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PubMed2002

Survey on the use of smart and adaptive engineering systems in medicine.

In this paper, the current published knowledge about smart and adaptive engineering systems in medicine is reviewed. The achievements of frontier research in this particular field within medical engineering are described. A multi-disciplinary approach to the applications of adaptive systems is observed from the literature surveyed. The three modalities of diagnosis, imaging and therapy are considered to be an appropriate classification method for the analysis of smart systems being applied to specified medical sub-disciplines. It is expected that future research in biomedicine should identify subject areas where more advanced intelligent systems could be applied than is currently evident. The literature provides evidence of hybridisation of different types of adaptive and smart systems with applications in different areas of medical specifications.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed2004

Surgical robotics: a review and neurosurgical prototype development.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to update the neurosurgical community on the expanding field of surgical robotics and to present the design of a novel neurosurgical prototype. It is intended to mimic standard technique and deploy conventional microsurgical tools. The intention is to ease its integration into the "nervous system" of both the traditional operating room and surgeon. CONCEPT: To permit benefit from updated intraoperative imaging, magnetic resonance imaging-compatible materials were incorporated into the design. Advanced haptics, optics, and auditory communication with the surgical site recreate the sight, sound, and feel of neurosurgery. RATIONALE: Magnification and advanced imaging have pushed surgeons to the limit of their dexterity and stamina. Robots, in contrast, are indefatigable and have superior spatial resolution and geometric accuracy. The use of tremor filters and motion scalers permits procedures requiring superior dexterity. DISCUSSION: Breadboard testing of the prototype components has shown spatial resolution of 30 microm, greatly exceeding our expectations. Neurosurgeons will not only be able to perform current procedures with a higher margin of safety but also must speculate on techniques that have hitherto not even been contemplated. This includes coupling the robot to intelligent tools that interrogate tissue before its manipulation and the potential of molecular imaging to transform neurosurgical research into surgical exploration of the cell, not the organ.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed2005

[Development of an intelligent control system for radiography].

An intelligent control system has been designed using the single chip and the related circuit, and with the assemble language. It is connected with the common X-ray units to control the exposure dose. The result shows that three parameters for radiography are well controlled by the intelligent control system, and auto-radiography is realized.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2005

[A study on medical image fusion].

In this paper, we discuss image fusion methods within the space domain, transform domain and intelligence domain, where the emphasis is given to the fusion method based on image segment, wavelet transform, its extension, and semantic predication. Finally, some remarks upon prospects of medical image fusion are presented.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2005

An intelligent system for automatic detection of gastrointestinal adenomas in video endoscopy.

Today 95% of all gastrointestinal carcinomas are believed to arise from adenomas. The early detection of adenomas could prevent their evolution to cancer. A novel system for the support of the detection of adenomas in gastrointestinal video endoscopy is presented. Unlike other systems, it accepts standard low-resolution video input thus requiring less computational resources and facilitating both portability and the potential to be used in telemedicine applications. It combines intelligent processing techniques of SVMs and color-texture analysis methodologies into a sound pattern recognition framework. Concerning the system's accuracy this was measured using ROC analysis and found to exceed 94%.

Adenoma↗

PubMed2006

Intelligent inferencing and haptic simulation for Chinese acupuncture learning and training.

This paper presents an intelligent virtual environment for Chinese acupuncture learning and training using state-of-the-art virtual reality technology. It is the first step toward developing a comprehensive virtual human model for studying Chinese medicine. Students can learn and practice acupuncture in the proposed 3-D interactive virtual environment that supports a force feedback interface for needle insertion. Thus, students not only "see" but also "touch" the virtual patient. With high performance computers, highly informative and flexible visualization of acupuncture points of various related meridian and collateral can be highlighted to guide the students during training. A computer-based expert system using our newly proposed intelligent fuzzy petri net is designed and implemented to train the students to treat different diseases using acupuncture. Such an intelligent virtual reality system can provide an interesting and effective learning environment for Chinese acupuncture.

Acupuncture↗

PubMed2004

New paradigms in telemedicine: ambient intelligence, wearable, pervasive and personalized.

After decades of development of information systems dedicated to health professionals, there is an increasing demand for personalized and non-hospital based care. An especially critical domain is cardiology: almost two third of cardiac deaths occur out of hospital, and victims do not survive long enough to benefit from in-hospital treatments. We need to reduce the time before treatment. But symptoms are often interpreted wrongly. The only immediate diagnostic tool to assess the possibility of a cardiac event is the electrocardiogram (ECG). Event and transtelephonic ECG recorders are used to improve decision making but require setting up new infrastructures. The European EPI-MEDICS project has developed an intelligent Personal ECG Monitor (PEM) for the early detection of cardiac events. The PEM embeds advanced decision making techniques, generates different alarm levels and forwards alarm messages to the relevant care providers by means of new generation wireless communication. It is cost saving, involving care provider only if necessary and requiring no specific infrastructure. This solution is a typical example of pervasive computing and ambient intelligence that demonstrates how personalized, wearable, ubiquitous devices could improve healthcare.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed2005

[The EICP's development for clean operation rooms].

This paper introduces the principium and application of the embedded intelligence control platform (EICP) in the clean operating room in our hospital. It can be a master of automatic control for air decontamination, temperature, humidity, lighting lamps, shadowless lamp, etc..

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed1996

Utilizing temporal data abstraction for data validation and therapy planning for artificially ventilated newborn infants.

Medical diagnosis and therapy planning at modern intensive care units (ICUs) have been refined by the technical improvement of their equipment. However, the bulk of continuous data arising from complex monitoring systems in combination with discontinuously assessed numerical and qualitative data creates a rising information management problem at neonatal ICUs (NICUs). We developed methods for data validation and therapy planning which incorporate knowledge about point and interval data, as well as expected qualitative trend descriptions to arrive at unified qualitative descriptions of parameters (temporal data abstraction). Our methods are based on schemata for data-point transformation and curve fitting which express the dynamics of and the reactions to different degrees of parameters' abnormalities as well as on smoothing and adjustment mechanisms to keep the qualitative descriptions stable. We show their applicability in detecting anomalous system behavior early, in recommending therapeutic actions, and in assessing the effectiveness of these actions within a certain period. We implemented our methods in VIE-VENT, an open-loop knowledge-based monitoring and therapy planning system for artificially ventilated newborn infants. The applicability and usefulness of our approach are illustrated by examples of VIE-VENT. Finally, we present our first experiences with using VIE-VENT in a real clinical setting.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1995

Bridging theory and practice: cognitive science and medical informatics.

Medical informatics has experienced dramatic growth, both as an applied and as a research discipline in recent years. In this paper, we argue that there is a need to expand the research base to characterize the cognitive dimension of informatics. Theories and methods from cognitive science can provide an effective counterpart to traditional medical informatics in addressing issues of usability of the systems, the processing of information, and the training of physicians. In the first part of the paper, we address the problems inherent in applying basic theories to practice and suggest some potential solutions. The second section deals with epistemological issues that are fundamental to cognitive science research and medical informatics. We then discuss two areas of application of cognitive scientific theories and methods to medical informatics: cognitive evaluation of human computer interface and intelligent medical decision support systems. The paper addresses the progress that has been made thus far and discusses how future cognitive research can facilitate further growth in the development of these applications.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed2026

Applications of metal-organic frameworks in smart packaging for food freshness indication: a comprehensive review.

Smart packaging is extensively studied for its multifunctional capabilities in antimicrobial activity, preservation, and atmosphere modification. Recently emerged metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) freshness-indicating packaging becomes a key research direction in smart packaging owing to its distinctive functions and physicochemical properties. As multifunctional materials, the unique porous structure and tunable properties of MOFs provide a distinctive approach for developing food packaging applications dedicated to food freshness indication. Existing MOFs-based smart packaging still faces potential safety risks and technical challenges in practical applications, and there remains a lack of integrated discussion that combines synthesis strategies, packaging design, optimization, and safety assessment. This review elaborates on the application of MOFs in freshness-indicating smart packaging, focusing on diverse MOFs synthesis strategies, the formats of smart packaging, types of indicator signals, and qualitative/quantitative analytical methods. It also delves into the methodology concepts of MOFs-based smart packaging and evaluates MOFs safety in food packaging by addressing potential risks. Studies show that MOFs-based smart packaging achieves qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of food freshness through multiple signal modalities such as visible color change, fluorescence, and photothermal effects. This review emphasizes that safe MOFs design is critically important and should comply with the overall migration limit of <10 mg/dm2 specified in Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004, lanthanide element limit of <0.05 mg/kg, and FDA threshold of 1.5 μg/person/day. Comprehensive safety assessment and intelligent sensing platforms will constitute pivotal directions for advancing MOFs-based smart packaging toward practical application.

Food Packaging↗

PubMed1997

Using a general theory of time and change in patient monitoring: experiment and evaluation.

In this paper, we propose to use one of the well-known general theories of time and change, namely the Event Calculus (Kowalski and Sergot, New Generation Computing 4, 67-95, 1986), to represent temporal aspects in intelligent medical monitoring systems. In particular, we explore the application of CEC (Chittaro and Montanari, Computational Intelligence 12, 359-382, 1996) (an efficient implementation of the Event Calculus) to the management of mechanical ventilation. First, we present the prototype we have built, which has been extensively tested on patient's data from real clinical cases. Then, we provide a thorough evaluation of the obtained results, pointing out both strengths and weaknesses of the approach, and identifying a number of extensions which can be extremely useful to scale up the medical application of the approach.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed2005

Healthons: errorless healthcare with bionic hugs and no need for quality control.

Errorless, invisible, continuous and infrastructure-free healthcare should become our goal. In order to achieve that goal, we need to rapidly move from current episodic and emergency-driven "healthcare delivery system" to an intelligent and extelligent health environment. That requires introduction of distributed affective Intelligent Caring Creatures (ICCs) consisting of healthons. Healthons are tools combining prevention with diagnosis and treatment based on continuous monitoring and analyzing of vital signs and biochemistry. Unlike humans, who posses only two or three dimensions of thinking, healthons can assure errorless health because of their adaptability, flexibility, and multidimensional reasoning capability. ICCs can do "the right thing" based on (1) state-of-art medical knowledge, (2) data about emotional, physiological, and genetic state of a consumer and (3) moral values of a consumer. The transition to the intelligent health environment based on ICCs requires the solutions to many currently unsolved healthcare problems. This paper lists the unsolved problems (by analogy to mathematical unsolved problems list) and explains why errorless healthcare with bionic hugs and no need for quality control is possible.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed2003

Intelligence with representation.

Behaviour-based robotics has always been inspired by earlier cybernetics work such as that of W. Grey Walter. It emphasizes that intelligence can be achieved without the kinds of representations common in symbolic AI systems. The paper argues that such representations might indeed not be needed for many aspects of sensory-motor intelligence but become a crucial issue when bootstrapping to higher levels of cognition. It proposes a scenario in the form of evolutionary language games by which embodied agents develop situated grounded representations adapted to their needs and the conventions emerging in the population.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2004

Intelligent decision making in disassembly process based on fuzzy reasoning petri nets.

Practical disassembly process planning is extremely important for efficient material recycling and components reuse. The research work for the process planning in literature focuses on the generation of optimal sequences based on the predictive information of products. The used products, unfortunately, exhibit high uncertainty since products may experience very different conditions during their use stage. The indeterminate characteristics associated to used products often makes the predetermined plan unrealistic. Their disassembly process has to be decided dynamically adaptive to the products' specific status. To be able to deal with uncertainty in a dynamic decision making process, this paper presents a fuzzy reasoning Petri net (FRPN) model to represent related decision making rules in disassembly process. Using the proposed fuzzy reasoning algorithm based on the FRPN model, the multicriterion disassembly rules can be considered in the parallel way to make the decision automatically and quickly. Instead of producing the disassembly sequences before disassembling a whole product, the proposed method makes intelligent decisions based on dynamically updated status of components in the product at each disassembly step. Therefore, it is adaptive to the changes that arise during the process. Finally, an example is used to illustrate the application of the proposed methodology.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2000

Computer software for process hazards analysis.

Computerized software tools are assuming major significance in conducting HAZOPs. This is because they have the potential to offer better online presentations and performance to HAZOP teams, as well as better documentation and downstream tracking. The chances of something being "missed" are greatly reduced. We know, only too well, that HAZOP sessions can be like the industrial equivalent of a trip to the dentist. Sessions can (and usually do) become arduous and painstaking. To make the process easier for all those involved, we need all the help computerized software can provide. In this paper I have outlined the challenges addressed in the production of Windows software for performing HAZOP and other forms of PHA. The object is to produce more "intelligent", more user-friendly software for performing HAZOP where technical interaction between team members is of key significance. HAZOP techniques, having already proven themselves, are extending into the field of computer control and human error. This makes further demands on HAZOP software and emphasizes its importance.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed1998

Requirements for an on-line knowledge-based anatomy information system.

User feedback from the Digital Anatomist Web-based anatomy atlases, together with over 20 years of anatomy teaching experience, were used to formulate the requirements and system design for a next-generation anatomy information system. The main characteristic of this system over current image-based approaches is that it is knowledge-based. A foundational model of anatomy is accessed by an intelligent agent that uses its knowledge about the available anatomy resources and the user types to generate customized interfaces. Current usage statistics suggest that even partial implementation of this design will be of great practical value for both clinical and educational needs.

Anatomy, Artistic↗

PubMed1999

Artifact processing during exercise testing.

In signal processing of exercise electrocardiograms (ECGs), artifacts are a recurring problem. It is still difficult to discriminate the ECG curves from artifacts, especially in exercise ECGs and particularly in the high exercise phase. We focused on the artifact problem and worked on two new topics: the Finite Impulse Response Residual Filtering (FRF) algorithm and the Intelligent Lead Switch algorithm. The FRF algorithm reduces the baseline wander and muscle noise in the ECG stream, with much less distortion of the QRS complexes. It subtracts a continuously updated median beat from the current ECG, filters the residual signal with a high-pass and a low-pass filter, and adds the median beat to the filtered residual signal. The Intelligent Lead Switch algorithm takes advantage of the redundancy of a multilead system (eg, standard leads), which is nowadays used during exercise testing. It selects the best leads for QRS detection and thus improves the heart rate calculation, ST segment evaluation, and arrhythmia classification.

Algorithms↗