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The growth of transitional epithelial cells with different growth media and growth supports was examined. Sephadex G-10, Bio-Gel P-20, Bio-Glas-1000, DEAE-Sephadex A-50, DEAE-cellulose, CM-Sephadex C-50, acid-soluble collagen, and immobilized collagen fibers were used to enhance plating efficiency. Acid-soluble collagen layers optimally increased the plating efficiency of primary cultures of bladder carcinoma. Media alterations with serial combinations of fetal calf, newborn calf, calf, bovine, and bull serum with minimum essential medium, Roswell Park Memorial Institute Tissue Culture Medium 1640, Connaught Medical Research Laboratories Medium 1066, Medium 199, Grand Island Biological, National Cancer Tissue Culture 135, 1415, McCoy's 5A, and National Cancer Institute medium were established. No promotion of cell division was noted with any one of these basic medium formulations.
SUMMARY: Lack of data integration remains a significant impediment to cancer research, and many analyses still require customized software to transform and prepare cancer data. We describe a software package to harmonize genetic and clinical cancer data into the GA4GH Phenopacket schema, an ISO standard for representing clinical case data. We integrated demographic, mutation, morphology, diagnosis, intervention, and survival data using case data from the National Cancer Institute for 12 cancer types. The Phenopacket standard provides a foundation for downstream use, including sophisticated statistical and AI/ML analyses. We demonstrate fitness for purpose by using the integrated data to recapitulate a known association between mutations in the gene encoding isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and survival time in brain cancer patients. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: Source code is freely available at: https://github.com/monarch-initiative/oncopacket (archived at 10.5281/zenodo.15353125).
This is a review paper which gives a discussion of various aspects of clinical trials in cancer research. Since the conduct of the first randomized controlled clinical trial in cancer patients in the mid-1950's, substantial progress has been made in the utilization of the clinical trial technique for the evaluation of therapeutic efficiacy. The important elements of a protocol are given with some discussion of items to be considered in designing a protocol. The types of clinical trial (phase I, II, III) are defined, and the place of each phase of study in the context of the search for new treatments is delineated. A comprehensive discussion is given of the elements in the comparative clinical trial (phase III), including objectives, consierations in planning (comparability of treatment groups stratification of patients, feasibility and size of study, and prospective versus retrospective studies). Brief descriptions are given of designs for comparative clinical trials and a trial in oat cell lung carcinoma is discussed in some detail. Finally, some comments and references are given concerning the analysis of clinical trials.
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Cancer survivorship research has identified numerous biological, behavioral, psychosocial, health care, and structural factors that influence recovery. However, these factors are typically studied as separate determinants rather than interacting influences. This commentary proposes available survivorship capacity as a unifying framework that explains how these diverse determinants collectively shape recovery and survivorship outcomes. Concepts from geroscience, health care delivery, rehabilitation, occupational therapy, and human factors science were synthesized to develop a conceptual framework of available survivorship capacity. The framework conceptualizes recovery as a function of the capacity remaining after competing health care and life demands draw upon survivors' finite physical, cognitive, emotional, social, financial, temporal, and health care resources. It generates testable propositions for measurement, intervention research, health care delivery, and implementation science while positioning available survivorship capacity as a common mechanism linking diverse determinants of recovery and identifying actionable targets for intervention. Available capacity offers a unifying conceptual framework for understanding heterogeneity in survivorship outcomes and intervention effectiveness while generating a research agenda for future survivorship science. Measuring and strengthening survivors' available capacity, while reducing unnecessary demands, may improve engagement in care, health behaviors, and long-term recovery.
Xenograft models are the principal in vivo platform of preclinical oncology and the most established experimental link between cell culture and clinical investigation. From the carcinogen-exposed rabbit models of the early twentieth century through the current generation of humanized patient-derived xenograft (PDX) systems, these platforms have evolved in response to the demands of translational cancer research. This review critically examines the biological principles, methodological standards, and translational applications of the principal xenograft platforms in current use. Cell line-derived xenograft (CDX) models remain the most widely used and most cost-effective modality for preclinical efficacy testing, offering the reproducibility, scalability, and accessibility that have sustained their role across oncology drug development pipelines for decades. PDX models have emerged as the preferred platform for co-clinical trial design, predictive biomarker discovery, and personalized oncology applications, preserving the genomic landscape, intratumor heterogeneity, and histological architecture of the donor tumor across serial passages. The engraftment biology of PDX systems, including immunodeficient host strain selection, implantation site, tumor source, and passage biology, is reviewed, together with humanized and autologous humanized configurations that extend the platform to immune checkpoint inhibitors, bispecific T-cell engagers, and chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy evaluation. This review addresses preclinical-to-clinical translation as a function of immunological divergence, incomplete tumor microenvironment recapitulation, and standardization. Formal frameworks, including the PDX Model Minimal Information (PDX-MI) standard and the Minimal Information for Standardization of Humanized Mice (MISHUM), are examined alongside global biobank infrastructure and emerging AI-driven translational modeling approaches.
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Childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a model for the study of disseminated cancer. It is always disseminated and relatively uniform, it is accessible to repetitive tissue sampling, and we have highly effective chemotherapy for it. The first systematic, controlled trials of cancer therapy were designed for patients with ALL by physicians with the courage and audacity to aim for cure of a "hopeless" disease. The concept of leukemia cell subpopulations in each patient received major clinical support from ALL. The pharmacological sanctuary, typified by the meninges, was first discovered and specifically attacked in ALL. Combination therapy, aggressive therapy during remission, phase-specific therapy, and the interrelationships of phases of therapy were developed first in ALL. Since leukemia cell features, such as T-cell characteristics, correlate with responsiveness to therapy, powerful new tools may be developed to improve the biological specifically of therapy. In addition to the gratifying results of therapy over the past two decades, childhood ALL continuity offers opportunities for biological research as well as improved therapy for ALL and other forms of disseminated cancer.
This article reports the experience of the author's recent visit to China where he witnessed nuclear medicine facilities. Among other things, the author observes that most imaging equipment and radionuclides are made in China and that many good textbooks of nuclear medicine are available in Chinese. Precautions on radiation safety are very much stressed. Chinese medicinal plants are always added in order to improve the therapeutic effects of classical chemotherapeutic agents or to lessen their possible side effects. Their scientific value cannot be evaluated, nor can it be for the "anti-cancer pills" that are sold freely. The author encourages studies of different patterns of cancer problems in different geographic localities, as he gave indications for a few geographic areas.
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