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PubMed2006

Taste aversion in rats induced by forced swimming, voluntary running, forced running, and lithium chloride injection treatments.

The present experiment compared the strengths of taste aversion learning in rats induced by forced swimming in a water pool (5, 15, 30, or 60 min), voluntary running in an activity wheel (15, 30, 60, or 120 min), forced running in a motorized wheel (60 min at the speed of 8 m/min), optional running in the apparatus consisting of an activity wheel and a side room (120 min), and a lithium chloride (LiCl, 0.15 M LiCl at 2% of body weight) injection. The rats were given an access to saccharin solution immediately followed by one of the above treatments or simply returned back to the home cages for the control group. On the next 2 days, aversion to the saccharin solution was assessed by two-bottle choice testing between it and tap water. The following results were obtained. (1) The saccharin aversion was a positive function of exercise durations in the forced swimming and voluntary running rats, and the exercise of more than 30 min induced statistically significant saccharin aversion, compared with the control rats. (2) The forced running caused relatively strong saccharin aversion. The group of forced running rats acquired the numerically strongest saccharin aversion on average among all exercised rats. (3) The optional running treatment had little effect. (4) The LiCl injection resulted in the strongest aversion among the all treatments explored here.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Bilateral knife cuts to the perforant path disrupt spatial learning in the Morris water maze.

Both the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex are known to be crucial for spatial learning, but the contribution of the pathway linking the two structures, the perforant path (PP), has never been tested in a spatial learning paradigm. The present study examined the role of the PP in spatial learning using the Morris water maze. Seven days after bilateral transection of the PP with a fine-bladed knife, rats were habituated to the pool, then trained to swim from varying start locations to a platform submerged in a fixed location. After 28 training trials over 5 days, probe trials (without any platform present) were given to assess spatial memory for the location. Compared to sham-operated controls, lesioned rats showed slower learning and poorer asymptotic performance in terms of both swim path distance and escape latency, and less preference for the correct quadrant during probe trials. When the platform location was "reversed" to the opposite quadrant, the lesioned rats again showed poorer learning, poorer asymptotic performance, and reduced preference for the correct quadrant on the probe trial. When tested with a visible platform whose position varied from trial to trial, lesioned rats performed as well as controls. These results are congruent with previous analyses of the contributions of the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus to spatial learning and suggest that for spatial learning, the PP is a critical functional link between these two structures.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Dissociation between components of spatial memory in rats after recovery from the effects of retrohippocampal lesions.

A series of 4 experiments examined the performance of rats with retrohippocampal lesions on a spatial water-maze task. The animals were trained to find and escape onto a hidden platform after swimming in a large pool of opaque water. The platform was invisible and could not be located using olfactory cues. Successful escape performance required the rats to develop strategies of approaching the correct location with reference solely to distal extramaze cues. The lesions encompassed the entire rostro-caudal extent of the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex, and included parts of the pre- and para-subiculum, angular bundle and subiculum. Groups ECR 1 and 2 sustained only partial damage of the subiculum, while Group ECR+S sustained extensive damage. These groups were compared with sham-lesion and unoperated control groups. In Expt 1A, a profound deficit in spatial localisation was found in groups ECR 1 and ECR+S, the rats receiving all training postoperatively. In Expt 1B, these two groups showed hyperactivity in an open-field. In Expt 2, extensive preoperative training caused a transitory saving in performance of the spatial task by group ECR 2, but comparisons with the groups of Expt 1A revealed no sustained improvement, except on one measure of performance in a post-training transfer test. All rats were then given (Expt 3) training on a cueing procedure using a visible platform. The spatial deficit disappeared but, on returning to the normal hidden platform procedure, it reappeared. Nevertheless, a final transfer test, during which the platform was removed from the apparatus, revealed a dissociation between two independent measures of performance: the rats with ECR lesions failed to search for the hidden platform but repeatedly crossed its correct location accurately during traverses of the entire pool. This partial recovery of performance was not (Expt 4) associated with any ability to discriminate between two locations in the pool. The apparently selective recovery of aspects of spatial memory is discussed in relation to O'Keefe and Nadel's (1978) spatial mapping theory of hippocampal function. We propose a modification of the theory in terms of a dissociation between procedural and declarative subcomponents of spatial memory. The declarative component is a flexible access system in which information is stored in a form independent of action. It is permanently lost after the lesion. The procedural component is "unmasked" by the retrohippocampal lesion giving rise to the partial recovery of spatial localisation performance.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Stimulation of 5-HT(1A) receptors in the dorsal raphe ameliorates the impairment of spatial learning caused by intrahippocampal 7-chloro-kynurenic acid in naive and pretrained rats.

OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the effect of stimulating 5-HT(1A) receptors in the dorsal raphe on the impairment of spatial learning caused by intrahippocampal 7-chloro-kynurenic acid (7-Cl-Kyn) in naive rats and in rats familiar with the general requirements of the task. METHODS: A week after implantation of cannulae to give access to the dorsal raphe (DR) and the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus, rats started their 5 days acquisition training on a two-platform spatial discrimination task in a water maze. On each acquisition day, WAY 100635 and 8-OH-DPAT alone or in combination were injected into the dorsal raphe (DR) 5 min before intrahippocampal injections of 7-Cl-Kyn which was given 10 min before the training session. Similar experiments were conducted in rats that had been familiarized with the general requirements of the task by pretraining them in the water maze in the absence of distal cues. RESULTS: 7-Cl-Kyn (3 microg/microl), injected bilaterally in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus, impaired choice accuracy with no significant effect on choice latency. Rats treated with 7-Cl-Kyn tended to spend more time swimming close to the pool walls and made more errors of omission than controls in the first two sessions. Administered into the DR, the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT (1 microg/0.5 microl) had no effect on any parameter of rats' performance but antagonized the impairment of choice accuracy caused by intrahippocampal 7-Cl-Kyn. Injected into the DR, 1 microg/0.5 microl WAY 100635, a 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist, had no effect on rats' performance or on the impairment caused by intrahippocampal 7-Cl-Kyn, but antagonized the effect of 8-OH-DPAT on the 7-Cl-Kyn-induced deficit. The non-mnemonic behavioral disturbances shown by naive rats treated with 7-Cl-Kyn were greatly reduced in pretrained rats which, nevertheless, showed a marked impairment of choice accuracy similar to that of naive rats. As in previous experiments, administration of 1 microg/0.5 microl 8-OH-DPAT in the dorsal raphe antagonized the impairment of choice accuracy caused by intrahippocampal 7-Cl-Kyn without any effect on other parameters of rats' performance. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that stimulation of presynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors in the dorsal raphe counteracts the deficit in spatial learning caused by a reduced NMDA-mediated excitatory input on pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. The possible mechanisms and the importance of these findings for the symptomatic treatment of memory disorders in man are discussed.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗
PubMed2026

Robotic surgery for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a systematic review.

Robotic surgery is used for selected gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs), particularly when location makes conventional wedge resection difficult. We synthesised technical, perioperative, pathological, functional and oncological outcomes. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to 14 August 2026. Primary reports with at least three eligible robotic gastric-GIST patients were included. Two reviewers independently selected studies, extracted data and completed design-specific JBI appraisal. Because outcome definitions, denominators and reporting were heterogeneous, findings were synthesised narratively in accordance with SWiM guidance rather than pooled. Twenty-three studies, including six comparative cohorts, were included. Institutional robotic cohorts contained 3-45 eligible patients; one national registry included 1,567 robotic cases. Tumour size ranged from 2.68 ± 1.55 to 7.9 ± 1.8 cm among studies reporting means. Most institutional reports described R0 resection in all eligible patients; exceptions were 23/24 and 24/25, while the registry reported 1,425/1,567 R0 resections. Grade III morbidity occurred in 2/25 patients in one function-preserving series. Registry 30- and 90-day mortality after robotic resection were 0.5% and 0.8%, respectively. Comparative studies did not demonstrate superior postoperative or oncological outcomes with robotic surgery. Robotic gastric-GIST resection appears feasible in selected patients and may facilitate organ-preserving surgery at anatomically challenging sites. Current observational evidence does not establish comparative functional, oncological or economic superiority.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

α2 isoform-specific activation of 5'adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribonucleoside at a physiological level activates glucose transport and increases glucose transporter 4 in mouse skeletal muscle.

5'Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been implicated in exercise-induced stimulation of glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle. Although skeletal muscle expresses both the alpha1 and alpha2 isoforms of AMPK, the alpha2 isoform is activated predominantly in response to moderate-intensity endurance exercise in human and animal muscles. The purpose of this study was to determine whether activation of alpha2 AMPK plays a role in increasing the rate of glucose transport, promoting glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) expression, and enhancing insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. To selectively activate the alpha2 isoform, we used 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-d-ribonucleoside (AICAR), which is metabolized in muscle cells and preferentially stimulates the alpha2 isoform. Subcutaneous administration of 250 mg/kg AICAR activated the alpha2 isoform for 90 minutes, but not the alpha1 isoform in hind limb muscles of the C57/B6J mouse. The maximal activation of the alpha2 isoform was observed 30 to 60 minutes after administration of AICAR and was similar to the activation induced by a 30-minute swim in a current pool. The increase in alpha2 activity paralleled the phosphorylation of Thr(172), the essential residue for full kinase activation, and the activity of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase beta, a known substrate of AMPK in skeletal muscle. Subcutaneous injection of AICAR rapidly increased, by 30%, the rate of 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) transport into soleus muscle; 2DG transport increased within 30 minutes and remained elevated for 4 hours after administration of AICAR. Repeated intraperitoneal injection of AICAR, 3 times a day for 4 to 7 days, increased soleus GLUT4 protein by 30% concomitant with a significant 20% increase in insulin-stimulated 2DG transport. These data suggest that moderate endurance exercise promotes glucose transport, GLUT4 expression, and insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle at least partially via activation of the alpha2 isoform of AMPK.

AMP-Activated Protein Kinases↗
PubMed1999

Differential deficits in the Morris water maze following cytotoxic lesions of the anterior thalamus and fornix transection.

Rats with complete fornix lesions or cytotoxic lesions placed in the anterior thalamic region were trained on an allocentric spatial memory test (the Morris water maze). While both lesions led to impairments in locating the hidden platform in this test of reference memory, the thalamic lesions led to a significantly greater deficit than that observed after fornix transection as measured by a number of performance indices. The lesions also led to different patterns of swim behaviour in the pool. The severity of the thalamic lesion deficit was associated with anterior thalamic nuclei damage but not with damage to the nucleus medialis dorsalis. Both the fornix and the thalamic lesions also severely impaired T-maze alternation. In contrast, neither set of lesions appeared to affect the recognition of small or large objects. While the study provides further evidence of a close functional relationship between the hippocampus and the anterior thalamic nuclei, it also shows that disconnection of the fornical inputs to the anterior thalamic nuclei does not provide a full explanation of the thalamic deficit.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

A foodborne outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni (O:33) infection associated with tuna salad: a rare strain in an unusual vehicle.

We report a foodborne outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni infection in a summer camp. Outbreak-related cases occurred in 79 persons including 3 secondary cases in campers. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from stool specimens from 16 of 21 patients who submitted a sample; 13 viable isolates were serotyped and all were serotype O:33 (somatic O scheme) or HL:18 (heat-labile scheme), and biotype III (Lior scheme). This serotype is widely distributed geographically but rarely isolated from humans. Samples of water from the wells supplying the camp were negative for faecal coliforms, and raw milk had not been served in the camp. A matched (1:1) case-control study identified tuna salad served for lunch on 19 July as the likely food item associated with illness (matched odds ratio=22; 95% confidence intervals (CI)=3.6-908). Swimming in the camp pool and other recreational water use in area lakes by the campers were not statistically associated with illness. The precise mechanism of introduction of the organism into the tuna salad remains unknown; contamination most likely occurred through cross-contamination with another food product, the hands of a food handler, or a work surface. Several deficiencies in the operation of the camp kitchen were identified. In Wisconsin, kitchens of such camps are subject to different inspection rules than restaurants. Camp staff, administrators, counselors, food managers, and infirmary staff, should fulfil important roles in their respective areas to prevent future outbreaks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Traumatic internal carotid artery dissection associated with triathlon: a rare differential diagnosis].

Most cervical artery dissections occur spontaneously, but traumatic mechanisms can occasionally be identified. Traumatic internal carotid artery dissection has been attributed with several sports, but there are no reports of its occurrence in thriathlon. We report the case of a 63-year-old semi-professional triathlete, who noticed right-sided neck pain and parietooccipital headache after a triathlon competition. Neurological examination revealed an incomplete right Horner's syndrome. MRI and MR-angiography demonstrated a right-sided internal carotid artery dissection with segmental loss of flow-signal and a mural haematoma in the vessel wall. In this case two pathophysiological mechanisms may be considered. Our patient reported receiving several blows to the neck in a congested 50-metre pool during the triathlon swimming stage. Furthermore, the hyperextended position of the neck during the subsequent cycling stage may have contributed, to a large extent, to the arterial dissection. The risk factors, presenting symptoms, diagnosis of internal carotid artery dissection are reviewed.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sterility.

Whether or not you are still swimming in the gene pool, if you are a member of a flight crew, this article is intended to help you avoid that ultimate form of sterility known as death. Sterile cockpit is an aviation term meaning the absence of nonessential conversation, not silence. This concept is really important to flight crews for a number of very exciting reasons.

Air Ambulances↗
PubMed1995

Swimming endurance capacity of mice is increased by chronic consumption of medium-chain triglycerides.

The effect of chronic administration of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) on swimming endurance (swim capacity) was investigated in male Std ddY mice. The mice were fed a diet containing 80 g MCT + 20 g long-chain triglycerides (LCT)/kg diet for 6 wk; mice fed diet containing 100 g LCT/kg diet were used as controls. After being accustomed to swimming, the mice were subjected to forced swimming every 2 d in the current water pool that we had developed, and the total swimming period until exhaustion was measured. The total swimming period was used as the index of swim capacity. The group fed MCT showed significantly greater swim capacity than the control group (89.5 +/- 2.5 vs. 80.2 +/- 2.0 min). In another experiment, after 4 wk of MCT diet consumption, significantly greater swim capacity was found in untrained mice. The major metabolic consequences of the adaptations of muscle to prolonged MCT administration during endurance training were higher activities of 3-oxo acid CoA-transferase (P < 0.01), citrate synthase (P < 0.1) and malate dehydrogenase (P < 0.1). These findings suggest that increases in the enzyme activities of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and ketone body utilization associated with the chronic administration of an MCT-containing diet enhance swim capacity in mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The international epidemiology of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in AIDS. International MAC Study Group.

OBJECTIVE: To determine rates of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection among AIDS patients in developed and developing countries, and to determine whether different rates reflect differences in exposure or immunity, or both. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: University hospitals and outpatient AIDS programs. METHODS: HIV-infected subjects with CD4 counts < 200 x 10(6)/l were interviewed and had CD4 lymphocyte counts, blood cultures for mycobacteria (baseline and at 6 months), and skin tests with purified protein derivative (PPD) and M. avium sensitin. RESULTS: Among 566 study patients rates of disseminated MAC were 10.5-21.6% in New Hampshire, Boston and Finland compared to 2.4-2.6% in Trinidad and Kenya (P < 0.001). PPD skin test reactions > or = 5 mm were present in 20% of patients from Kenya compared to 1% at other sites (P < 0.001). Among patients from the United States and Finland, multiple logistic regression indicated that occupational exposure to soil and water was associated with a decreased risk of disseminated MAC, whereas the following were associated with an increased risk of disseminated MAC: low CD4 count, swimming in an indoor pool, history of bronchoscopy, regular consumption of raw or partially cooked fish/shellfish and treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of disseminated MAC in AIDS are higher in developed than developing countries and are due to both differences in exposure and differences in immunity. These data provide a rationale for prevention of MAC through both active immunization and reduction in exposure to the organism.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2004

3beta-20beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnane (UC1011) antagonism of the GABA potentiation and the learning impairment induced in rats by allopregnanolone.

Allopregnanolone is a progesterone metabolite and GABA-A receptor modulator with benzodiazepine like effects, including decreased learning and memory. In vitro 3beta-hydroxypregnane steroids antagonize allopregnanolone-induced effects, but no antagonism has been shown in vivo. Our purpose was to evaluate 3beta-20beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnane (UC1011) as a blocker of allopregnanolone-induced effects in vivo and in vitro in rats. We tested adult male Wistar rats in the Morris water maze 8 min after daily injections (i.v.) of allopregnanolone 2 mg/kg (n = 21); allopregnanolone : UC1011 2 : 6 (n = 7), 2 : 8 (n = 7), 2 : 20 (n = 14) mg/kg; UC1011 20 mg/kg (n = 14); or vehicle (10% 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, n = 4). Studies of chloride ion uptake into cortical and hippocampal membrane preparations were performed. The latency to find the hidden platform was still high in the allopregnanolone-injected group on day 6. Day 3-6 rats injected with allopregnanolone and UC1011 (2 : 20 mg/kg) had lower latency (P < 0.05), compared to the allopregnanolone-injected group. The group that only received UC1011 learned the location of the platform as fast as the controls. There was no significant difference in swim speed between groups. The time spent swimming close to the pool wall was in the allopregnanolone : UC1011 group (2 : 20 mg/kg) significantly decreased (P < 0.05, day 3-6), compared to the allopregnanolone-injected group. The increased chloride ion uptake induced by increasing dosage of allopregnanolone in the presence of 10 micro m GABA was significantly decreased with UC1011 (P < 0.01), in both cortical and hippocampal homogenates. In conclusion, UC1011 can via antagonism at the GABA-A receptor reduce the negative allopregnanolone effect on learning in the water maze.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1964

DEEP BODY TEMPERATURE OF UNTETHERED DOLPHIN RECORDED BY INGESTED RADIO TRANSMITTER.

Information concerning body temperature was recorded by radio transmission from within a dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, swimming freely in a pool. The temperature varied according to the activity of the animal and appeared to oscillate when the dolphin was returned to the pool after a brief period outside it. The transmitter was passed approximately 17 hours after it had been swallowed. A new type of antenna was used with the circuit. The transmitter can be adapted for telemetering heart beat, movement, aquatic animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Random and not so random thoughts on becoming and being a statistic: professional and personal musings.

This article contains personal and professional musings on becoming and being an old woman. Becoming and being an old woman (I had no choice) and being a "gerontologist" (I had a choice), results in experiencing at least two realities, that of subject and that of researcher (an interesting word in itself). We daily face the leap across the chasm between science and personal experiences; between swimming in the subject pool and being a life guard or researcher into the life of guarded subjects. How permeable are the boundaries between subject and objectivity? Do gerontological data inform our experiences of becoming old? Are they providing us with norms for aging? Dear Virginia, there are age and sex norms and Enforcers enforce them. And, dear Virginia, there is more to life than research.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Impact of present-day forms of organization of physical education on the health status of preschool children].

During a natural hygienic experiment, the physical development, psychomotor activity, exercise performance, and readiness were evaluated in 6-year-old children, in whom physical education had been organized by routine and experimental programs, including health-improving swimming in the indoor pool of a preschool educational establishment. Exercises built up on the principle of plot-role playing games, by using the developing corrective exercises and psychological and pedagogical escort, were established to be highly effective. The proposed methods contribute to the timely harmonious development of a child, his movement characteristics, positively affect the neurofunctional status, by ensuring the optimum psychomotor development, and maintain a high exercise performance.

Child↗
PubMed1993

Update on exercise-induced asthma.

Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is a temporary increase in airway resistance that occurs after several minutes of strenuous exercise, generally eight to 15 minutes after the patient has stopped exercising. Some individuals experience a secondary reduction in pulmonary function several hours later, the so-called late-phase response. Many physicians believe that EIA is caused by respiratory water loss or airway cooling. Others incriminate tissue mast cells of the lung. The role of histamine is uncertain because it is detected inconsistently in the serum after an attack. Recent studies suggest that the release of sulfidopeptide leukotrienes may play a major role in EIA. Although the exact pathophysiology has yet to be determined, several highly successful treatment regimens have been developed. Preventive pharmacologic treatment with aerosolized beta-agonists is more successful than treatment with cromolyn sodium; however, coadministration of these agents produces significant symptomatic improvement in more than 90% of patients. Other useful medications include antihistamines, anticholinergic agents, theophylline, oral beta-agonists, calcium channel blockers, alpha-adrenergic antagonists, nedocromil, and leukotriene antagonists. Exercise-induced asthma may be suppressed with warm humidified air. This environment can be simulated by swimming in a heated pool or wearing a scarf over the nose and mouth in cold weather.

Asthma, Exercise-Induced↗
PubMed2001

Elevation of blood NAD level after moderate exercise in young women and mice.

We previously reported that the blood NAD levels are decreased by severe exercise, and administration of nicotinamide, a precursor of NAD, improves the endurance capacity of mice. In the present study, we determined whether moderate exercise changes the blood NAD levels in humans and mice. College female students exercised moderately with bike-ergometers. The blood NAD levels elevated after moderate exercise. Mice were forced to swim in a running water pool for 5 min as a moderate exercise, 15 min as a strong exercise, and until exhaustion as a severe exercise (average swimming time was 28.7 min). A 5 min swim gave a result similar to that of moderate exercise by human subjects. However, the blood NAD levels decreased after all-out exercise. The changes in whole blood tryptophan (a precursor of pyridine nucleotides) levels were similar to that in NAD. The glucose levels in whole blood and the non-esterified fatty acid levels in serum decreased according to exercising time. These data are the first demonstration of moderate exercise raising the blood NAD levels in human and mice. Elevation of the blood NAD levels may reflect changes in niacin metabolism that occur in response to exercise.

Adult↗