[Sports as a therapy in civilization diseases. Cardiovascular diseases as an example].
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Cardiac Rehabilitation↗
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Spatially Distinct Bone Marrow Sites Are Asymmetrically Impacted by Inflammatory Cardiovascular Disease.
Cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of mortality globally, is increasingly recognized to involve complex bone marrow-driven inflammatory mechanisms, yet the impact on spatially distinct bone marrow sites and comorbidities remains poorly understood. To address this, we developed MarrowMet, a methodology for whole-body, site-specific quantification of bone marrow activity. The approach involves intravenously injecting the metabolic tracer 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) in mice, followed by bone excision to quantify site-specific bone marrow activity, with values then superimposed on a whole-body mouse atlas. After establishing that 18F-FDG bone marrow uptake strongly correlated with inflammatory activity, we applied MarrowMet to map site-specific activation patterns across diverse cardiovascular pathologies, including mouse models of inflammatory atherosclerosis, acute ischemic events, acute respiratory distress syndrome, metabolic syndrome, and aging. MarrowMet guided the selection of bone marrow regions of interest for in-depth mass cytometric analyses, with the skull and sternum emerging as critical sites exhibiting distinct immune and metabolic profiles in cardiovascular disease. These results challenge the prevailing view that femoral marrow represents systemic activity. Together, this work lays a foundation for whole-body exploration of bone marrow heterogeneity, yielding critical insights into cardiovascular disease and associated inflammatory responses, and MarrowMet can be readily adopted to profile other immune mechanisms in a variety of pathologies, including cancer and autoimmune diseases.
(18)F-FDG↗
Post-genome-wide association study dissects genetic vulnerability and risk gene expression of Sjögren's disease for cardiovascular disease.
OBJECTIVES: This study aims to clarify the genetic associations between Sjögren's Disease (SD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes, and to conduct an in-depth exploration of specific pleiotropic susceptibility genes. METHODS: We performed two-sample and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the association between SD and the risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke. Linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) and Bayesian co-localization analyses were employed to assess the genetic associations between traits. Cross-phenotype analyses were employed to identify shared variants and genes, followed by a Transcriptome-Wide Association Study (TWAS) and Multi-marker Analysis of Genomic Annotation (MAGMA) based on Multi-Trait Analysis of GWAS (MTAG) results. To validate the pleiotropic genes, we further analyzed tissue-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to SD using RNA sequencing data. RESULTS: The two-sample and multivariable MR analyses revealed that SD confers a genetic vulnerability to IHD and stroke. LDSC and co-localization analyses indicated a strong genetic linkage between SD and CVDs. Cross-phenotype analyses identified 38 and 37 pleiotropic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for SD-Stroke and SD-IHD, respectively, primarily located within the MHC class region on 6p21.32:33 loci. Additionally, TWAS and MAGMA analyses identified pleiotropic genes located outside the MHC regions-seven associated with stroke (UHRF1BP1, SNRPC, BLK, FAM167A, ARHGAP27, C8orf12, and PLEKHM1) and two associated with IHD (UHRF1BP1 and SNRPC). Proxy variants within these genes in SD suggested an increased causal risk for stroke or IHD. Co-localization analysis further reinforced that SD and stroke share significant SNPs within the loci of FAM167A, BLK, C8orf12, SNRPC, and UHRF1BP1. DEG analysis revealed a significant up-regulation of the identified genes in SD-specific tissues. CONCLUSIONS: SD appears genetically predisposed to an increased risk of CVDs. Moreover, this research not only identified pleiotropic genes shared between SD and CVDs, but also, for the first time, detected key gene expressions that elevate CVD risk in SD patients-findings that may offer promising therapeutic targets for patient management.
Humans↗
Does the nephrotic syndrome increase the risk of cardiovascular disease?
Cardiovascular mortality and morbidity were assessed, after a mean follow-up period of 5 years, in an unselected series of 159 adults presenting with the nephrotic syndrome between 1972 and 1975. 60% of the deaths were attributed to terminal renal failure, and the incidence of deaths from ischaemic heart-disease (IHD) was not significantly above normal. The proportion of patients experiencing angina and intermittent claudication and the prevalence of ischaemic electrocardiographic changes did not differ significantly from those of a London control population. At follow-up, hypertension was significantly more common (p less than 0.001) in male nephrotic patients than in controls. Earlier reports of a greatly increased incidence of IHD in unselected patients with the nephrotic syndrome were not confirmed. Routine treatment of hyperlipidaemia in the nephrotic syndrome is not, therefore, recommended.
Adolescent↗
Causal Associations of Sleep Apnea with Alzheimer's Disease and Cardiovascular Disease: a Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Analysis.
BACKGROUND: Sleep apnea (SA) has been linked to an increased risk of dementia in numerous observational studies; whether this is driven by neurodegenerative, vascular or other mechanisms is not clear. We sought to examine the bidirectional causal relationships between SA, Alzheimer's disease (AD), coronary artery disease (CAD), and ischemic stroke using Mendelian randomization (MR). METHODS: Using summary statistics from four recent, large genome-wide association studies of SA (n=523,366), AD (n=64,437), CAD (n=1,165,690), and stroke (n=1,308,460), we conducted bidirectional two-sample MR analyses. Our primary analytic method was fixed-effects inverse variance weighted MR; diagnostics tests and sensitivity analyses were conducted to verify the robustness of the results. RESULTS: We identified a significant causal effect of SA on the risk of CAD (odds ratio (OR IVW ) =1.35 per log-odds increase in SA liability, 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.25-1.47) and stroke (OR IVW =1.13, 95% CI =1.01-1.25). These associations were somewhat attenuated after excluding single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with body mass index (BMI) (OR IVW =1.26, 95% CI =1.15-1.39 for CAD risk; OR IVW =1.08, 95% CI =0.96-1.22 for stroke risk). SA was not causally associated with a higher risk of AD (OR IVW =1.14, 95% CI =0.91-1.43). We did not find causal effects of AD, CAD, or stroke on risk of SA. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that SA increased the risk of CAD, and the identified causal association with stroke risk may be confounded by BMI. Moreover, no causal effect of SA on AD risk was found. Future studies are warranted to investigate cardiovascular pathways between sleep disorders, including SA, and dementia.
Preprint↗
Drug repurposing using transcriptomics: principles and unmet needs in cardiovascular disease.
Although cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally, therapeutic development in this field is slow. Given the high cost of developing new drugs and running clinical trials for cardiovascular disease, repurposing of drugs with approved safety profiles is an attractive strategy for therapeutic development that can significantly reduce the time and cost investment before phase II clinical trials. In the era of "Omics," various new methods and several large databases have been developed to enable the use of transcriptomics data for drug repurposing. This review summarizes the principles and workflow of signature mapping, which forms the foundation of statistical models used for transcriptome-based drug repurposing. We highlight the features of different analysis pipelines and databases that have been developed for signature mapping. These analysis pipelines prioritize genes that are statistically important, an approach that fundamentally differs from the pharmacological approach of identifying disease-driving and therapeutically targetable pathways. Outcomes of signature mapping pipelines are sensitive to the quality of input data, and results are not always reproducible. Moreover, all widely used RNA-seq databases are derived from cancer research and lack high-quality molecular data for cardiovascular disease. These unmet needs call for interdisciplinary collaboration and large networks of cardiovascular research-oriented biobanks to create the databases needed for transcriptomic-based signature mapping for drug repurposing efforts.
Drug Repositioning↗
Phenotypic and Genetic Associations Between Cardiovascular Disease Subtypes and Alzheimer's Disease.
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are major public health concerns that share overlapping risk factors and potential mechanistic pathways. While vascular contributions to cognitive decline are well-documented, the specific relationships between AD and different CVD subtypes remain poorly understood. METHODS: We examined associations between AD and 11 CVD subtypes using logistic regression models in two large biobanks: the UK Biobank (n = 502,133) and the All of Us Research Program (n = 287,011). Models were adjusted for demographic, lifestyle, and clinical covariates. We also explored genetic overlap between AD and CVD traits through colocalization of significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (p < 5×10-8) using genome-wide association study (GWAS) data. RESULTS: Most CVD subtypes were significantly associated with AD in both cohorts. Hypotension had the strongest and most consistent association, followed by hypertension and cerebral infarction. Acute myocardial infarction was the only subtype not significantly linked to AD. Genetic analyses revealed shared loci between AD and CVD-related traits, particularly in regions near APOE, MAPT, and genes influencing myocardial structure and vascular function. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies subtype-specific CVD associations with AD across two diverse cohorts and highlights shared genetic architecture underlying heart-brain interactions. These findings underscore the importance of vascular health in AD risk and suggest that certain CVD subtypes, especially hypotension, may play underrecognized roles in cognitive decline.
Alzheimer’s disease↗
Geochemistry and cardiovascular diseases.
Deficiencies or excesses in the content or availability of trace elements in rocks and soils, or in water flowing through them, is hypothesized as a possible cause of certain chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. Geographic distribution of cardiovascular diseases is often associated with geochemical differences. This trend is particularly evident in the United States and in Europe, with higher rates for cardiovascular mortalities being present in areas uunderlain by soils that are poor in most essential trace elements. Confirmation of this trend is found in connection with the degree of mineralization of local water supplies. Areas that are served by soft waters usually show higher rates of cardiovascular mortality and other forms of cardiovascular pathology, compared with the areas that are served by hard waters. Such a negative association between water hardness and cardiovascular pathology is evident in many countries, both industrialized and developing.
Cardiovascular Diseases↗
[National study program 1: prevention of cardiovascular diseases].
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Cardiovascular Diseases↗
Cardiovascular disease and trace metals.
Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the U.K. and other developed countries. In the U.K., mortality from coronary heart disease has increased progressively over the past 25 years, particularly in males. This paper examines the possible role of trace metals in the development of cardiovascular disease, with particular reference to the effects of cobalt, cadmium and lead in myocardial disease, atherosclerosis and hypertension. It is concluded that cobalt is an unimportant factor in community levels of cardiovascular disease, that cadmium has striking effects on blood pressure in animals and that there is some evidence for an association between environmental lead and high blood pressure.
Blood Pressure↗
Epigenetic mechanisms underlying variation of IL-6, a well-established inflammation biomarker and risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain less understood. Chronic low-grade inflammation is a complex immune response contributing to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. This response is signaled in part by interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pleiotropic, pro-inflammatory cytokine. Phenotypic variance in circulating IL-6 level may be explained in part by DNA methylation which is increasingly being associated with cardiovascular effects. METHODS: In this study we evaluated methylated DNA (CpG sites) associated with blood IL-6 levels across ∼4,400 ancestrally diverse individuals (81 % self-reported White; 9 % Black or African American, 8 % Hispanic or Latino/a, and 2 % Chinese American). RESULTS: We identified 178 CpG sites associated with IL-6 (p<0.05/∼395,000). Among the sites, cg04437762 is located within the transcription unit of IL6R, a current therapeutic target for inflammatory disease, and cg26692003 and cg00464927 were significant for IL6 and IL6ST trans-CpG-gene transcripts. Functional gene expression downstream of methylation identified cellular response to IL-6 and B-cell regulation and activation pathways. Four genes were linked with both a genetic component of cardiovascular disease and an IL-6 associated CpG site. Three CpG sites identified through Mendelian randomization analyses supported inference of a causal effect on IL-6 levels, including the LYN gene that regulates immune cell signaling and has been previously associated with atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, we identified several novel IL-6-CpG sites and downstream pathways affected by methylation. Follow-up functional studies including the regulation of IL-6 would complement current knowledge of CVD pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets.
Humans↗
[Geochemistry and cardiovascular diseases (author's transl)].
Cardiovascular diseases are often found to be associated with certain physicochemical characteristics of the environment - namely, the hardness of the water and the types of rock and soil underlying the area. Areas supplied with soft water usually have higher cardiovascular death rates than do areas supplied with hard water. Evidence linking cardiovascular diseases with the geochemistry of rocks and soils is more limited. The nature of these associations is still speculative but it is possible that certain trace elements are involved, some being beneficial and others harmful. Further epidemiological studies to identify these various trace elements are desirable.
Aged↗
Multi-omic biomarkers in cardiovascular disease: Discovery to clinical translation.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide, necessitating improved risk stratification and early detection strategies. Multiomics approaches that integrate genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics offer unprecedented opportunities for biomarker discovery and precision medicine in cardiovascular care. This narrative review examines the current landscape of multiomics biomarkers for CVD, tracing their evolution from discovery to clinical translation. We synthesize evidence from recent studies evaluating the clinical utility of integrated omics approaches across diverse cardiovascular conditions, including atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation. High-throughput proteomics has identified novel protein signatures that enhance cardiovascular risk prediction beyond traditional risk factors. Metabolomics has revealed pathway-specific biomarkers, including trimethylamine N-oxide and lipid species, associated with atherogenesis. Polygenic risk scores derived from genomic data demonstrate incremental value when combined with clinical risk scores. Multiomics biomarkers represent a transformative approach to cardiovascular risk assessment and disease management.
Humans↗
Drug therapy for cardiovascular disease in the aged.
Cardiovascular diseases and their treatment in the aged are discussed under the headings of ischemic heart disease, hypertension, cardiac failure (with special reference to the use of diuretics and digoxin), infective carditis and thyroid disorders. Advanced age modifies the approach to treatment; the choice of drugs and the dosage must be adjusted accordingly. Possible drug interactions should also be considered. A rehabilitation program is of great benefit for many elderly cardiac patients. It should be planned individually and involve psychologic and environmental factors as well as medical therapy. After successful treatment of the acute episode, even the aged patient can undertake rewarding activities in his remaining lifetime.
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
Multiomics approaches to cardiovascular disease: technological innovations and clinical translation.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, reflecting a persistent gap between clinical phenotyping and the molecular mechanisms that govern disease initiation, progression, and interindividual variability. Recent advances in emerging technologies have fundamentally reshaped cardiovascular physiology by enabling high-resolution, cross-layer profiling of the heart and vasculature across genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, lipidomic, glycomic, and fluxomic layers, increasingly at single-cell and spatial resolution. These approaches reveal CVD as a coordinated, multilayered process driven by dynamic interactions among cell types, regulatory programs, and metabolic states, rather than isolated gene-level defects. In this review, we synthesize how emerging multiomic, computational, and functional genomic technologies are redefining the study of cardiovascular disease across molecular, cellular, and tissue levels. We highlight recent innovations in single-cell and spatial atlases, long-read sequencing, proteomics and metabolomics, integrative data modeling, and functional omics approaches, including genome-scale perturbation screens and single-cell perturbation frameworks. These platforms enable mechanistic dissection of regulatory circuits, distinguish primary disease drivers from secondary adaptations, and directly assess therapeutic reversibility, advancing the field beyond associative biomarker discovery toward mechanism-guided target prioritization. We further discuss key methodological and translational challenges accompanying high-dimensional cardiovascular data, including preanalytical variability, control selection, temporal misalignment across molecular layers, population diversity, and reference bias. By integrating technological innovation with computational rigor and functional validation, this review frames emerging omics-enabled strategies as a unified, physiologically grounded framework for translating molecular insight into clinically meaningful cardiovascular phenotypes and advancing precision cardiovascular medicine.
Humans↗
Cardiovascular-disease mortality trends and oral-contraceptive use in young women.
Analysis of mortality trends in 21 countries indicates that, since oral contraceptives first became available, changes in mortality from non-rheumatic heart-disease and hypertension (I.C.D. 400-429), cerebrovascular disease (I.C.D. 430-439), and all non-rheumatic cardiovascular diseases (I.C.D. 400-469) among women aged 15-44 years have been strongly associated with changes in the prevalence of oral-contraceptive use in each country. This relationship is highly specific for women of reproductive age. The relative risks of death from heart-disease and hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, and all cardiovascular diseases for women using oral contraceptives compared with non-users were estimated to be 5 to 1,2 to 1, and 3 to 1 respectively. These findings suggest that the range of vascular diseases affected by oral-contraceptive use and the size of the associated risks may be greater than previously recognised. Furthermore, the increased risks of cardiovascular disease might exist not only with the pills containing high oestrogen doses, but also with the new "lower dose" pills.
Adolescent↗
[Oral manifestations in various cardiovascular diseases].
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Arterial Occlusive Diseases↗
State of Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke in Hispanic/Latino Adults in the United States: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.
Cardiovascular disease became the leading cause of death among Hispanic individuals in the United States in 2022. Hispanic adults experience a disproportionate burden of cardiometabolic risk factors, including obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Hispanic populations are highly heterogeneous, with substantial variations in genetic ancestry and sociocultural influences that shape cardiovascular disease risk and outcomes. The "Hispanic paradox," describing lower cardiovascular disease mortality despite higher risk factor burden, is increasingly recognized as an oversimplification that does not apply uniformly across Hispanic heritage groups, sexes, or disease types. Disaggregated data reveal substantial differences in risk profiles and disease burden among Hispanic heritage groups, emphasizing the limitations of treating this population as a monolithic unit. Recent evidence demonstrates widening disparities in hypertension control, obesity, diabetes, and metabolic diseases among Hispanic populations, threatening this prior mortality advantage. Advancing cardiovascular and equitable health will require developing a deeper understanding of the unique drivers of cardiovascular disease within diverse Hispanic communities, addressing barriers such as language and insurance access, and implementing culturally tailored interventions and policies. This scientific statement summarizes current cardiovascular disease epidemiology in Hispanic populations, emphasizing heritage group variation and social and structural determinants of health, and presents strategies to improve prevention and healthcare delivery. Key priorities for advancing cardiovascular health in Hispanic adults include expanding disaggregated data collection, increasing representation in research, and ensuring equitable implementation of precision medicine approaches, including genomics, multi-omics, and artificial intelligence, while addressing environmental exposures, psychosocial stressors, and policy-related drivers of risk in order to achieve the American Heart Association's 2028 Impact Goals to advancing health and hope for everyone, everywhere.
AHA Scientific Statements↗