-borne spirochetes as a cause of facial palsy.

Twenty consecutive patients visiting an otolaryngological department in Sweden with a facial palsy were investigated for serological signs of tick-borne spirochete infection. Four patients showed serological evidence of and had a medical history compatible with a tick-borne spirochetosis. Spinal fluid analyses were performed in 3 of these patients and showed elevated specific antispirochetal antibody titres and an increase in mononuclear cells. The importance of a correct diagnosis and of antibiotic therapy in patients with spirochete-induced facial palsy is emphasized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Implication of structural class II gene polymorphism for the concept of serologic specificities.

We have used DNA-DNA hybridization methods to study the relationship of genetic polymorphisms to the established HLA-D region determinants as detected with serological reagents. The supertypic determinants DRw52 and 53 are closely associated with a particular RFLP detected with the DR beta probe, but are seemingly encoded by a distinct beta gene compared to the "conventional" DR antigens. DQw1 is closely associated with a DQ alpha chain polymorphism, whereas the DQw2 and 3 specificities have correlations to RFLP using the DQ beta probe. Additional DQ polymorphism, in linkage disequilibrium with DR but yet without a serological counterpart is also described. Considering the finding that there exist a varying number of DR beta genes in different DR haplotypes (Böhme et al. 1985), from 1 in DRw8 to 3 (or 4) in DR4- and DR7-positive cells, we have made a tentative re-evaluation of the genetic basis for the conventional DR specificities. The combination of cell surface antigens encoded by DR and DQ loci are believed to form the basis for MLC stimulating determinants. We have speculated that a combination of determinants encoded by distinct DR beta genes and in certain instances additional DQ polymorphism is responsible for the DR types. Thus, only a limited variability is observed after DNA-DNA hybridization using DR beta probes. Only DR1-, 2- and 4-positive cells have distinct bands not detected in any other haplotypes, whereas DR3, 5, w6, and w8 can be characterized by a combination of bands, which is the result of hybridization with several DR beta genes. Furthermore, we have suggested that the difference between the DR3 and DRw6 specificities is due to variability with regard to 1 DQ beta gene, and have also made the assumption that DRw6 cells may express a lower concentration of DR locus encoded products compared to DR3-positive cells (Haziot et al. 1985). In addition, we have discussed the genetic basis for so-called DR blanks, implying that an unorthodox combination of DR and DQ determinants forms the basis for difficulties in assigning DR types to such cells in some cases and that "blanks" can be associated with low expression at the cell surface of well-known DR determinants. The use of cDNA and genomic probes for distinct class II genes to elucidate the mechanisms of HLA and disease association has been documented and discussed.

Alleles↗
PubMed1985

Detection of soy protein in soy lecithin, margarine and, occasionally, soy oil.

Samples of soy lecithin, soy oil and margarine were tested for the presence of soy proteins by an inhibition technique using ELISA. All but one of the soy lecithin samples contained soy protein, as did some of the soy oil and margarine samples. The positive margarines contained only about 25% as much soy protein as the soy lecithin preparations. The presence of soy proteins in these soy products might account for hitherto unrecognized exposure to soy proteins in various foods.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Comparison between the effects of FSH and LH on the steroidogenic pattern in isolated pre-ovulatory rat follicles.

The effects of purified FSH preparations from three different species (ovine, human, rat) on the steroidogenic pattern in isolated pre-ovulatory follicles of PMSG-treated immature rats were examined and compared to the effects of LH (ovine, human). Steroids were analyzed by RIA. During 6 h incubation, all three FSH preparations in a concentration range from 10-100 ng/ml caused a significant increase in progesterone (P), testosterone (T), and oestradiol (E2) accumulation. With LH a significant increase in steroid accumulation was seen in a concentration of 1 ng/ml. The time-course of stimulation by hFSH and hLH in a concentration of 10 ng/ml showed no difference in steroidogenic response between the two hormones, with a significant stimulation of steroids within 2 h. During prolonged incubation (6-8 h), accumulation of T was measured in the presence or absence of unlabelled 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. Follicles exposed to LH did not increase their T formation, while follicles incubated in plain medium or in the presence of oFSH increased their T formation. In a concentration of 100 ng/ml hFSH showed a tendency to reduce maximal T production. These results suggest that FSH alone in physiological doses may stimulate T and E2 production in the preovulatory follicle.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Detection of IgA heavy chain constant region genes in IgA deficient donors: evidence against gene deletions.

Sixty-six donors with selective IgA deficiency and one patient with selective IgA2 deficiency were investigated for immunoglobulin gene defects using restriction enzyme digestions and Southern blot analysis. All patients carried alpha 1 and alpha 2 genes in their genome, suggesting that large deletions are uncommon causes for IgA deficiency. Digestion with Bam HI, Pst I and Pvu II, did not reveal any polymorphism in the studied samples.

Chromosome Deletion↗
PubMed1985

Protective factors in milk and the development of the immune system.

The neonate is immature in certain immunologic functions. The slow development of secretory immunoglobin A (IgA) seems to be compensated by selective transfer of secretory IgM into exocrine secretions on mucous membranes during the first few months of life. Secretory IgA and secretory IgM antibodies against Escherichia coli and poliovirus are already found in the neonate, possibly in response to the maternal anti-idiotypic IgG antibodies transplacentally exposing the fetus. Via such a mechanism, food antibodies could occur before direct food exposure in the infant. Human milk provides large amounts of antibodies (as a crude comparison, about 50 times the amount of antibodies given to a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia). The milk antibodies, dominated by secretory IgA, protect especially against intestinal infections. The milk also contains oligosaccharide analogues to epithelial receptors for bacteria. They, as well as a number of milk components such as lactoferrin and lysozyme, may contribute to host defense. The food antibodies in human milk may influence the infant's immune response to foreign food proteins introduced during weaning.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Appearance of secretory IgM and IgA antibodies to Escherichia coli in saliva during early infancy and childhood.

Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from 203 uninfected individuals at various ages from birth until adulthood. Levels of specific antibodies against Escherichia coli O antigens of secretory IgA, secretory IgM and IgG, as well as total amounts of SIgA, were determined using ELISA. Levels of SIgA antibodies found in adults were approached by the age of 12 months, but high levels could be attained earlier, presumably in response to antigenic exposure at the mucosal level. During the first few months of life, secretory IgM antibodies appeared in the saliva, possibly compensating for the relative lack of IgA.

Adolescent↗