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PubMed2026

Transcriptomic responses of gill and intestinal tissues in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to bacterial infection following sequential nanoimmersion and hydrogel-based multivalent vaccination.

Bacterial pathogens, including Flavobacterium oreochromis, Aeromonas veronii, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Edwardsiella tarda, represent major infectious threats to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). A multivalent vaccination strategy integrating cationic nanoemulsion immersion with oral hydrogel boosters was developed to investigate tissue-specific immune responses at the transcriptomic level. Gill tissues were collected following immersion challenge and intestinal tissues following intraperitoneal injection challenge, reflecting the physiologically relevant infection biology of each pathogen and the mechanistic rationale of each delivery platform. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) generated high-quality datasets (mapping rate > 81.64%) with strong concordance to quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) validation (r = 0.83). Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed distinct yet complementary immune signatures between tissues. Gill transcriptomes were enriched in phagosome, focal adhesion, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction (ECM-receptor interaction), and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathways, accompanied by increased expression of major histocompatibility complex class I/II (MHC class I/II), mannose receptor, αVβ3 integrin, and calnexin, indicating innate activation, enhanced phagocytic capacity, epithelial barrier reinforcement, and adaptive immune coordination. Intestinal transcriptomes showed predominant enrichment of adaptive immune pathways, including the intestinal immune network for immunoglobulin (Ig) production, Forkhead box O (FoxO) signaling, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, with increased expression of T-cell receptor (TCR), inducible T-cell co-stimulator ligand (ICOS-L), C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), reflecting T and B cell coordination, lymphocyte trafficking, and mucosal immunoglobulin transport, alongside innate engagement through phagosome pathway enrichment. Shared upregulation of MHC class II, B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, integrin alpha M (ITGAM), and immunoglobulin-associated components across both tissues suggests coordinated mucosal immune activation through a conserved immune module, warranting direct experimental validation. Collectively, these findings provide transcriptomic evidence that this vaccination strategy elicits an integrated, tissue-specialized immune response, advancing mechanistic understanding of gill and intestinal immunity in vaccine-induced protection of teleost fish.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Comparative genomics and full-length transcriptome profiling of wing morphs in Tetrix grossus (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae).

Wing polymorphism represents a paradigmatic dispersal-reproduction trade-off, yet its molecular basis remains uncharacterised in the phylogenetically distant pygmy grasshoppers (Tetrigidae). Here we integrate comparative genomics across ten orthopteran species with full-length transcriptomics of long-winged (FL) and short-winged (FS) Tetrix grossus. OrthoFinder recovered 118 orthogroups specific to T. grossus. Against a backdrop of pronounced gene-family contraction (36 expansions versus 222 contractions; net -186, mirrored at the ancestral Tetrix node, +37/-140), we identified an ancestral, Tetrix-specific expansion of hormone-regulation (12 genes; fold enrichment 7.93) and lipid/carbohydrate-metabolic families organised into syntenic clusters, alongside 513 positively selected genes enriched for integrin-mediated cell adhesion (6 genes), a process relevant to epithelial and appendage morphogenesis. Full-length transcriptomics of one long-winged (FL) and one short-winged (FS) adult female detected 7530 (FL) and 7515 (FS) expressed genes, with 794 FL- and 776 FS-restricted transcriptome-derived SNP-associated genes. The FL morph was enriched for an EGFR/Ras-Rho developmental-patterning axis and neuromuscular flight genes, whereas the FS morph was enriched for insulin/peptide-hormone response and growth-regulatory loci. Overall, we present genomic resources and testable hypotheses concerning the evolution and regulation of wing morphs in Tetrigidae rather than a validated genetic architecture of wing-morph determination.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Transcriptomic insights into the molecular mechanism of antifouling agent-induced settlement inhibition in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas.

Marine biofouling remains a persistent challenge to maritime industries and marine ecosystems worldwide. In this study, we systematically evaluated the acute toxicity, settlement inhibitory efficacy, and underlying molecular mechanisms of an N-oleyl-1,3-propanediamine-based antifouling agent using pediveliger larvae of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The 96 h-LC50 of the agent was determined to be 0.81 mg/L, and exposure to 1.68 mg/L achieved complete larval settlement inhibition without inducing significant acute toxicity. Transcriptomic analysis identified 791 differentially expressed genes, dominated by downregulated genes associated with ribosomal function, translation, cell adhesion, and cytoskeletal organization. The agent exerts its inhibitory effect primarily through the global suppression of protein synthesis, disruption of cell-substrate adhesion and cytoskeletal integrity, and induction of proteotoxic stress responses. These findings reveal a multi-pathway molecular mechanism underlying antifouling agent-induced settlement inhibition in oyster larvae and provide key molecular biomarkers to support the development of eco-friendly antifouling technologies.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Genome-guided stage- and tissue-resolved transcriptome analysis of Serrodes campana identifies sex-biased antennal expression and candidate chemosensory-related genes.

Serrodes campana is an erebid moth of ecological and forestry relevance; its larvae are mainly associated with the soapberry tree, Sapindus mukorossi, whereas adults exhibit fruit-piercing behavior. However, stage- and tissue-resolved transcriptomic resources for this species remain limited. Here, using a chromosome-level reference genome, we performed a genome-guided transcriptome analysis of S. campana based on 12 RNA-seq libraries representing major developmental stages and key adult tissues. Global transcriptomic analyses revealed pronounced transcriptional differentiation across developmental stages and tissue types. Tissue-enriched gene sets and functional enrichment analyses identified distinct molecular signatures associated with developmental, sensory, and pheromone-associated tissues. Comparative analysis of female and male antennae further revealed sex-biased expression of several candidate chemosensory-related genes. Among 153 curated chemosensory-related candidate genes, most odorant receptor genes showed strong antennal enrichment, whereas other major chemosensory gene families displayed broader but still tissue-preferential expression patterns. In addition, an exploratory comparison of female terminal abdominal gland tissue and male terminal abdominal coremata revealed divergent expression profiles and highlighted candidate genes potentially associated with pheromone-related physiology, reproduction, and tissue-specific signaling. Together, this study provides the first genome-guided stage- and tissue-resolved transcriptomic resource for S. campana and offers a useful foundation for future studies of chemosensory detection, sex-biased gene expression, and pheromone-associated biology in this species.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Uncovering molecular regulatory networks of low-temperature stress response in Trachinotus ovatus via integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses.

Golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) is one of the most economically important marine fish species in China. It is susceptible to low-temperature stress, which significantly challenges its production and supply. Nevertheless, study on the regulatory mechanisms underlying low-temperature stress responses in golden pompano remains limited. Here, we firstly performed a time-series transcriptome analysis to reconstruct dynamic response patterns under low-temperature stress in golden pompano. Transcriptome profiling identified common differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including fos, hlf, and hmgb1, as well as condition-specific DEGs across distinct low-temperature stress groups. Based on cluster analysis, all DEGs were classified into five distinct expression patterns, reflecting diversified regulation of expression in golden pompano during low-temperature stress. Furthermore, condition-specific regulatory modules were explored via weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), highlighting that the two module hub genes, serbf2 and lipc, might respond to low-temperature stress by regulating the lipid catabolic process. Subsequently, untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed that glycerophospholipid metabolism was a significantly enriched common pathway, highlighting its crucial role in mediating the response to low-temperature stress. Finally, by integrating transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses, a gene-metabolite interaction network associated with glycerophospholipid metabolism under low-temperature stress was established. These findings underscore the significance of multiple candidate genes and glycerophospholipid metabolism in golden pompano's response to low-temperature stress, thereby laying a solid molecular foundation for the development of low-temperature-tolerant fish strains.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Distinct molecular responses to acute cold exposure revealed by comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling in the bay scallop Argopecten irradians.

Acute cold stress can elicit distinct molecular responses even when bay scallop populations show similar phenotypic outcomes. We compared a seventh-generation fast-growing bay scallop line (BS) with a commercial control population (CC) during a 72-h acute cold exposure at -1 ± 0.3 °C. RNA-seq was used as the discovery layer, representative BS cold-responsive genes were evaluated by qRT-PCR, and paired LC-MS profiles provided a comparative metabolic layer. At baseline, 138 genes differed between BS and CC; after cold exposure, 134 of these baseline differences disappeared and 61 of 65 cold-state differences newly emerged. BS showed a larger transcriptomic response magnitude than CC, with 1129 cold-responsive genes compared with 28 genes in CC, and this ordering remained robust across multiple sensitivity analyses. Survival after 72 h was identical in BS and CC (83/90, 92.2% in each population). Biochemical responses were time-dependent and marker-specific: CAT, LZM, T-SOD and T-AOC showed population-by-time interactions, whereas GSH-Px and MDA did not, and the 72-h differences were not consistently favourable to BS. Metabolomic cold effects were strongly concordant between populations, and no feature showed a significant population-by-cold interaction. Features putatively assigned to arachidonic acid metabolism were enriched, but this provider-annotated pathway signal remains exploratory because authentic-standard confirmation was not performed. These findings indicate population-specific differences in molecular responsiveness but do not establish superior cold tolerance in BS.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of fluoride tolerance-related pathways and differentially expressed genes in silkworm strain XSKD.

XueSong KD (XSKD) silkworm strain exhibits prominent fluoride tolerance, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms of fluoride tolerance remains unclear. In the present study, fourth-instar pre-molting XSKD silkworms were used as experimental materials for integrated transcriptomic and untargeted metabolomic analyses. In total, 572 differentially expressed genes and 90 differential metabolites were screened. GO enrichment and KEGG enrichment based on the hypergeometric distribution model revealed that 13-Hydroxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13-(S)-HODE) acts as the core differential metabolite, which is significantly enriched in the linoleic acid metabolism pathway. Within this pathway, LOC101737302 and CYP338A1 display opposite expression trends and show correlations with pathway metabolites. Based on multi-omics data, this study preliminarily characterizes the lipid metabolic response under fluoride stress, providing omics dataset support for further in-depth exploration of the molecular mechanism of fluoride tolerance in silkworms.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Transcriptomics reveals species-specific adaptive strategies to calorie restriction in two Argopecten scallops with distinct lifespans.

Calorie restriction (CR) is a well-established non-genetic intervention for lifespan extension in multiple model organisms. Seasonal food shortage in cold and temperate seas may mimic CR, inducing in bivalves a response similar to that in vertebrates and thereby prolonging life expectancy. However, the relationship and the mechanism underlying the food availability and lifespan in bivalves remain largely unexplored. Two closely related scallop species the short-lived warm-water Argopecten irradians (lifespan <2 years) and the longer-lived cold-water Argopecten purpuratus (7-10 years) provide an ideal comparative system to investigate species-specific adaptive strategies. In this study, we subjected both species to CR for 30 and 56 days and performed comparative transcriptomic profiling, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and physiological assays to elucidate their distinct molecular responses. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that A. purpuratus exhibited substantially more DEGs than A. irradians at both time points under CR, with both species showing downregulation of metabolic pathways but to different extents. A. irradians mounted an early nutrient-sensing response at 30 days (IGF1R, PIK3R3, INSR suppression), indicating acute sensitivity to limitation; by contrast, A. purpuratus displayed delayed FoxO activation at 56 days, along with its downstream effectors NFKBIA, CREB3L4, and SMAD4, suggesting a gradual adaptive program may link to its extended lifespan. WGCNA identified three negatively correlated modules in each species, with coral2 being the most prominent in A. irradians and darkolivegreen in A. purpuratus. The former was dominated by ciliary motility genes, whereas the latter featured coordinated repression of oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, both species exhibited conserved suppression of mTOR/S6K growth signaling and activation of cellular maintenance programs. Collectively, these findings expand the understanding of CR-mediated longevity regulation in bivalves and provide candidate gene resources for future functional studies and breeding programs.

Pectinidae↗

PubMed2026

Transcriptomic responses to developmental temperature in two field-collected Spodoptera exigua populations from Korea.

The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, is a polyphagous insect whose development and seasonal occurrence are strongly influenced by temperature. However, transcriptomic responses to developmental thermal regimes remain insufficiently characterized in field-collected populations. In this study, we compared two Korean field-collected populations of S. exigua: a Haenam population collected in May and initially maintained at 15 ± 1 °C (HN), and a Jeju population collected in July and initially maintained at 27 ± 1 °C (JJ). F1 larvae from each population were reared under three fluctuating developmental temperature regimes: low (15-21 °C), middle (21-27 °C), and high (27-33 °C), followed by RNA-seq analysis. Differential expression analysis revealed population-associated variation in transcriptomic responses across developmental temperatures. HN exhibited a larger number of differentially expressed genes under the high-temperature regime, suggesting stronger transcriptomic sensitivity to elevated developmental temperature. Functional enrichment analyses identified population-associated differences in pathways related to heat response, oxidative metabolism, cytoskeletal organization, cuticle-associated processes, lipid metabolism, and immune-related functions. In JJ, heat-response and cuticle-related expression patterns were more prominent under warmer developmental conditions, whereas HN showed broader changes in stress- and metabolism-associated pathways under high temperature. Overall, this study provides a comparative transcriptomic analysis of two field-collected S. exigua populations under different developmental temperature regimes and identifies RNA-seq-based molecular response patterns associated with population-specific thermal response profiles.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Morphological changes and transcriptomic insights into skeletal development of embryos and larvae of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius.

To explore morphological features and molecular dynamics underlying skeletogenesis in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius, we conducted combined morphological observation and comparative transcriptome analyses across representative embryonic and larval developmental stages. Morphological results showed that triradiate spicules first emerged at the gastrula stage. The 8-arm pluteus stage was identified as a key phase for skeletal remodeling, during which new three-radiate crystals transformed into complex stereoscopic ossicles including tube feet, spines and test plates. Transcriptomic data indicated that most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were downregulated from the blastula to gastrula. The altered expression of basal metabolic genes and extracellular matrix genes including Colp2α and calm may be correlated with the linear mineralization of early spicules, which potentially reflects an energy adjustment pattern in developing larvae. During the transition from 6-arm to 8-arm pluteus, expression changes of calmodulin-like, Colp2α and SISin18G001660 suggest potential associations with regional calcium deposition and modifications of skeletal matrix properties. This work systematically characterizes morphological traits and transcriptional dynamics of skeletogenesis in S. intermedius. Its early spiculogenesis follows the conserved developmental pattern of echinoderms, while massive formation of stereoscopic ossicles occurs at the 8-arm pluteus stage. Stage-specific transcriptional changes across key larval skeletogenic stages are uncovered, offering transcriptomic resources for functional verification of skeletal regulatory genes.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Antennal transcriptome analysis of chemosensory proteins in the raspberry weevil, Aegorhinus superciliosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

Aegorhinus superciliosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a polyphagous pest of economic importance in southern Chile, the chemical ecology of which remains poorly characterized. Across insect species, chemosensory proteins, including odorant receptors (ORs), gustatory receptors (GRs), ionotropic receptors (IRs), odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), chemosensory proteins (CSPs), and sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), mediate the detection of chemical cues involved in host selection, reproduction, and other ecologically relevant behaviors. In this study, the antennal transcriptome of adult A. superciliosus was sequenced and analyzed using a de novo RNA-seq approach. Three independent biological replicates per sex were used for RNA-seq, and the same number of independent biological replicates was used for RT-qPCR validation; sequencing yielded 147,409,936 high-quality reads after quality filtering. A total of 112 candidate chemosensory genes were identified, comprising 43 ORs, 34 OBPs, 10 CSPs, 18 IRs, 5 GRs, and 2 SNMPs. Phylogenetic analyses assigned these candidate proteins to established clades, providing a comparative framework for functional inference for ORs and OBPs. Sex- and tissue-biased expression analyses revealed that several ORs, including AsupOR4, AsupOR19, and AsupOBP13, exhibit antennal enrichment and sex-specific expression patterns. Notably, AsupOR19 and AsupOBP13 displayed strong female-biased expression. In addition, transcripts of selected ORs and OBPs were detected in non-antennal tissues, such as the rostrum and legs, suggesting potential functional versatility beyond canonical olfaction. Together, these findings represent the first molecular identification of the chemosensory repertoire of A. superciliosus. This study establishes a foundation for reverse chemical ecology approaches aimed at identifying behaviorally active volatile organic compounds (VOCs) toward environmentally sustainable strategies for integrated pest management.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Fasting-refeeding regimes induce compensatory growth and muscle transcriptomic remodeling in juvenile Qihe gibel carp (Carassius gibelio var. Qihe).

Compensatory growth, an important adaptive response in fish, holds considerable potential for improving feeding efficiency in aquaculture. To identify an optimal fasting-refeeding strategy for juvenile Qihe gibel carp (Carassius gibelio var. Qihe) and to clarify the mechanisms underlying the compensatory growth, we divided two-month-old fish into four groups, namely S0 group (continuous feeding for 28 days), S2 group (4 cycles of 2-day fasting followed by 5-day refeeding), S4 group (fasting for 4 days followed by refeeding for 24 days), and S8 group (fasting for 8 days followed by refeeding for 20 days), then growth performance, muscle tissue morphology, biochemical responses, and muscle transcriptomic profiles under different feeding regimes were investigated. After a 28-day aquaculture experiment, fish in the S4 group exhibited significantly greater body length and weight than those in the S0, S2, and S8 groups, indicating over-compensatory growth. Histological analysis further showed that muscle growth in the S4 group was mainly associated with myofiber hyperplasia. Different feeding regimes also induced distinct changes in hepatic antioxidant and metabolic enzyme activities, as well as intestinal digestive enzyme activities. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the forkhead box O (FoxO) signaling pathway was significantly enriched during compensatory growth. Key genes, including serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (sgk1) and insulin receptor substrate 1 (irs1), were predicted to play important roles in this process. Overall, these results indicate that fasting for 4 days followed by refeeding for 24 days (the S4 regime) is the optimal strategy for inducing compensatory growth in juvenile Qihe gibel carp. This study provides new insights into the morphological, physiological, and molecular basis of compensatory growth and offers a scientific foundation for developing efficient and sustainable feeding strategies for this species.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses provide new insights into the response of black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) larvae to temperature fluctuations.

Sebastes schlegelii usually encounter elevated and fluctuating water temperatures near its upper thermal limit in summer, yet the hepatic responses of larvae to repeated temperature fluctuation regimes remain unclear. To address this question, S. schlegelii larvae were exposed for 8 days to four thermal regimes: constant 18 °C (CT), constant 28 °C (HT), intermittent cooling from 18 to 8 °C followed by recovery to 18 °C (FL), and intermittent warming from 18 to 28 °C followed by recovery to 18 °C (FH). Survival rate was evaluated, and integrated liver transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were performed. Final survival rates were 96.67% in the CT group, 97.78% in the FL group, and 77.78% in the FH group. Survival rate in the HT group (38.89%) was significantly lower than that in the other three groups (P < 0.05). HTvsCT, FLvsCT, FHvsCT, and FHvsHT comparisons identified 2598, 1207, 622, and 2404 differentially expressed genes and 627, 606, 690, and 610 differential metabolites, respectively. KEGG enrichment analyses of DEGs and SDMs in HTvsCT highlighted HSP-mediated proteostasis, endoplasmic-reticulum protein processing, branched-chain and sulfur amino acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and central carbon metabolism, with upregulated hsp90aa1, bckdha, gclc, and pfkp and reduced levels of branched-chain amino acids and methionine. Compared with HT, FH showed attenuated disturbances in proteostasis, amino acid and redox regulation, and central carbon metabolism, together with recovery-associated glycerophospholipid turnover. FL primarily induced polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-related membrane lipid remodeling. These findings indicate that hepatic responses differed between continuous high-temperature exposure and temperature fluctuations and between fluctuation regimes.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Concerns regarding the three-time-point sampling approach for diurnal transcriptome analysis in adipose tissue: evidence from fasting-independent time-of-day effects.

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Adipose tissue↗

PubMed2026

Transcriptomic analysis reveals the molecular mechanisms underlying the inhibition of Mytilus edulis attachment by biofouling control agents.

This study combined acute toxicity assays, phenotypic quantification, and transcriptomic profiling to systematically investigate the inhibitory effects and molecular regulatory mechanisms of a novel alkylamine-based antifouling agent on survival, byssus secretion, and attachment behavior of juvenile Mytilus edulis. The 96 h-LC50 of the agent to juvenile M. edulis was 8.84 mg/L, and 10 mg/L of the agent completely inhibited mussel attachment within 24 h, significantly reducing byssal thread number, length, and diameter while increasing detachment frequency, resulting in irreversible attachment failure. Transcriptomic analysis identified 2746 differentially expressed genes, which were mainly enriched in pathways including signal transduction, immune defense, stress response, cytoskeleton organization, and protein binding. KEGG and GSEA enrichment revealed that the antifouling agent activated the MAPK stress signaling pathway, disturbed transcriptional regulation, and impaired intracellular homeostasis and cytoskeletal stability, thereby synergistically suppressing the expression of key byssal protein genes including mfp-1 and mfp-3 and ultimately blocking byssus synthesis and adhesion. This study clarifies the multi-pathway molecular mechanism underlying antifouling agent-induced attachment inhibition in M. edulis, and provides core molecular targets and theoretical support for developing efficient, specific antifouling activity, and potentially applicable marine antifouling technologies.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Transcriptome analysis of the pectoral fin degeneration in half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis).

Appendage degeneration is a notable morphological feature of some teleosts with specialized benthic lifestyles. The half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) undergoes severe pectoral fin regression during metamorphosis. However, the molecular basis underlying rapid pectoral fin degeneration remains unclear. Here, we performed time-series transcriptome sequencing on pectoral fins at pre-metamorphosis, metamorphosis peak and post-metamorphosis to characterize the molecular changes associated with pectoral fin degeneration. Transcriptional dynamics and functional enrichment showed that no significant enrichment of classical apoptosis-related transcriptional pathways was detected during pectoral fin degeneration. Instead, sustained downregulation of twist1b, identified as a transcriptomic candidate, together with significant upregulation of ssh1, coupled with enrichment of lysosome and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) pathways, suggested enhanced tissue remodeling during pectoral fin degeneration. Temporal expression clustering revealed heterochronic misalignment in the developmental gene expression: upstream initiator tbx5 was upregulated at early metamorphosis, while downstream maintenance signal fgf10 decreased synchronously. Distal patterning gene hoxd12a exhibited premature expression and rapid decay, losing sustained late-phase expression. Moreover, transient elevation of gli3 during metamorphosis may contribute to restricted distal fin growth. We conclude that pectoral fin degeneration in C. semilaevis is associated with heterochronic disruption of developmental signaling and extensive tissue remodeling. This study provides transcriptomic insights into pectoral fin degeneration in tongue soles and establishes a basis for future functional studies of appendage reduction in teleosts.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Transcriptomic analysis provides molecular insights into the innate immune defense of Mactra veneriformis against Vibrio alginolyticus infection.

Mactra veneriformis is an economically important bivalve mollusc in China, but its aquaculture is frequently threatened by Vibrio infections, particularly Vibrio alginolyticus. To investigate the molecular immune response of M. veneriformis to V. alginolyticus, we performed RNA-seq analysis of hepatopancreatic tissues collected at 48 h post-infection, the peak mortality time point, with PBS-injected individuals used as controls. Infection with V. alginolyticus caused severe histopathological damage in the hepatopancreas and resulted in a cumulative mortality of 53.3% over 14 d, compared with 3.3% in the control group. Transcriptomic analysis identified 2623 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 1585 significantly up-regulated genes and 1038 down-regulated genes. KEGG enrichment analysis demonstrated that DEGs were significantly enriched in immune related and metabolism pathways, including the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling pathway, and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) signaling pathway. Collectively, these findings revealed candidate immune related genes (tlr3, tlr5, myd88, nfkb1, il-17d, and ifi44l), a putative TLR-MyD88-NF-κB signaling axis, and KEGG signaling pathways, including JAK-STAT, RLR and CYP450, that may be involved in the innate immune response of M. veneriformis to V. alginolyticus infection. These results provide a transcriptomic basis for understanding host-pathogen interactions in this species and highlight candidate genes and pathways for future functional validation and potential application in disease-resistance breeding.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Transcriptomic and RNAi analyses reveal chloride channel 3-associated osmoregulation in Litopenaeus vannamei under low-salinity stress.

Chloride channels and transporters are important for cellular volume regulation and salinity adaptation in euryhaline crustaceans, yet the intestinal transcriptional relationship between plasma-membrane and intracellular chloride pathways remains unclear in Litopenaeus vannamei. In this study, RNA interference of anoctamin 1 (ANO1) was combined with intestinal transcriptome sequencing under the production-relevant low-salinity condition of salinity 3. ANO1 silencing produced a focused transcriptional response, with 16 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified (11 upregulated and 5 downregulated). Functional enrichment indicated that these genes were associated with transporter activity, cytoskeletal organization, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, membrane lipid metabolism, and vesicular processes. Notably, a transcript encoding chloride channel protein 3 (CLC-3) was significantly upregulated following ANO1 knockdown, suggesting a potential transcriptional relationship between ANO1 and CLC-3 in chloride homeostasis. Based on this finding, CLC-3 was selected for full-length cDNA cloning, sequence characterization, salinity-gradient expression analysis, and RNAi-based functional assessment. The cloned CLC-3 cDNA was 2883 bp in length and encoded an 850 amino acid protein containing a conserved voltage-gated chloride channel (Voltage-CLC) domain and two cystathionine β-synthase domains. Phylogenetic analysis placed LvCLC-3 within the intracellular CLC-c clade, and tissue distribution analysis showed the highest CLC-3 expression in the intestine. Intestinal CLC-3 expression responded nonlinearly to salinity variation, peaking at salinity 20. Under salinity 3, CLC-3 knockdown reduced ANO1, Na+/K+-ATPase alpha subunit, and Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter transcript levels, whereas glutamate-gated chloride channel expression increased. Mild hepatopancreatic structural alterations were also observed after CLC-3 knockdown. These findings suggest that CLC-3 is a salinity-responsive intracellular chloride-transporter candidate associated with intestinal ion-transport-related transcriptional responses after ANO1 suppression in L. vannamei, although the underlying physiological mechanism requires further validation.

Animals↗