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Results for “Community Development”

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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Preventive strategies for dealing with violence among blacks.

In regular medicine if a patient goes to a doctor to be treated for a rat bite, the physician cleans the bite, dresses it, gives antibiotics, and gives a tetanus shot. The physician practicing social medicine would give our imaginary patient the same treatment but would go a step further; he would arrange for someone to go into the patient's community and set rat traps. A similar distinction is made between general psychiatry and community psychiatry, and this distinction highlights one of the main principles of the community psychiatrist's mission, community development. Community development being the art of helping a community achieve a social and interpersonal milieu that promotes an optimum level of mental health (Freed, 1972; Freed, 1972). This aspect of community psychiatry takes on an even greater significance when the community being served is a lower socioeconomic, minority community because of the conditions found in such communities that can impair the overall mental health of the community's individuals, families, and groups. This article will illustrate the principle of community development, the role of one psychiatrist in community development, and its importance to deprived minority communities by describing a community psychiatry approach to the problem of black-on-black homicide.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1996

Faculty development for community practitioners.

Developing the academic skills of the individuals who will serve as educators and role models in the community is critical to pediatric resident education in community settings. The main focus of any faculty development program must be on teaching, although for a subset of individuals, the development of research skills should also be a consideration. The three key elements that must be considered for an effective faculty development program include: (1) creating a culture of mutual respect between full-time and community faculty; (2) basing the program on sound principles of education theory, especially adult learning theory, using appropriately trained faculty; and (3) establishing ongoing institutional financial and philosophical support. Effectively addressing these elements should create a faculty development program that will help the community practitioner become an effective role model and practitioner- preceptor-educator.

Community Medicine↗
PubMed1982

Effects of chlorpyrifos on field- and laboratory-developed estuarine benthic communities.

Macrobenthic animal communities, developed in sand-filled aquaria in the laboratory and in the field, were exposed to various concentrations of the insecticide chlorpyrifos, and effects on community structure were assessed. Laboratory communities were continuously exposed to the toxicant for 8 wk during colonization by planktonic larvae in unfiltered Santa Rosa Sound, Fla., seawater. Field communities were developed for 8 wk in aquaria placed in Santa Rosa Sound, then removed to the laboratory for exposure to chlorpyrifos for one week. Abundance of arthropods was significantly diminished (alpha = 0.05) by measured concentration of chlorpyrifos greater than or equal to 0.1 microgram/l in water in laboratory communities and by 5.9 microgram/l in water in field communities. Numbers of annelids and chordates in contaminated aquaria were not reduced by the highest concentrations of chlorpyrifos tested, 8.5 microgram/l in laboratory-colonized aquaria and 5.9 microgram/l in field-colonized aquaria. One species of annelid, Cistenides gouldii, was more abundant in field aquaria receiving 1.0 microgram/l or 5.9 microgram/l than in the control and lowest concentration. Molluscan larvae colonizing laboratory aquaria were sensitive to greater than or equal to 0.1 microgram/l; however, later developmental stages characterizing field aquaria were not sensitive to less than or equal to 5.9 microgram/l. Although only 20 of 78 animal species appeared in both laboratory and field communities, sensitivity of animals in these tests and in single species tests could be compared.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Community mental health teams: development in community care.

This article discusses research undertaken in an area of South Wales on the functioning of community mental health teams, which took place during the closure of two large psychiatric hospitals and the development of the Welsh Office strategy for mental illness. Key findings relate to the lack of clarity of the role of team coordinators, the absence of individual performance review systems, the diversities in referral systems and caseloads. An attempt was made to develop a performance matrix in relation to individual teams.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1994

A model for community involvement in health (CIH) program development.

Community involvement in health (CIH), a central concept in health development, is a participatory approach to health care that is organized from the perspective of the recipient. Putting CIH into practice represents a learning experience for the community, the health professionals involved and those responsible for the national climate in which this change takes place. The CIH process was operationalized over a two-year period in a black township in South Africa. A community survey identified the health needs and capacities related to the elderly, their families and their support system. Community groups and individuals, in partnership with the researcher, prioritized the needs that had been identified and then implemented four programs related to those needs. A process model was developed that provided the structure for initiating and maintaining these programs. The model helped people who were new to the community organizing to focus on general principles. It was flexible so that programs could be interpreted and implemented in the context of local culture and resources. The model was functional in guiding community nurses, lay community members and employees in health-related programs through the process of starting new programs. This approach empowered participants to move beyond only hoping for change or being puzzled by its elusiveness.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nurturing grassroots initiatives for health and housing.

This article has discussed the need to support grassroots community development. Grassroots community development requires the development and maintenance of voluntary community organizations (e.g., block, neighborhood, and tenant associations). These organizations have proved effective in the social, physical, and economic development of a community. The challenge facing policy makers and strategists is to develop a system that supports a multitude of community initiatives. This article has discussed such an "enabling system" and structure, functions, and services required as part of this system. The challenge we face is to increase the problem-solving capacity of disenfranchised communities. One of the biggest barriers we face in this mission is the competition and lack of coordination among professional service organizations.

Community Participation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Community youth development: learning the new story.

Community youth development is a challenging approach to youth work that focuses on the incorporation of new values at the practice, management, and community levels. This article explores the implementation of a community youth development approach within the context of learning organization theory, and describes the experiences of three youth-focused agencies making the transition to a community youth development approach.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Partnership for community health development.

A programme of community health development is reported from two villages in Haiti. It involves close cooperation between a district hospital, a local dispensary, and, most importantly, the inhabitants themselves. The programme is simple, financially realistic, adapted to local conditions, and linked to activities designed to meet basic requirements, such as those of food production and water supply.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1983

Primary health care provision in terms of community need in South Africa.

In South Africa, early lessons in primary health care were lost to sight and have been rediscovered only recently. Priorities need to be reassessed in order to better allocate resources to community needs. Developing and developed communities require different primary care services. Simple and effective epidemiological methods should be used to gather information required for planning and evaluation of services. In developing communities, where there is a shortage of doctors, trained nurses operate local clinics with the help of community workers. Community participation and the cooperation of the traditional healers are necessary. Appropriate training of personnel for an effective role in public health care is essential.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1988

Underutilisation of oral rehydration in the treatment of gastroenteritis.

Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) has now been used successfully in many countries. The best indication of its effectiveness is a decrease in mortality, and this has been demonstrated in a number of studies in developing communities. In developed communities where mortality from acute diarrhoea is already low, ORT has been underutilised. Here, the general practitioner has a key role, and it is vitally important to appreciate that ORT is first-line treatment, with no place for drug therapy in most cases.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1995

Community empowerment in rural health care.

The Healthy Communities 2000 mandate calls for public health leaders to involve community members in setting health priorities and implementing programs in response to the national health objectives for the year 2000 (American Public Health Association, 1991). This paper describes community involvement through a community empowerment nursing intervention and evaluates its application in a rural community. A community health nursing project (AHCPR, Grant No. HS06801) with three interventions, one of which was community empowerment, was designed to address the health needs of small, rural, underserved, primarily Mexican American communities in Arizona. Community empowerment in this project was based on the community-development approach to community organization, and involved community health nurses and lay health workers, called promotoras, who are key persons in community development. The implementation of two health fairs, one the result of the community-empowerment intervention, is described and evaluated in relation to community health. The community-empowerment intervention was based on community participation and responsibility, hallmarks of the second health fair, reflecting lay expertise and cooperation among various levels of the community. Successes and limitations of the health fairs provide feedback for developing a community-empowerment intervention.

Arizona↗