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Biomedical subjects

B Carlsson

Publications and source records attributed to B Carlsson.

At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Influence of breast feeding on the development of cow's milk protein antibodies and the IgE level.

In 48 infants unselected with regard to atopic heredity, the levels of serum IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies against native cow's milk proteins and IgG antibodies against beta-lactoglobulin were measured with ELISA and the total serum IgE concentration with Phadebas PRIST. Using multiple regression analysis the level of each type of antibody was related to the age at weaning, at first exposure to cow's milk and at sampling. The longer the infants were exposed to cow's milk protein without concomitant breast feeding and the younger they were at the introduction of cow's milk formula, the higher were the IgG antibody levels against native cow's milk proteins. The investigated variables explained only 17% of the variation of the antibody level, however. The IgG antibodies against beta-lactoglobulin showed significant negative correlations to the age at weaning and the age at first cow's milk exposure, explaining 8% of the variation. Specific IgA and IgM antibody levels an those of total serum IgE did not show any significant relation to the investigated independent variables.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Frequency and type distribution of pneumococcal strains in the Stockholm region with resistance or reduced susceptibility to antibiotics.

Of 191 consecutive clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae tested for antibiotic susceptibility with the agar dilution technique 87% were fully sensitive to all of 11 antimicrobial agents examined. 90% of the strains were inhibited by 0.016 micrograms/ml of benzylpenicillin, by 0.032 micrograms/ml of ampicillin, cefuroxime, erythromycin, clindamycin or rifampicin, by 0.13 micrograms/ml of cephalothin, oxacillin or doxycycline, by 4.0 micrograms/ml of chloramphenicol and by 8.0 micrograms/ml of cotrimoxazole. 18 strains exhibited a reduced susceptibility to one (11 strains) or more (7 strains) of erythromycin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole. One of these strains also showed a reduced susceptibility to all 5 examined beta-lactam antibiotics, as did another 4 strains. Two of these 5 strains were isolated from small children recently adopted from 2 Asian countries. Cotrimoxazole-resistant strains were significantly more often isolated from children 1 yr of age or less than from older patients. All strains were fully sensitive to clindamycin and rifampicin. The existence of pneumococcal strains with resistance or reduced susceptibility to antibiotics commonly used for treatment of pneumococcal infections is important to bear in mind and necessitates antibiotic susceptibility testing of strains isolated from patients with severe infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Low secretory IgA concentrations in oral secretions during the acute phase of infectious mononucleosis.

Although the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) relation to infectious mononucleosis (IM) has been well established, the question why IM is not compulsory during a primary EBV infection has yet to be solved. Assuming a possible oropharyngeal secretory immunoincompetence as an etiological component of IM, the secretory IgA concentrations in oral secretions during the acute phase of IM was investigated. Low concentrations of secretory IgA in IM patients (n = 18) were found, mean value 0.180 g/l as compared to those in healthy controls (n = 10), mean value 0.680 g/l. Furthermore, diminishing concentrations of secretory IgA were found during the acute phase of IM. There was no corresponding serum IgA decrease. The investigation also revealed that tinidazole, claimed to be beneficial in the treatment of anginous IM, did not affect the concentrations of spit secretory IgA.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Mucosal immunity.

Mucosal defense is provided by a number of host factors countering the specific virulence factors of the many microorganisms infecting the mucous membranes. Secretory IgA antibodies presumably play an important role. Increase of the sIgA antibodies may most advantageously be attained by parenteral immunization, following mucosal priming. This was demonstrated in a rat model, where it was also noted that antigen injection into PP induced high milk IgA antibody levels. In man, parenteral vaccination against polio increased the sIgA antibody levels in the milk of mothers previously exposed naturally to the poliovirus. The response was relatively short-lived. In the previously unexposed, there was little or no response. By contrast peroral immunization with live poliovirus vaccine did not increase, or even decrease, the milk sIgA poliovirus antibody levels. Although salivary sIgA antibodies against antigens of colonizing E. coli appear during the first days of life, they are slow to increase. This deficiency is richly compensated for by all the sIgA antibodies that are provided the baby through the milk. No transfer of dimeric IgA into the milk could be shown in lactating rats, in contrast to what has been reported in mice. There is no evidence for a contribution to milk sIgA from serum in man. Close to parturition, human milk often contains some 7S IgA and various sizes of free SC, in addition to the dominating 11S sIgA. A few days later there is almost exclusively monomeric SC and 11S sIgA. IgG antibodies also play a role at the mucosal level. IgG2 antibodies against the bacterial polysaccharide capsule are as slow to appear as sIgA in ontogeny, possibly explaining the prevalence of infections with encapsulated bacteria and the poor response to polysaccharide vaccines in early childhood. Other defense factors preventing infections by way of mucous membranes may be important. Thus, oligosaccharides present in human milk seem to specifically prevent pneumococcal attachment to retropharyngeal cells. This anti-attachment capacity, in addition to that provided by milk and salivary IgA antibodies, may explain why breast-fed babies have less otitis media than formula-fed ones.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Immunoglobulin E and immunoglobulin G4 antibodies to cow's milk in children with cow's milk allergy.

The presence of cow's milk specific antibodies of immunoglobulin E and G4 classes were studied in 47 children with a positive clinical history of cow's milk allergy. The children were challenged with cow's milk orally. The clinical diagnosis was verified by immediate reactions in 25 patients while 22 had late reactions or were provocation test negative in spite of the clinical history. There was no relation between levels of cow's milk specific IgG4 antibodies and provocation test results, i.e. neither with immediate or late reactions. Total IgE was elevated above +1 SD for age in 31 of 41 tested patients. Of these, 29 had immediate type reactions to cow's milk, wheat flour and/or egg white, while only two of 10 children with IgE of less than +1 SD had a demonstrable allergy to any of these foods. The sensitivity of the total IgE determinations for the diagnosis of food allergy was 94% and the specificity was 80%. Specific IgE antibodies to cow's milk were demonstrated in 11 of 14 children with immediate reactions and in three of 15 who were provocation test negative or had only late reactions. This means a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 80%. At least one of the four patients with specific IgE but negative provocation test results had earlier shown an immediate reaction when challenged with cow's milk, indicating that the specific IgE antibodies were not truly "false" positive reactions but a consequence of previous allergy. Our results confirm an association between elevated total serum IgE and food allergy and an association between positive RAST to cow's milk and positive provocations in young children. We did not find any evidence for specific IgG4 antibodies playing a role in these patients.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The protein tolerance of very low birth weight infants fed human milk protein enriched mother's milk.

Pooled breast milk was ultra-filtrated and freeze-dried to give a product with a protein content of 60 g/100 g powder. More than half of the secretory IgA activity against E. coli O antigen was preserved. This concentrated protein was added to the mother's fresh milk providing a protein supply of 3.0-3.5 g/kg/24 hours in four VLBW infants, at a calorie supply of 110 kcal/kg/24 hours. Growth followed the intrauterine rate. Free amino acid levels, acid-base balance and urea concentrations of peripheral whole blood indicated tolerance of the increased supply of human milk protein.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1982

The mucosal immune response in the neonate.

Human infants are relatively deficient in the IgA system defending mucosal membranes, but are provided via the maternal milk with considerable amounts of SIgA directed against microbes and food antigens to which both mother and infant are exposed. It is possible that serum antibodies may support the mucosal defense as do the lactoferrin, lysozyme and other defense factors present in the milk.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Food and immunological development.

The infant's host defence is deficient in IgA for mucosal protection and also in IgG2 for protection against encapsulated bacteria. The baby is provided with about one gram a day of milk secretory IgA antibodies against most intestinal microorganisms and also food proteins. These milk antibodies together with a number of other defence factors in the milk protect the baby against gastrointestinal and respiratory infections. Maternal undernutrition does not necessarily diminish the milk IgA concentration or 24 hour output. The infant seems to be low in secretory IgA antibodies for several months as studied in saliva. It is of great importance to protect mucosal membranes especially the intestinal mucosa, so that its nutrient uptake is not disturbed. Infections in infancy especially in the gastrointestinal tract is an important cause of undernutrition. The human milk antibodies against cow's milk and soy protein may decrease the exposure to these food proteins during weaning and possibly decrease the risk of developing allergy. Soy oil can contain soy protein, which may explain some food intolerance reactions.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Studies on human milk III. Secretory IgA quantity and antibody levels against Escherichia coli in colostrum and milk from underprivileged and privileged mothers.

We studied the milk content of secretory IgA (SIgA) and of specific IgA antibodies to E. coli in relation to volume, in 24 h samples from mothers belonging to different socio-economic groups and living under different ecologic conditions in Ethiopia, Guatemala and Sweden. There were no statistically significant differences in the daily output of milk SIgA among the population groups investigated at different times after onset of lactation. There was, however, a certain trend towards lower SIgA levels among the Guatemalan poor women, compared to the corresponding privileged one (Tables 2 and 3). Three days after delivery the underprivileged Ethiopian mothers showed significantly lower antibody levels than the privileged Ethiopian. These differences were no longer seen when the values were corrected for differences in volume (Table 5). One month after delivery, the levels of SIgA antibodies in milk from Swedish women and Guatemalan privileged women, against a pool of eight E. coli somatic antigens were comparable; these two groups of mothers had significantly higher antibody levels than the Guatemalan rural and urban ones (Table 4). The same pattern was observed after correction for differences in 24 h volumes (Table 5). At 3 months after delivery, the Guatemalan urban privileged women, again showed higher levels and daily output of antibodies against the E. coli antigens than the urban poor and rural mothers (Tables 4 and 5). The milk samples taken from a population where malnutrition is evident, i.e., mothers from Santa María Cauqué, did not show any changes in the levels of SIgA and the anti-E. coli antibodies 3, 6, 9 months after initiation of lactation. The data presented here provide evidence that chronically malnourished mothers are able to produce SIgA and transfer it to their offspring via breast milk. Furthermore, they do so in quantities that are comparable to those observed in well-nourished populations. There was a wide range of concentrations and daily output of SIgA and of specific antibodies in all groups, suggesting that some of the infants get less than others. The observed differences in levels of antibodies against E. coli may be explained by differences in exposure to E. coli strains of the eight serogroups studied here. The possibility of a deficiency in the SIgA antibody response in the undernourished mothers still remains unanswered.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Time factor, infection frequency and quantitative microbiology in hand injuries: a prospective study.

In a prospective study for 108 surgically treated hand wounds the infection rate was significantly lower in tidy than in untidy injuries (6 and 32%). Infection was significantly more frequent when slough developed than in wounds without slough (54 and 11%). Only seven patients received antibiotic prophylaxis. Quantitative analysis of bacteria in the wound margins was performed in 89 cases. No significant difference in the frequency of infection was found when the cultures yielded greater than 10(5) or less than 10(5) bacteria/gram tissue. Prolongation of the interval between injury and operation (up to 18 hours) was not associated with increased rate of infection. Cases with longer intervals than 18 hours were too few for statistical analysis. The duration of the operation or of tourniquet application did not influence the infection rate. The importance of adequate wound care, gentle technique and staged treatment are discussed, and also the question of prophylactic antibiotic medication.

Bacterial Infections↗