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PubMed2026

Genome-wide identification and characterization of ABC transporters and their expression in response to saline-alkaline stress and WSSV infection in Fenneropenaeus chinensis.

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters play crucial roles in stress responses across organisms, yet their functions in Fenneropenaeus chinensis remain largely unknown. In this study, we identified 42 FcABC genes (FcABCs) in the F. chinensis genome and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, and chromosomal distributions. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the FcABCs into eight subfamilies (ABCA-ABCH), with conserved motif and domain compositions within each subfamily. Expression analysis showed that several FcABC genes, including FcABCG5, FcABCA1, and FcABCC3, were significantly induced under saline-alkaline stress in gill and hepatopancreas tissues. In contrast, most FcABCs were downregulated after WSSV challenge, though a subset (e.g., FcABCB1, FcABCC1) exhibited early upregulation. Functional validation via RNA interference demonstrated that knockdown of FcABCG5 increased shrimp mortality under saline-alkaline stress. Cis-regulatory element analysis revealed an enrichment of stress- and immune-related elements in FcABC promoters. Protein-protein interaction network predictions indicated potential roles for FcABCs in cholesterol metabolism and organic anion transport. Our findings provide insights into the roles of FcABC genes in stress adaptation and immune defense, offering candidate genes for the breeding of stress-resistant shrimp varieties.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Effects of faba bean-based crisping culture on phenotypic characteristics, muscle quality, and serum metabolome in Nile tilapia: Screening biomarkers to assess the degree of crisping.

Feeding Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) a faba bean-based crisping diet enhances muscle hardness (crispness) and overall flesh quality. However, the underlying mechanisms and reliable biomarkers remain insufficiently defined. This study integrated phenotypic traits, muscle texture, collagen content, serum antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px), MDA levels, and serum metabolomics to understand the determinants of muscle crisping. Fish were assigned to a crisping diet or a control group for 90 days. Individuals in the crisping group were implanted with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags to enable correlation analyses among phenotypic traits (body weight/length/frame changes), serum indicators (NAM, FAD, and GSH-Px) and muscle hardness. Compared with controls, the crisping diet significantly increased muscle hardness, gumminess, and chewiness, accompanied by elevated collagen content. Antioxidant profiles were altered, with higher activities of serum SOD and CAT, together with elevated MDA levels and reduced GSH-Px activity (P < 0.05). Metabolomic analysis identified 830 differential metabolites (682 upregulated and 148 downregulated), predominantly comprising carboxylic acids and derivatives, glycerophospholipids, and benzene derivatives. Enrichment analysis indicated significant involvement in general metabolic pathways, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, amino acid biosynthesis, and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism (P < 0.05). Notably, acetylpyruvate was upregulated in glutathione metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, and galactose metabolism; pantothenic acid was upregulated in glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; whereas δ-tocotrienol was downregulated. Correlation analysis revealed weak negative associations between muscle hardness and phenotypic traits (body weight/length/frame changes D5-7, D5-10, D7-8) (P < 0.05). In contrast, serum NAM and FAD were weakly positively correlated with muscle hardness, whereas GSH-Px showed a weak negative correlation (P < 0.05). Collectively, these findings suggest that body weight, body length, frame measurements (D5-7, D5-10, and D7-8), and serum NAM, FAD, and GSH-Px are associated with the degree of muscle crispness in Nile tilapia fed a faba bean-based crisping diet and may serve as candidate biomarkers under these culture conditions.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Early hepatic protein responses to dietary restriction-refeeding in Japanese quail: A proteomic investigation.

Feed intake and refeeding after nutrient scarcity induce rapid metabolic adaptations in the poultry liver; however, hepatic proteomic recovery pathways in the early hours post-refeeding remain poorly defined. This study aimed to characterize early liver protein signatures in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) recovering from nutritional stress under two refeeding conditions. Eighteen 12-week-old male quails (245.20 ± 0.213 g) were assigned to three groups (n = 6): control fed ad libitum (12.13 MJ/kg), 24 h feed deprivation followed by 6 h refeeding, and 24 h low metabolizable energy (6.30 MJ/kg) diet followed by 6 h refeeding. In total, 854 proteins were identified, of which 515 met the filtering criteria. The low metabolizable energy refeeding showed higher abundance of proteins linked to ATP binding and carbohydrate/carboxylic acid metabolism, alongside detoxification-related proteins, while suppressing translation/RNA-binding machinery and antioxidant pathways. Feed-deprived refeeding enriched in oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial complex I assembly with reduced cytoplasmic translation, NMD-related components, and sulfur compound metabolism. A direct comparison indicated divergent recovery strategies: low metabolizable energy refeeding mainly reflected oxidoreductase activity and translation initiation, whereas feed-deprived refeeding potentially enriched mitochondrial ATP production and glutathione-based defenses. Our analysis indicate that 6 h of refeeding initiates an early, incomplete recovery toward hepatic homeostasis, with the severity of prior nutritional restriction dictating distinct liver metabolic priorities. Collectively, these findings might provide a preliminary understanding of the hepatic mechanisms involved in recovery from nutrient deprivation and may help in the development of feeding strategies for managing metabolic recovery in poultry. However, these findings should be considered hypothesis-generating pending further validation.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Genome-wide scans reveal candidate genes associated with wing morph differentiation in Tetrix japonica.

Wing dimorphism is an important dispersal-related trait in insects, but its genomic basis remains poorly understood in pygmy grasshoppers. Here, we integrated genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses, population structure inference, selection scans, and functional annotation to investigate genomic differentiation between long- and short-winged Tetrix japonica. Principal component analysis (PCA), ADMIXTURE, and phylogenetic analyses revealed weak genome-wide separation between morphs, indicating differentiation on a largely shared genetic background. Genome-wide scans based on the fixation index (FST), nucleotide diversity ratios, and Tajima's D, using 50-kb non-overlapping windows and empirical top-5% outlier thresholds, identified multiple candidate regions across seven chromosomes. The broader long- and short-winged candidate sets spanned 9.35 Mb and 9.37 Mb and directly overlapped 82 and 77 genes, respectively. Candidate genes were associated with signaling/hormone regulation, membrane transport, metabolism, cytoskeletal organization, extracellular matrix structure, and development. Short-winged candidate genes were significantly enriched for ABC-type transporter activity and ATP hydrolysis activity. Because all individuals originated from a single laboratory-maintained population with weak genome-wide structure, these regions should be regarded as candidate loci from a screening-stage analysis that require validation in independent populations and by functional assays, rather than as confirmed targets of selection.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Mitochondrial translocation of DNMT3L suppresses oxidative phosphorylation and restrains megakaryopoiesis.

DNMT3L, a catalytically inactive member of the DNA methyltransferase family, is identified here as a negative regulator of megakaryopoiesis. In K562 cells undergoing PMA-induced megakaryocytic differentiation, DNMT3L protein levels declined progressively, and shRNA-mediated depletion enhanced differentiation, whereas overexpression attenuated it. Consistent with these findings, Dnmt3l-knockout mice exhibited elevated peripheral blood platelet counts and expanded bone marrow megakaryocytes. Mechanistically, megakaryocytic differentiation triggered rapid mitochondrial translocation of DNMT3L within 6 h; mitochondrial DNMT3L suppressed oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity and ATP production and downregulated mitochondrial-encoded genes spanning Complex I, III, IV, and ATP synthase, without altering mitochondrial DNA copy number. This metabolic suppression was mediated through compartment-specific remodeling of DNMT3L-containing protein complexes: upon differentiation, DNMT3L selectively dissociated from DNMT1 and DNMT3B in mitochondria, relieving the repressive constraint on OXPHOS, whereas in the nucleus DNMT3L remained associated with DNMT3A, which concomitantly accumulated during differentiation. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism by which a catalytically inactive epigenetic co-regulator spatially redistributes to coordinate mitochondrial metabolic output with nuclear epigenetic control, thereby facilitating terminal megakaryocytic maturation.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Three-dimensional source apportionment and quantitative characterization of horizontal and vertical transport fluxes of O3 and its precursors in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China.

Persistent surface ozone (O3) pollution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region is driven by coupled precursor emissions and multi-scale transport, yet its altitude-dependent transport and source contributions remain insufficiently quantified. Here we integrated the Weather Research and Forecasting and the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions with the Ozone Source Apportionment Technology and a quantitative transport-flux framework to characterize three-dimensional source apportionment and horizontal/vertical fluxes of O3, Volatile Organic Compounds‌ (VOCs), and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) across dynamic meteorological scenarios. Simulations showed that VOCs and NOx were dominated by local emissions near the surface (73.61 %-82.18 %), whereas surface O3 was primarily controlled by regional transport, with local contributions of only 11.01 %-13.75 %. Notably, the transport dominance further strengthened with altitude, exceeding 93 % at 1.8 km. Industrial and transportation emissions together contributed more than 75 % of precursor emissions and account for approximately 80 % of O3 formation, while favorable/unfavorable meteorological years modulated long-range transport efficiency and the vertical distribution of contributions. Horizontal flux analysis highlighted three major pathways (Northwest-Southeast, Southeast-Northwest, and Southwest-Northeast), with Shijiazhuang serving as a critical pollutant "sink" across altitude layers. Vertical fluxes revealed an altitude transition near 600 m: net downward transport dominated below 600 m, whereas enhanced summer convection promoted upward transport above 600 m. These results support altitude-dependent, scenario-specific strategies for coordinated regional O3 mitigation in the BTH region.

Ozone↗

PubMed2026

Pre-transport dietary chitosan improves the physiological robustness of juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) by modulating antioxidant and inflammatory responses.

The acute stress caused by long-distance transport can lead to oxidative damage, immune dysfunction, and health deterioration in fish. This study evaluated dietary chitosan as a pre-transport nutritional strategy for juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Five experimental diets contained chitosan at 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, or 10.0 g/kg, designated as p0, p25, p50, p75, and p100, respectively, for 56 d. The effects of dietary chitosan were evaluated using growth performance, feed utilization, digestive function, antioxidant capacity, nonspecific immunity, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Then, fish from the p0 and p50 groups underwent a 12-h transport stress test, with samples collected before, during, and 7 d after transport. Dietary chitosan improved most of these parameters. Among the treatment groups, p50 and p75 showed the best overall performance. The dose-response analysis further indicated that the appropriate dietary inclusion range was 5.0-7.5 g/kg. Under transport stress, fish in the p50 group exhibited more stable antioxidant enzyme responses and lower lipid peroxidation, as indicated by reduced MDA levels. Consistent with these enzyme responses, antioxidant-related genes remained relatively stable. At the same time, expression patterns related to the Nrf2-Keap1 and NF-κB signaling pathways suggested that 5.0 g/kg chitosan alleviated transport-induced oxidative damage and inflammation. Dietary chitosan also attenuated pro-inflammatory gene induction and altered the temporal expression patterns of anti-inflammatory genes. Overall, 5.0-7.5 g/kg dietary chitosan is suitable for juvenile largemouth bass, and 5.0 g/kg may serve as an effective pre-transport dietary inclusion level.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Comparative assessment of post-transport disease susceptibility in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer): Associations with oxidative stress, immune responses, gut microbiota, and tissue pathology.

Stress is a crucial factor that affects aquaculture systems, particularly during transportation, which often leads to deteriorated fish health and reduced survival rates. This study aimed to investigate the comparative differences in physiological changes, oxidative stress parameters, and immune responses between clinically healthy and diseased Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) following commercial transportation. The study compared the health status of fish after transportation, categorized into healthy (Healthy) and diseased (Disease) groups. Assessments were conducted on oxidative stress parameters, immune responses, gut microbiota composition, and tissue pathology. The results showed that diseased fish exhibited significantly higher oxidative stress levels (P < 0.05), as indicated by an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and altered antioxidant and redox-related markers, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), measured across multiple target tissues (head kidney, gills, liver, intestine, and brain), compared with healthy fish. Furthermore, the expression of immune-related genes was significantly downregulated in diseased fish after transportation, indicating immune suppression. In contrast, healthy fish maintained a more balanced immune response, which may partially mitigate the adverse effects of transport-induced stress. Gut microbiota analysis revealed that diseased fish had a significant reduction in beneficial bacteria such as Cetobacterium somerae and Bacillus spp., accompanied by a significant (P < 0.05) increase in opportunistic pathogens including Aeromonas spp., Photobacterium spp., and Vibrio spp. Histopathological examination showed severe damage in the gills, liver, and intestines of diseased fish (P < 0.05), while only minor tissue alterations were observed in healthy fish. Overall, the findings indicate that post-transport diseased Asian seabass exhibit marked oxidative stress, impaired antioxidant defense, altered immune responses, gut microbial dysbiosis, and multi-organ tissue damage compared with clinically healthy post-transport fish. These results suggest that deterioration of transport conditions may contribute to post-transport morbidity and disease susceptibility.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Transverse Tibial Transport for Limb Salvage in Ischemic Lower Extremity Disease: Technique, Mechanisms, and Clinical Outcomes-A Systematic Review.

Transverse tibial transport (TTT) is a surgical technique derived from Ilizarov's distraction osteogenesis principles that stimulates angiogenesis and microcirculatory regeneration in the ischemic lower limb without directly manipulating macrovascular anatomy. By creating a proximal tibial cortical bone window and distracting it transversely using an external fixator, TTT triggers converging cascades of growth factor release, endothelial progenitor cell mobilization, and immunomodulation that translate into improved distal limb perfusion and wound healing. Combined TTT plus endovascular therapy improves amputation-free survival versus endovascular therapy alone. Prospective randomized trials and standardized international protocols are needed to consolidate TTT's role in multidisciplinary limb salvage pathways.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Marine air promotes structural compaction and coating growth of soot aerosols after long-range transport from East Asia.

Soot aerosol, a key global warming contributor, undergoes morphological and chemical transformations during atmospheric transport, particularly in humidified marine environments. This study investigates morphology, mixing state, and aging mechanisms of soot particles collected in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. Transmission electron microscopy analyses reveal that coated soot particles dominate the marine atmosphere, accounting for over 98 % of soot-containing particles, with a mean mixing state index (χ) of 0.83. The fractal dimension (Df) of soot particles is 1.84 ± 0.05 in the Northern Yellow Sea, 1.90 ± 0.08 in the Bohai Sea, and 1.96 ± 0.07 in the Southern Yellow Sea, indicating structural compaction during long-range transport. Correspondingly, the average Dp/Dcore ratios (particle to core size ratio) are 5.3 in the Bohai Sea, 4.2 in the Northern Yellow Sea, and 3.9 in the Southern Yellow Sea. Notably, those ratios are higher in marine environments compared to those observed during continental regional transport from northern to southern China (3.54), suggesting enhanced coating growth in humid marine air. The results highlight the important role of marine atmospheres in accelerating soot aging, which in turn leads to significantly stronger light absorption compared to soot in continental air. Our results highlight the necessity of incorporating compact morphologies, uniform mixing states, and thick coatings into optical models for accurate radiative forcing simulations.

Aerosols↗

PubMed2026

Watershed-scale risk assessment of cadmium contamination in Chinese cropland soils: Dual pathways of irrigation input and flood-driven transport.

Irrigation and flood events serve as critical pathways for the transport of cadmium (Cd) from industrial sources into cropland soils at the watershed scale, constituting a major driver of widespread Cd contamination in China's cropland soil. This study evaluated the risk of Cd contamination in cropland soils across China's nine major river basins at the watershed scale, focusing on the contributions of irrigation and flood events, and conducted a sensitivity analysis of key risk factors. The assessment was conducted within a framework that considered factors including hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. The results revealed that numerous watersheds in southeastern China are exposed to dual pressures of Cd contamination risks in cropland soils, driven by both irrigation practices and flood events. Watersheds categorized as High-High, High-Moderate, or Moderate-High risk, reflecting combined Cd contamination risks from irrigation and flood, are vital to China's grain production, contributing 67.1 % of the national cropland area and 66.4 % of the grain yield. The study suggests localized strategies for managing cropland soils Cd contamination risks from irrigation and flood at the watershed scale in China, alongside strengthened cross-regional collaboration in southeastern China.

Cadmium↗

PubMed2025

An integrated multiscale air quality modelling framework for industrial park pollution: Linking local emissions to regional transport.

Capturing the spatiotemporal distribution of pollutants in industrial parks remains challenging for regional air quality models because of their coarse resolution (3 km), resulting in uncertainties in local emission quantification. To address this, we developed the Integrated Multiscale Air Quality Modelling System for Industry (IAQMS-Industry), coupling the regional Nested Air Quality Prediction Modelling System (NAQPMS) with a city-scale chemical transport model. This framework integrates point-source locations and Gaussian plume dispersion to simulate particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5) at 100 m resolution. Applied to the Beijing Yi Zhuang and Tangshan industrial parks and evaluated against observations. The coupled model achieved a normalized mean bias (NMB) ranging from 3.1 % to 6.2 %, improving upon NAQPMS (-16.9 % to -7.7 %). Spatial analysis revealed that coarse regional grids underestimated the PM2.5 concentrations at industrial sites by smoothing gradients, whereas IAQMS-Industry successfully resolved spatial patterns. Industrial point emissions accounted for 22.9 %-26.4 % of PM2.5 in the coupled model, which was significantly greater than the regional model estimates of 1.6 %-13.7 %. These findings indicate that regional models overestimate pollutant dispersion processes in industrial parks while underestimating local industrial impacts. By explicitly resolving point-source dynamics and linking them to regional transport, IAQMS-Industry provides a robust tool for designing targeted emission controls in industrial cities and balancing local air quality improvements with minimized regional pollution outflow. This study underscores the necessity of multiscale modelling for accurate source apportionment and informed environmental governance in industrial zones.

Air Pollution↗

PubMed2026

XsiAMT1.1a was identified as a novel ammonium uptake functional gene and its overexpression combined with GA4 application significantly increased yield in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Nitrogen (N) is a key limiting factor for plant yield. Ammonium is one of the main N forms absorbed by plants. Overexpression of ammonium uptake functional genes, such as ammonium transporter (AMT), can increase yield. However, the AMTs reported to enhance yield significantly is still limited. No researches have focused on the effect of overexpressing AMT combined with hormone application on yield improvement. In this study, we first investigated the role of XsiAMT1.1a, a potential ammonium uptake functional gene in an ammonium preference plant Xanthium sibiricum, in ammonium uptake by the analysis of bioinformatics, gene expression and subcellular localization, and the determination of ammonium uptake rate in endogenous silencing and heterologous overexpression plants. Subsequently, the effect of XsiAMT1.1a overexpression combined with hormone application on yield increase was further investigated in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results showed that XsiAMT1.1a shared the same conserved domains with AtAMT1 subfamily members and localized on the plasma membrane. XsiAMT1.1a was induced by N deficiency and highly expressed during the reproductive period. XsiAMT1.1a endogenous silencing and heterologous overexpression significantly decreased and increased ammonium uptake rates in X. sibiricum and A. thaliana, respectively. Overexpression of XsiAMT1.1a significantly improved total N accumulation, biomass and yield in A. thaliana, while XsiAMT1.1a overexpression combined with GA4 application had a stronger promoting effect on the above indicators. Our research identified a novel ammonium uptake functional gene, XsiAMT1.1a, and provided a new yield-increasing strategy which was verified in A. thaliana.

Arabidopsis↗

PubMed2026

Protein sorting and proteostasis mechanisms in CFTR-related exocrine pancreas dysfunction: A systematic narrative review.

The pancreas consists of exocrine and endocrine compartments. In the exocrine pancreas, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) functions mainly in ductal epithelial cells as a chloride and bicarbonate channel. Its activity depends on proper protein folding, trafficking, and localization to the apical membrane. This systematic narrative review aims to synthesize the available evidence on the role of protein sorting machinery in CFTR channelopathies and its contribution to exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. A thorough search was conducted using PRISMA criteria on PubMed, Wiley Online Library, and Scopus for studies published in English between January 2000 and November 2025. Twenty studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in this review. Pathogenic CFTR variants impair protein folding, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit, and endosomal recycling, resulting in reduced apical membrane expression and stability. These defects disrupt the localization of associated transporters and secretory proteins, impair ductal bicarbonate secretion, alter zymogen handling, and promote acinar injury, although these claims are supported mainly by indirect experimental models and therefore require clinical confirmation. CFTR channelopathies in the exocrine pancreas encompass both ion transport defects and broader disruptions of protein sorting machinery. CFTR may contribute to the assembly, stabilization, or localization of selected apical transport complexes, and its loss can secondarily alter epithelial organization. Therapeutic approaches targeting both channel correction and intracellular trafficking may improve pancreatic function and mitigate disease progression.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Effect of SGLT2 inhibitor drugs on triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance is a serious public health concern. The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a simple, cheap, and reproducible surrogate of insulin resistance, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have reshaped cardio-metabolic care beyond glycemic control. METHODS: We followed PRISMA and registered the protocol in PROSPERO (CRD420251056341). We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane from inception to May 31st, 2026, including observational studies and clinical trials reporting baseline and follow-up TyG in adults. Two reviewers screened records, a third resolved disagreements, data were extracted with a standardized form, and quality was assessed with Cochrane RoB 2.0, the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and the JBI checklists. The primary outcome was within-group change in TyG pooled with random-effects (Hartung-Knapp); tests were two-sided with a significance threshold of 0.05. RESULTS: Twelve studies comprising thirteen study arms were included, with a total of 1845 participants. Follow-up ranged from 12 weeks to 5 years. Across studies, SGLT2 inhibitor therapy was associated with a significant reduction in TyG index (mean difference = -0.28, 95% confidence interval [-0.41; -0.14], I2 = 99.5%). Egger's test suggested possible small-study effects, whereas Begg's test and trim-and-fill analysis did not show clear evidence of publication bias; leave-one-out analyses showed that no single study materially influenced the pooled estimate. CONCLUSION: Despite heterogeneity in populations, drug choice, and follow-up duration, SGLT2 inhibitors were associated with a significant decrease in TyG, although small-study effects cannot be excluded.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Transcriptomic and RNAi analyses reveal chloride channel 3-associated osmoregulation in Litopenaeus vannamei under low-salinity stress.

Chloride channels and transporters are important for cellular volume regulation and salinity adaptation in euryhaline crustaceans, yet the intestinal transcriptional relationship between plasma-membrane and intracellular chloride pathways remains unclear in Litopenaeus vannamei. In this study, RNA interference of anoctamin 1 (ANO1) was combined with intestinal transcriptome sequencing under the production-relevant low-salinity condition of salinity 3. ANO1 silencing produced a focused transcriptional response, with 16 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified (11 upregulated and 5 downregulated). Functional enrichment indicated that these genes were associated with transporter activity, cytoskeletal organization, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, membrane lipid metabolism, and vesicular processes. Notably, a transcript encoding chloride channel protein 3 (CLC-3) was significantly upregulated following ANO1 knockdown, suggesting a potential transcriptional relationship between ANO1 and CLC-3 in chloride homeostasis. Based on this finding, CLC-3 was selected for full-length cDNA cloning, sequence characterization, salinity-gradient expression analysis, and RNAi-based functional assessment. The cloned CLC-3 cDNA was 2883 bp in length and encoded an 850 amino acid protein containing a conserved voltage-gated chloride channel (Voltage-CLC) domain and two cystathionine β-synthase domains. Phylogenetic analysis placed LvCLC-3 within the intracellular CLC-c clade, and tissue distribution analysis showed the highest CLC-3 expression in the intestine. Intestinal CLC-3 expression responded nonlinearly to salinity variation, peaking at salinity 20. Under salinity 3, CLC-3 knockdown reduced ANO1, Na+/K+-ATPase alpha subunit, and Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter transcript levels, whereas glutamate-gated chloride channel expression increased. Mild hepatopancreatic structural alterations were also observed after CLC-3 knockdown. These findings suggest that CLC-3 is a salinity-responsive intracellular chloride-transporter candidate associated with intestinal ion-transport-related transcriptional responses after ANO1 suppression in L. vannamei, although the underlying physiological mechanism requires further validation.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Forensic taphonomy in fluvial water: A systematic review.

Human remains are frequently recovered from fluvial (lotic) water environments. Rivers, streams, canals and other flowing water bodies pose distinct challenges in forensic practice, particularly due to their current. Compared to other aquatic contexts, fluviatile taphonomy is underrepresented in the forensic literature and the last comprehensive summary was written over a decade ago. Therefore, a systematic review was performed to collect and summarise the current knowledge in forensics about fluvial taphonomy, including decomposition of remains, transport characteristics, search, postmortem submersion interval (PMSI) estimation, taphonomic alterations, and differences to other water bodies. 92 reports met the inclusion criteria for this review, most of them showed a moderate risk of bias. Their main findings were summarised and two major challenges identified. First, predictions about fluvial transport of human bodies pose a tremendous issue in forensic practice, leading to later detection and lower recovery rate of remains, complicating various subsequent analyses. Second, PMSI estimations are difficult particularly due to variable environmental conditions in fluviatile systems. Recommendations for future research in the area of fluvial forensic taphonomy include that case-related data such as the detailed decomposition state and river characteristics need to be made available. More standardised research protocols are required for a facilitated comparison between studies, environments and regions. This review provides forensic practitioners with a comprehensive, updated resource for the investigation of fluvial remains. It also guides future research towards a more efficient practice to build the basis for a broader, more robust and comprehensive synthesis, subsequently supporting analyses in forensic casework.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Effects of semaglutide and empagliflozin on markers of endothelial function in persons with type 2 diabetes: A post hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial.

AIMS: The endothelium maintains vascular health by regulating blood flow and protecting against inflammatory damage. In type 2 diabetes (T2DM), however, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia place a significant burden on the endothelium, potentially leading to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). While semaglutide and empagliflozin have been shown to reduce CVD risk in T2DM, it remains unclear whether these benefits are mediated by improved endothelial function. This post-hoc analysis explores the effects of these agents on markers of endothelial function, i.e. the reactive hyperaemic index (RHI) and the endothelial-derived cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) E-Selectin, ICAM-1, P-Selectin, and VCAM-1. METHODS: This was a post-hoc analysis of a 32-week randomized trial evaluating the separate and combined effects of semaglutide and empagliflozin on cardio-renal organ damage. One hundred and twenty participants with type 2 diabetes, age ≥ 50 were randomized to four groups (semaglutide, empagliflozin, the combination or placebo). An increase in RHI and/or a decrease in CAMs were considered beneficial. RESULTS: RHI increased compared to baseline (0.11, 95%CI [0.008;0.21], p = 0.03) but not compared to placebo in the semaglutide group (0.11, 95%CI [-0.04;0.24], p = 0.16). There was no effect on RHI in the empagliflozin group. Compared to placebo, E-Selectin decreased significantly in the semaglutide and combination groups (-9, 95%CI [-14.1;-5.1] p < 0.01 and - 9, 95%CI [-14.3; -5.2] p < 0.01, respectively). VCAM-1 increased in the same groups, compared to placebo (12.3, 95%CI[2.8;20.8] p = 0.01 and 16.2, 95%CI [7.2;24.3], p < 0.01, respectively).P-Selectin and ICAM-1 was not significantly affected in any of the groups, compared to placebo (p ≥ 0.11 and p ≥ 0.09, respectively). CONCLUSION: Semaglutide improved endothelial function compared to baseline, but not significantly versus placebo, which likely is due to limited power. CAM responses were heterogeneous, suggesting distinct roles in endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. ClinicalTrialsRegister.eu: EudraCT 2019-000781-38.

Aged↗