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Results for “Verbal Behavior”

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PubMed1994

Mothers' lexicon of internal state words in speech to children with Down syndrome and to nonhandicapped children at mealtime.

This study examines internal state words in mothers' speech to children with Down syndrome, and the relation between the use of internal state words and the children's levels of social-adaptive, communicative, and linguistic functioning. Results indicate qualitative differences in mothers' use of internal state words to children with children Down syndrome, compared with a sample of maternal speech to nonhandicapped children who were matched on the Vineland scales for their level of adaptive functioning. Differences include use of fewer internal state words overall to children with Down syndrome, and different kinds of internal state words: more words referring to physiological states, and fewer words referring either to affect or to cognition. In general, child Mean Length of Utterance (MLU) was associated with the pattern of inner state words used by mothers, whereas no associations were found between children's social-adaptive competence and maternal input. Even when controlling for child MLU, there were, however, some qualitative differences in the inner state lexicons used to children with Down syndrome. Results suggest that speech to children with Down syndrome that is calibrated to their MLU may underestimate their competence in domains other than grammar.

Child↗
PubMed1984

Cerebral asymmetries: neuropsychological measurement and theoretical issues.

First this paper reviews methodological issues in the study of right brain/left brain functions; and then discusses a model of integrated brain functioning. This integrated brain model has implications for schizophrenia and creativity. Measures of right and left brain functioning are: Behavioral measures of lateralization; neuropsychological test batteries; tachistoscopic presentations; dichotic listening tasks; verbal and performance sub-tests of intelligence tests; standardized measures of verbal and visual functions; gaze as a measure of hemispheric dominance. Individual characteristics of these measures are explored. A theory of the integrated brain is presented which includes both hemispheres as part of an organized information processing system. Hypotheses are drawn from this model. The model suggests that schizophrenia is the disorganization of information processing between two hemispheres and between the cortex and sub-cortical regions. In contrast, creativity is the exchange of excitatory and inhibitory stimulation between both hemispheres. Complex problem solving and the 'aha' phenomena, are examples of integrated brain functioning. Research paradigms to test these hypotheses are discussed.

Brain↗
PubMed2004

Maternal touch and maternal child-directed speech: effects of depressed mood in the postnatal period.

BACKGROUND: Postnatal depression affects the emotional state of mothers and the quality of mother-infant interaction. METHOD: Touch behaviour and content of child-directed speech were analysed for 72 mothers and their infants during pleasurable play. Infants (18) of mothers with depressed mood and 18 controls were seen when they were 6 months old; and 18 infants of mothers with depressed mood and 18 controls were seen when they were 10 months old. RESULTS: Depressed mothers in comparison with non-depressed mothers lifted their infants more, restraining their behaviours. Infants of depressed mothers in contrast to infants of non-depressed mothers spent greater periods of time in touching self rather than mother or toy, compensating for the lack of positive touch from their mothers. Mothers with depressed mood of 6-month-old infants included fewer affective and informative features in their speech than their controls. Non-depressed mothers of younger babies showed a higher use of affective features when compared with non-depressed mothers of older infants. In contrast, depressed mothers of 6- and 10-month-old babies showed similar frequencies of affect-salient speech during interactions in spite of their infants' changing developmental demands. LIMITATIONS: Mothers in this study were only mildly depressed, as assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Nevertheless, the findings indicate that mothers with depressive symptoms differ from non-depressed mothers in relation to touch and content of speech when interacting with their infants. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that postnatal depression may influence touch behaviour as well as the affective and informative content of maternal speech. The effect is that mothers with depressed mood in comparison with non-depressed mothers touch their infants more negatively and their speech is less well adjusted concerning the amount of emotional vs. information-related content thereby preventing depressed mothers from responding effectively to their infants' developmental needs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Social functioning, theory of mind and neurocognition in outpatients with schizophrenia; mental state decoding may be a better predictor of social functioning than mental state reasoning.

Few studies have directly investigated the relationship between theory of mind (ToM) deficits and social functioning in schizophrenia. At the same time, the impact of mental state decoding tasks on social dysfunction has also not yet been investigated. In this study, the relationship between theory of mind deficits and social functioning was investigated among 50 patients with schizophrenia. A mental state decoding task known as 'The Eyes test' and a mental state reasoning task 'The Hinting test' were applied to assess ToM abilities, while the Social Functioning Scale (SFS) was used to assess social functioning. Non-ToM neurocognitive tests were also given to the patients. Results of the study show how theory of mind and working memory performances of patients with good functional outcome proved to be significantly better than those of inadequately functioning patients. Results also indicate that performance on the Eyes test was the best predictor of social functioning and that negative symptoms also contributed to poor social functioning. It is concluded in this study that mental state decoding skills appear to be the most important cognitive mediator of social functioning.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Improvement in alertness and behavior in children treated with combination topiramate and vagus nerve stimulation.

It has been reported that vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) improves behavior in children, whereas topiramate has a less clear effect. Three boys, aged 5-12 years, with generalized slow spike-wave discharges and refractory epilepsy, were treated with combination therapy of topiramate and VNS. All three had a significant reduction in seizures, but even more dramatic improvement in aggression, social interaction, and ambulation. The Cyberonics Patient Outcome Registry was subsequently queried and a beneficial effect of this combination therapy on behavior (specifically alertness) beyond that of VNS and other anticonvulsants was noted. This did not appear to be due solely to seizure reduction, which was observed only differentially at 12 months.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed2001

Noun versus verb emphasis in Italian mother-to-child speech.

This paper examines naturalistic adult-to-child speech produced by 15 Italian middle-class mothers to determine which specific patterns characterize linguistic input to children at 1;4 and 1;8. Since Italian is a pro-drop language, we expect that adult-to-child speech will show a bias towards a more salient semantic and morphological significance of verbs relative to nouns. We expect that verbs will more likely occupy the sentence-initial position, and have more morphological inflections relative to nouns. Mother-to-child speech was coded for type and token frequency, utterance position, and morphological variation of nouns and verbs. The results confirm our predictions. Namely, Italian-speaking mothers produced verb types and tokens more frequently than noun types and tokens, they placed verbs more frequently than nouns in salient utterance position, and they morphologically marked verb stems more than noun stems.

Communication↗
PubMed1999

Language choice in the earliest utterances: a case study with methodological implications.

In this case study we investigate how early a developing bilingual exposed simultaneously to English and Spanish can make appropriate language choices. We propose two methodological requirements for studies of this kind: (1) detailed records of the development of the child's lexicon; and (2) data collection in more than one language context. Our own study relies on detailed records of the child's cumulative vocabulary from the first word at ten months, and on weekly audiovideo recordings in both English and Spanish contexts from age 1;3. Analysis of the data shows a strong tendency for the language of the child's utterances to match that of the context at ages 1;7-1;8.

Child Language↗
PubMed2001

Segmentation and selection of appropriate Chinese characters in writing place names in Japanese.

This paper explores the relation between an unknown place name written in hiragana (a Japanese syllabary) and its corresponding written representation in kanji (Chinese characters). We propose three principles as those operating in the selection of the appropriate Chinese characters in writing unknown place names. The three principles are concerned with the combination of on and kun readings (zyuubako-yomi), the number of segmentations, and the bimoraicity characteristics of kanji chosen. We performed two experiments to test the principles; the results supported our hypotheses. These results have some implications for the structure of the Japanese mental lexicon, for the processing load in the use of Chinese characters, and for Japanese prosody and morphology.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Social influence, marriage, and the heart: cardiovascular consequences of interpersonal control in husbands and wives.

Human and experimental animal research suggests that social stress in general--and chronic, effortful attempts to exert social control in particular--may contribute to cardiovascular disease. We examined the effects of exerting social influence or control on cardiovascular responses in married couples. Compared to husbands discussing a problem with their wives, husbands attempting to influence or persuade their wives displayed larger increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP) before and during the discussion. Furthermore, these physiological effects were accompanied by increases in anger and a more hostile and coldly assertive interpersonal style. Although wives who engaged in social influence attempts displayed generally similar behavior, they did not show the elevated SBP response or anger. We discuss the results in terms of the social context of cardiovascular reactivity and potential marital factors in cardiovascular health.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Aging, inhibition, and social inappropriateness.

This study explores the hypothesis that age-related declines in inhibitory ability are associated with increases in socially inappropriate behavior. Consistent with this hypothesis, older participants were less likely than younger participants to differentiate between public and private settings when inquiring about potentially embarrassing issues, according to their peers. Additionally, this indiscriminate public inquiry was associated with decreased closeness with participants' peers, particularly for older adults. Finally, this age-related increase in social inappropriateness was mediated by inhibitory deficits associated with aging. These results suggest that age-related deficits in inhibitory ability may cause people to become socially inappropriate against their will.

Adolescent↗