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PubMed1996

Maze learning by honeybees.

This study examines whether honeybees can learn to fly through complex mazes, in the presence or the absence of specific visual cues. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Bees can learn to fly through a complex maze by following a trail of colored marks. 2. Bees, initially trained to follow color marks through an initial part of the maze, are immediately able to use the same sign-tracking cue to find their way through the rest of the maze, which is unfamiliar to them. 3. Bees trained to follow color marks through a particular maze can use the same cue to negotiate a novel maze. 4. Bees trained to use a particular color to negotiate a maze can immediately use a novel color to negotiate the same maze or even a novel maze. 5. After learning to negotiate a maze by following colored marks, bees can find their way through the maze even when the marks are removed, albeit at reduced levels of accuracy. Thus, the trained bees do not rely solely on sign-tracking to find their way through the maze: they also acquire a spatial memory of the maze or at least a sequence of motor commands describing the correct path through it. 6. Bees can learn to use color as a signal even when it indicates the path through the maze in a symbolic way, for example, blue indicating a turn to the right and green a turn to the left. 7. Bees can learn an unmarked maze. Performance under these conditions is poorer than when marks are provided, but is still significantly better than chance level. 8. Control experiments rule out the use of external landmarks in all of these situations.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Cost-effective provision of cardiac services in a fixed-dollar environment.

In the Canadian single-payer system, all hospital payments, including payments for cardiac operations, are negotiated with the government annually. Each hospital is required to remain within 50 cases of its negotiated surgical target. Physicians are paid on a capitated basis and are subject to penalties if negotiated targets are exceeded. There is a computerized waiting list for cardiac operation, with patients classified by an urgency rating scale and objectives set for the maximum period for any given urgency category. Experience has shown that many patients are delayed in the queue, waiting longer than expected for surgical procedures. Waiting times are not influenced by age, sex, or reoperative status, but are influenced by factors such as the presence of multiple risk factors, the number of diseased vessels, stability or unstability of angina, left main coronary artery disease, and recent angioplasty. Waiting time has not been shown to affect operative mortality, the incidence of postoperative low-output syndrome, or length of hospital stay. Canada's 30-year experience with the provision of cardiac services under managed care may provide useful information to hospitals and physicians in the United States currently confronting capitation. The following overview focuses on two critical issues: negotiation of costs and management of patient waiting lists.

Canada↗
PubMed1999

Incorporating rules for responding into evolutionary games.

Evolutionary game theory is concerned with the evolutionarily stable outcomes of the process of natural selection. The theory is especially relevant when the fitness of an organism depends on the behaviour of other members of its population. Here we focus on the interaction between two organisms that have a conflict of interest. The standard approach to such two-player games is to assume that each player chooses a single action and that the evolutionarily stable action of each player is the best given the action of its opponent. We argue that, instead, most two-player games should be modelled as involving a series of interactions in which opponents negotiate the final outcome. Thus we should be concerned with evolutionarily stable negotiation rules rather than evolutionarily stable actions. The evolutionarily stable negotiation rule of each player is the best rule given the rule of its opponent. As we show, the action chosen as a result of the negotiation is not the best action given the action of the opponent. This conclusion necessitates a fundamental change in the way that evolutionary games are modelled.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The relationship between lower body strength and obstructed gait in community-dwelling older adults.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationship between lower body strength of community-dwelling older adults and the time to negotiate obstructed gait tasks. DESIGN: A correlational study. SETTING: The Biomechanics Laboratory, Deakin University, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-nine women and 16 men aged 62 to 88 were recruited using advertisements placed in local newspapers. The participants were independent community dwellers, healthy and functionally mobile. MEASUREMENTS: Maximal isometric strength of the knee extensors and dynamic strength of the hip extensors, hip flexors, hip adductors, hip abductors, knee extensors, knee flexors, and ankle plantar flexors were assessed. The times to negotiate four obstructed gait tasks at three progressively challenging levels on an obstacle course and to complete the course were recorded. The relationship between strength and the crossing times was explored using linear regression models. RESULTS: Significant associations between the seven strength measures and the times to negotiate each gait task and to walk the entire course at each level were obtained (r = -0.38 to -0.55; P < .05). In addition, the percentage of the variance explained by strength (R(2)), consistently increased as a function of the progressively challenging level. This increase was particularly marked for the stepping over task (R(2) = 19.3%, 25.0%, and 27.2%, for levels 1, 2, and 3, respectively) and the raised surface condition (R2 = 17.1%, 21.1%, and 30.8%, for levels 1, 2, and 3, respectively). CONCLUSION: The findings of the study showed that strength is a critical requirement for obstructed locomotion. That the magnitude of the association increased as a function of the challenging levels suggests that intervention programs aimed at improving strength would potentially be effective in helping community-dwelling older adults negotiate environmental gait challenges.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Advising people to take more exercise is ineffective: a randomized controlled trial of physical activity promotion in primary care.

BACKGROUND: Over the last 10 years 'exercise referral schemes' have been popular even though the evidence for effectiveness of any one-to-one intervention in primary care is deficient. We report the results of a primary care based one-to-one intervention that compared the effect of two communication styles with a no-intervention control group on self-reported physical activity at 12 months. METHODS: In all, 1658 middle-aged men and women were randomly assigned to 30 minutes of brief negotiation or direct advice in primary care or a no-intervention control group. The main outcome was self-reported physical activity at 12 months. Secondary outcome measures included change in blood pressure and body mass index. RESULTS: Intention-to-treat analysis revealed no significant differences in physical activity between groups. Brief negotiation group participants who completed the study increased their physical activity significantly more than controls. There was no change in body mass index in any group. The brief negotiation group produced a greater reduction in diastolic blood pressure than direct advice. CONCLUSION: If patients whose health may benefit from increased physical activity seek advice in primary care, 20-30 minutes of brief negotiation to increase physical activity is probably more effective than similar attempts to persuade or coerce. However, blanket physical activity promotion in primary care is not effective. The most effective way of increasing physical activity in primary care has yet to be determined.

Energy Metabolism↗
PubMed2003

Residents' duty hours in the province of Ontario, Canada.

The author explains the history of the Professional Association of Internes and Residents of Ontario (PAIRO), Canada, founded in 1968-69 to represent postgraduate medical trainees in negotiations with the Ontario Hospital Association over issues of trainees' stipends. Over the years, the negotiations evolved to cover a number of other issues, including duty hours, and established the principle that binding arbitration would be used to resolve any disputes between the two parties that could not be resolved through negotiation. At present, PAIRO negotiates a biannual collective agreement with the Ontario Council of Teaching Hospitals (OCOTH), whose features the author describes. The most important provisions of the 2000-2002 PAIRO-OCOTH agreement on the limits of duty hours are described. The author then comments that while such limits have benefited programs and residents, there is concern that the limits decrease the opportunities for trainees to be involved in the care of patients with a wide variety of medical conditions. Also, the duty-hours limits have required some services to use attending physicians or outside health professionals to perform duties previously carried out by trainees, creating problems that the author describes.

Internship and Residency↗
PubMed1992

Children's self-allocation and use of classroom curricular time.

A class of 9-10 year-olds (N = 12) in a British primary school were observed as it moved over a one-year period through three types of classroom environment, traditional directive, transitional negotiative and established negotiative. Each environment offered the children a differing relationship with curricular time, its control and allocation, moving from teacher-allocated time to child allocation. Pupil self-report and classroom observation indicated differences in the balance of curricular spread and allocated time on curricular subject in relation to the type of classroom organisation and who controlled classroom time. These differences were at both class and individual child level. The established negotiative environment recorded the most equitable curricular balance, traditional directive the least. While individual children responded differently within and across the three classroom environments, the established negotiative where time was under child control recorded preference for longer activity periods compared to where the teacher controlled time allocations.

Achievement↗
PubMed1980

Muriel Driver Memorial Lecture 1980--Directions for the decade.

Following an introductory summary of role theory, this paper examines one element of professional development -- that of ROLE NEGOTIATION. Research findings as outlined which provide evidence of the need for developing role negotiation skills within the occupational therapy profession in Canada. The paper describes four role strategies which can be used to professional advantage, as therapists negotiate their roles. The final emphasis is on the positive professional implications of effective role negotiations in the 80's.

Canada↗
PubMed1983

Costing out a wage and benefit package.

Labor costs represent the largest single cost of operation for most organizations. For the unionized employer, the compensation package is determined during contract negotiations. It is important for both union and management negotiators to be able to identify the cost of a proposed agreement. Both parties to a contract should know whether a proposed compensation package is consistent with an organization's ability to pay. In addition, when "trading" demands, both parties should be aware of the cost of the demands being traded. An approach to costing out a labor agreement has been presented in this article. While it can be described as the standard approach, it is subject to several criticisms. Typically, it is applied in a way that assumes that history will repeat itself. In addition, it focuses on the direct cost of a proposed compensation package. While this is certainly relevant, the impact of the compensation package on organization profits is more important. Finally, the time value of money is not taken into account. This would be important if a multi-year contract is being negotiated. While there are legitimate concerns about the approach presented here, our objective is to provide the reader with a basic approach to costing out a wage and benefit package. Anyone involved in contract negotiations or, in the nonunion firm, anyone responsible for administering a wage and benefit program, should be aware of the problems that we have described and seek out reference materials to provide guidance in addressing them.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed2006

Group counseling and psychotherapy across the cultural divide: the case of Ethiopian Jewish immigrants in Israel.

Effective counseling across a cultural divide depends on adaptations or changes of technique to suit the particular intercultural circumstances. The concept of mutual creative space provides a guiding principle for therapists who wish to make such changes. This space is 'negotiated' between the therapist/counselor coming from the 'dominant/mainstream' group within society, and the group participants who arrive from another culture. Mutual creative space consists of the negotiation of power and a process of mutual invention, incorporating the creation, by therapist and participants, of something new that did not exist in either of their cultures of origin. A meaningful encounter and effective group counseling can take place following the negotiation of such a creative space. This is illustrated by the example of intercultural group work with Ethiopian Jewish immigrants in Israel, including an analysis of cultural characteristics of the Ethiopian group and specific ways of negotiating mutual creative space in this case. Issues discussed include: establishing trust in the cross cultural context; the use of body language and its interpretation; the psychologist as an authority figure; active participation vs. hidden learning; and working with dreams in such groups.

Counseling↗
PubMed1982

The implementation of model standards in local health departments.

Four local health departments in California tested a process of state/local negotiations for the purpose of implementing model standards in community preventive health services. The standards, which covered five program areas, had been developed by a collaborative work group of representatives from the United States Conference of City Health Officers, the National Association of County Health Officials, the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, the American Public Health Association, and the US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Evaluation of the project indicates that the success of the negotiation transactions and results varied, both among local health departments and program areas. A number of factors have been identified as influencing the negotiations, including the availability of baseline data, the extent to which individual programs are currently affected by required standards of performance, and health department attitude toward the project. The future utility of this model is considered within the broader context of changes now occurring in the financing and organization of public health within the United States. Project findings suggest that the Model Standards negotiations could provide state and local levels of government with a valuable management tool for determining health care priorities and generating objective programmatic data for budget justification.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1989

Model Standards impact on local health department performance in California.

An evaluation of a state-local negotiation process to implement Model Standards in 18 California local health departments was conducted during 1985-87. Model Standards specific to California were developed by state and local public health officials for seven programs. Nine counties participated in state-local negotiations to set performance standards in these seven programs. During the two-year effort, greater use of Model Standards and more improvement in local program performance occurred in local health departments that participated in the state-local negotiation process. The use of Model Standards appeared to contribute to establishing program priorities, emphasizing the measurement of outcomes, improving data management systems, and evaluating the current performance of programs. While this state-local negotiation process is suggested as the preferred approach to encouraging the use of Model Standards in local health departments, it must be recognized that this process requires time and commitment of resources from both the state and local levels.

California↗
PubMed1995

Impact of spinal cord injury on the life roles of women.

This qualitative study was conducted to explore and describe the role experience of five women whose lives were disrupted by a traumatic spinal cord injury and who later returned to their communities after completing intensive rehabilitation programs. In-depth interviews and participant observations were used to examine the experiences of these women. The findings exemplify how the women's use of adaptation and negotiation and the development of a new role as self-advocate facilitated the reestablishment of their life roles. As the women's occupational roles were redefined, the processes of adaptation and negotiation were evident in three aspects of their lives: daily routines, relationships, and environment. Through their new role of self-advocate, architectural and attitudinal barriers were negotiated and adapted so that roles could be explored. These findings indicate that community reentry involves the ongoing process of negotiation and adaptation of life roles. The use of life histories during the rehabilitation phase is suggested as a way for therapists to develop meaningful treatment plans that stimulate patients' adaptation process and ultimately enhance community reentry.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

The call to collaboration. Pursuing and completing a merger requires planning and perseverance.

In 1987 Mercy Health Care System (MCHS) of Scranton, PA, and Mercy Health System (MHS) of Cincinnati took the first steps toward a merger. Leaders of the Scranton province, who had for some time been seeking to establish a relationship with another Mercy-sponsored health system, had approached MHS with the proposal. In late summer 1988 MHS began a thorough analysis of the facilities of the Pennsylvania system, assessing their mission, margin, and market strength; plant and property conditions; and human resources. At the same time the two provincial teams and CEOs from facilities in both systems, along with an outside consultant, began to negotiate the proposed merger's sponsorship and governance structure. Careful avoidance of "we-they" thinking was the hallmark of the entire negotiating process. Having agreed that they wanted a cosponsored system, the negotiating teams struggled to determine the degree of representation the Scranton province (five facilities) and the Cincinnati province (18 facilities) would have. The teams also had to iron out differences of opinion regarding the viability of one facility. Negotiators also worked out a decision-making procedure ensuring appropriate input from the Scranton member of the corporation. Help was sought to ensure that the merger agreement was in accordance with both canon and civil law. A sophisticated, step-by-step implementation process helped bring MHCS facilities on line as quickly as possible with minimal disruption. A series of celebrations commemorated the merger's completion.

Catholicism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship dynamics, ethnicity and condom use among low-income women.

CONTEXT: Women's protection against HIV and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) depends upon their ability to negotiate safer sex. It is important to know how cultural norms and gender roles, which vary by ethnicity, may either constrain or encourage negotiation of condom use. METHODS: Questionnaires were completed by 393 low-income non-Hispanic black, Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women who were sexually active and attending family planning and STD clinics and other public health and social service centers in Miami in 1994 and 1995. Multivariate logit techniques were used to identify ethnic differences in relationship dynamics and to determine couple- and individual-level factors associated with consistent use, occasional use or nonuse of condoms. RESULTS: Black and Hispanic women reported higher levels of consistent condom use (15-17%) than did white women (4%). Nearly all black and white women (90-95%) said that they were extremely or somewhat comfortable talking about condoms with their partner, whereas 76% of Hispanic women did so. A larger proportion of Hispanic women (55%) reported joint contraceptive decision-making than did black women (26%) or white women (31%). Among women who reported that their partner made contraceptive decisions, 28% used condoms consistently or occasionally, compared with 24% among women who made the decision themselves. When the couple made the decision jointly, 41% of them were condom users. Hispanic women scored the lowest on a scale of condom-related self-efficacy, yet also reported the highest levels of confidence in their condom negotiating skills. Multivariate analysis indicated that, compared with white women, black and Hispanic women were more likely to be consistent condom users than nonusers (odds ratios, 10.2 and 18.9, respectively). Women who shared financial decision-making with their partner were almost 80% less likely to be a consistent condom user, and women who did not participate in financial decisions were more than 90% less likely to do so, than were women who made monetary decisions independently. CONCLUSIONS: HIV prevention and intervention programs should emphasize birth control discussion between partners and the development of condom-related self-efficacy and negotiation skills, and these programs also should customize prevention messages according to ethnicity and social context.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Cryptographic framework for document-objects resulting from multiparty collaborative transactions.

Multiparty transactional frameworks--i.e. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) or Health Level (HL) 7--often result in composite documents which can be accurately modelled using hyperlinked document-objects. The structural complexity arising from multiauthor involvement and transaction-specific sequencing would be poorly handled by conventional digital signature schemes based on a single evaluation of a one-way hash function and asymmetric cryptography. In this paper we outline the generation of structure-specific authentication hash-trees for the the authentication of transactional document-objects, followed by asymmetric signature generation on the hash-tree value. Server-side multi-client signature verification would probably constitute the single most compute-intensive task, hence the motivation for our usage of the Rabin signature protocol which results in significantly reduced verification workloads compared to the more commonly applied Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) protocol. Data privacy is handled via symmetric encryption of message traffic using session-specific keys obtained through key-negotiation mechanisms based on discrete-logarithm cryptography. Individual client-to-server channels can be secured using a double key-pair variation of Diffie-Hellman (DH) key negotiation, usage of which also enables bidirectional node authentication. The reciprocal server-to-client multicast channel is secured through Burmester-Desmedt (BD) key-negotiation which enjoys significant advantages over the usual multiparty extensions to the DH protocol. The implementation of hash-tree signatures and bi/multidirectional key negotiation results in a comprehensive cryptographic framework for multiparty document-objects satisfying both authentication and data privacy requirements.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2006

[Root canal therapy of resinified teeth with surgical operating microscope and ultrasonic instruments].

PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of surgical operating microscope and ultrasonic instruments in endodontic treatment of patients who underwent previous resinifying therapy. METHODS: 63 premolars and molars that had been treated with resinifying therapy before were selected for root canal therapy. The coronal portion of resinified root canals were negotiated with ultrasonic instruments under surgical operating microscope, and the apical portion was managed with small size hand files and 15% EDTA. The root canals of all cases were shaped by Nickel-Titanium rotary instruments Hero 642, and obturated with lateral condensation technique. The negotiation of root canal system, instrument fracture, alterations of canal morphology, and operation time were recorded. The efficiency of preparation and obturation was analyzed by radiographs before and after treatment. RESULTS: The root canals of 54 teeth were negotiated, enlarged and obturated, with a success rate of 85.7%. No complications were found, such as vertical fracture, ledge, perforation and instrument separation. Good result of treatment was achieved in the 54 cases. CONCLUSIONS: The use of surgical operating microscope and ultrasonic instruments is proved to be effective in negotiation of coronal portion of the resinified root canals. Nevertheless, the use of ultrasonic instruments in apical or curved portion of root canals is not encouraged.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Integrating general practice and hospital services.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate a model of negotiations between six Divisions of General Practice and four teaching hospitals, aimed at creating formal agreements to improve the GP-hospital interface. METHOD: The evaluation examined the model's outcomes and participants' experiences. Outcomes were investigated via unstructured interviews with key informants, and analysis of relevant documentation. Participants' experiences were elicited via structured interviews with 11 Divisional members and 14 hospital representatives. RESULTS: Progress towards agreements was made in all cases, with a full agreement being reached at one hospital. Negotiations are continuing in the remaining hospitals. Additional outcomes were achieved during the process, and included resources and structural arrangements involving GPs. Participants were satisfied with the model, but certain key issues were identified. CONCLUSION: This evaluation suggests that for negotiations between GPs and hospitals to be successful, Divisions must be involved and be representative, hospitals must see value in formal agreements, their structure must be considered and the process must be collaborative. In the current policy context, which emphasises primary care, hospitals and GPs are increasingly likely to start working more cooperatively. This model has significant potential to improve the interface between the two parties, through its formal negotiation process, and could easily be adapted to other settings.

Australia↗