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PubMed2001

Exploring the emotional support needs and coping strategies of family carers.

This paper explores the emotional support needs and coping strategies of family carers derived from two focus group interviews, each group comprising seven family carers. The interviews were carried out in Northern Ireland as part of phase one of the ACTION (Assisting Carers using Telematics Interventions to meet Older persons Needs) project. The purpose of the interviews was to investigate family carers' needs and experiences, but this paper focuses specifically on the emotional support needs and coping strategies identified by group members. The issues discussed included information and social support needs, the emotional impact of caring, and coping with and adaptation to the caring role. The findings reveal that for the majority of family carers their experience was one of constant searching for support and information. The anxiety and frustration associated with inconsistent and irregular support and lack of information was a major source of concern for the carers in the study. However, the carers employed a number of positive and negative coping strategies to deal with the stress associated with their caregiving role. The study concluded with the recommendation for nurses and other health care professionals to become more proactive in assessing and meeting carers' emotional support needs.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Use of rules of thumb in the consultation in general practice--an act of balance between the individual and the general perspective.

BACKGROUND: Rules of thumb used by GPs could be considered as empirical evidence of intuition and a link between science and practice in general practice. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to analyse the description of the application of rules of thumb with regard to different situations in general practice. METHODS: An explorative and descriptive study was started with focus group interviews. Four groups with 23 GPs were interviewed. The interviews were transcribed and analysed, and the rules and their application were classified by an editing analysis. RESULTS: A specific set of rules of thumb was used for rapid assessment, when emergency and psychosocial problems were identified. When the main focus of the problems was identified as somatic or psychosocial, the GPs did not disregard the other aspects but described the use of rules in a simultaneous individualizing and generalizing process. The rules contained probability reasoning and risk assessment. CONCLUSION: Rules of thumb seemed to serve as a link between theoretical knowledge and practical experience and were used by the GPs in an act of balance between the individual and the general perspective.

Family Practice↗
PubMed2004

"Do none of you talk to each other?": the challenges facing the implementation of interprofessional education.

There is a growing interest internationally in the development of interprofessional education (IPE), with the potential goal of achieving more effective healthcare delivery. The aim of this study is to explore the feasibility of introducing IPE within undergraduate health professional programmes, using a systematic review of the evidence and focus-group interviews. This paper reports findings from the focus-group interviews. Three focus-group interviews, each lasting two hours, were conducted. Participants (n = 34) were drawn from the clinical and academic environments, from health service consumers and from health professional students. Two areas were explored: (1) the feasibility of IPE and (2) perceptions of its effects. Each focus group had a primary facilitator who led the group discussion and a second facilitator audiotaping discussions and writing observational notes. Three main themes emerged: the advantages of IPE, the challenges of initiating IPE, and the role of IPE in the creation of professional identification. There was consensus in the view that IPE had much potential in breaking down traditional barriers to team working, including professional 'tribalism'. It is important for IPE to be integrated with interprofessional experiences in clinical practice. Further empirical work, focusing on student and patient outcomes in IPE, is needed.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1997

Tools for a successful interview.

Using a group interview tool encourages objective data. Guidelines make certain that the legal process is being followed. Tools for a successful interview process are provided.

Decision Making, Organizational↗
PubMed2002

Corrections for range restriction in structured interview ethnic group differences: the values may be larger than researchers thought.

Previous studies of standardized ethnic group differences in the employment interview have shown differences to be relatively small. Unfortunately, many researchers conducting interview studies have not considered the issue of range restriction in research design. This omission is likely to lead to underestimates of standardized ethnic group differences (d) when the interview is considered as an initial screening device or used in combination with other initial screening devices. The authors found that 2 forms of a behavioral interview were associated with standardized ethnic group differences of .36 and .56 when corrected for range restriction. These differences are substantially larger than previously thought and demonstrate the importance of considering a variety of study design characteristics in obtaining the appropriate parameter estimates.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Focus groups: an interview method for nursing research.

Focus groups present an ideal way for nurse researchers to collect preliminary information about an area of research interest. The information obtained can lead to greater understanding of phenomena or can be used to develop more extensive quantitative studies. Following the recommendations for conducting a focus group as described in this article and focus group manuals can lead to a worthwhile and enjoyable experience for all involved.

Focus Groups↗
PubMed1995

A structured panel interview and group exercise in the selection of medical students.

The selection of entrants for medical school, as now widely agreed, should include measurements of non-academic as well as academic attributes. The authors have developed a process to assess the personal attributes of applicants. This included a structured panel interview carried out twice on each applicant by independent interviewers and a group exercise in which several applicants were observed whilst discussing a problem. Training for interviewers took the form of a half-day interactive workshop. One hundred and forty-one school-leaving applicants completed the new assessment. No relationship was found between academic achievement as reflected by marks in a national examination and scores in the panel interview, the group exercise, or the school principal's report. However, significant intercorrelations were found between the panel interview, group exercise and school report. The results of this experience have encouraged the Auckland School to continue to explore methods to measure these attributes in a carefully controlled study.

Education, Medical, Undergraduate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

College students with diabetes: using focus groups and interviews to determine psychosocial issues and barriers to control.

College students with diabetes are at risk for improvised diabetes care due to their age, newly acquired independence, and erratic schedules. The purpose of this study was to employ focus groups and interviews to identity factors that affect the ability of these students to engage in appropriate self-care behaviors. Focus group and interview questions were developed to address variables of the Expanded Health Belief Model. Two focus groups and fifteen interviews were conducted. Barriers to successful diabetes management were time management, stress hypoglycemic reactions, diet management constraints, and inadequate finances. Several psychosocial issues that affected successful management also were identified. These issues were grouped into three categories: (1) inconveniences of diabetes management, (2) motivators to managing diabetes, and (3) social support issues. The findings show the value of formative evaluation that can then be used to design diabetes education programs to meet clients' perceived needs.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of interviewed and non-interviewed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) patients in the San Francisco Bay Area.

PURPOSE: To determine whether interviewed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) patients differed from non-interviewed NHL patients and to revise the population-based risk estimate for NHL associated with HIV infection in homosexual men in the San Francisco Bay Area. Differences between study participants and non-participants are a concern in epidemiologic studies. Recruitment techniques can be modified when nonparticipation is a result of subject refusal. However, the solutions for nonparticipation due to death are less clear, especially when rapid case ascertainment (RCA) is used to identify newly diagnosed patients. METHODS: A large population-based case-control study was conducted in the San Francisco Bay Area between 1988 and 1995 to investigate risk factors for NHL. Nearly 1600 patients were interviewed and included in this study. A total of 1047 NHL patients were not interviewed because they had died prior to contact (602 patients) or we had received their RCA information after the study had ended (445 patients). We compared available demographic, clinical, and histologic profiles of the interviewed and non-interviewed NHL patients. RESULTS: Compared with the interviewed group, the non-interviewed group was younger, had more single HIV-infected homosexual men and a higher incidence of high-grade and "not-otherwise-specified" lymphoma. When categorized by sex and sexual preference, median age at diagnosis of NHL was the same for the interviewed and non-interviewed homosexual men. Combining interviewed and non-interviewed patients, the estimated risk for NHL associated with HIV infection in homosexual men [odds ratio (OR) = 50] is substantially higher than we had estimated in our earlier publications (OR = 20). CONCLUSIONS: High-grade lymphomas associated with poor survival in homosexual men are likely to be under-represented in case-control studies of NHL.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Acceptability of alcohol-based hand rub during neonatal care in rural Ugandan households: a qualitative study nested within the BabyGel trial.

BACKGROUND: Poor access to water, sanitation and hygiene exacerbates the spread of infections among newborns. The BabyGel cluster randomised trial assessed the effectiveness of a community-level alcohol-based hand rub with a training component in reducing infection or death rates among newborns in Uganda. OBJECTIVE: Nested in the BabyGel trial, this study investigated the acceptability of the BabyGel intervention among mothers and household members in Eastern Uganda, using the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability. METHODS: In 2022, we conducted individual semistructured interviews with mothers, and group interviews with mothers and other household members, all recruited from intervention-arm clusters. Thematic analysis combined inductive and deductive coding, structured by the framework's seven constructs: affective attitude, burden, ethicality, intervention coherence, opportunity costs, perceived effectiveness and self-efficacy. RESULTS: Twenty mothers and 14 household members participated in 10 individual and 10 small group interviews. Participants found the intervention generally acceptable, appreciating its convenience and perceived protection against infection. Many described hand hygiene changes that persisted beyond the intervention period. However, concerns related to its harmful effects, spiritual beliefs and social tensions with visitors occasionally influenced its use. CONCLUSION: Alcohol-based hand rub combined with a training component was generally well accepted, driven by perceived health and practical benefits, although concerns related to safety, belief systems and social dynamics remained. Because data collection coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic, a period of heightened hygiene awareness, the acceptability observed could differ in nonpandemic periods. Culturally adapted education, community engagement and reinforcement of correct use may enhance acceptability and sustainability in similar settings.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neonatal intensive care: communication and attachment.

Birth has traditionally been recognized as a family-centred event where immediate exposure to the infant occurs and where the family begins, through direct contact, touch and voice, to form an attachment to the infant. In high-risk pregnancy and delivery, medical and technological advances distance the family from the birth event. This article describes some aspects of a research project with identified factors that facilitate and hinder family and mother attachment to the infant during periods of separation subsequent to premature delivery or other problems which require management in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The project was exploratory. It involved observation of care, participation in care, individual unstructured interviews, focus group interviews and also use of Leske's (1986, 1991a,b) critical care family needs inventory, which was modified and responded to by family members (n = 109) in an attempt to quantify and validate their needs. Six constructs were derived from the inventory and then ranked by mothers (n = 100). The findings from this process were triangulated to observation and interview data in order to confirm factors that facilitate and hinder the process of attachment during family and mother-infant separation. The results of the study imply that when the family and mother are supported by an individualized approach to care and appropriate communication is used, attachment can be facilitated.

Anxiety, Separation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The importance of being there: perspectives of social support by adolescents with cancer.

Adolescents with cancer are confronted with many challenges. The extent to which they are able to deal with such challenges appears to be partly contingent on a positive strong social support system. In this article, the author describes findings specific to the sources of social support that 15 adolescents with cancer found to be most important in getting them through the cancer experience. Data were collected as part of a longitudinal qualitative interpretive study and involved individual interviews, focus group interviews, and participant observation as the main sources of data. The relationships that adolescents maintained with their nuclear families, health care team members, and special friends were the 3 main supportive relationships in the adolescents'lives. The act of others "being there" was seen by the adolescents as the key element of a supportive relationship and involved 6 main behaviors. Although the 3 key supportive relationships were essential in helping adolescents get through cancer, these relationships were at times a source of stress for adolescents.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Student learning in clinical nursing education: perceptions of the relationship between assessment and learning.

There is a wealth of literature demonstrating that clinical nursing education is an important part of the baccalaureate programme in preparing students for entry into the nursing profession. While much attention has been given to the factors that can affect learning outcomes in the clinical environment, student and teacher perceptions of the relationship between assessment and learning has remained an under-researched area. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions about what students learned and how they learned during their clinical practicum, and to examine the role played by assessment in influencing student learning. Data were collected through a series of focus group interviews with groups of nursing students, graduates, and teachers. It was revealed that students' learning during the clinical practicum was, to a large extent, affected by their perceptions of the assessment tasks. As a result, they adopted a surface approach to learning and focused on preparing for the assessment tasks to the detriment of their learning. Assessment, in this study, exerted what has been described as a negative "backwash" effect on learning. Since assessment may also foster student learning in a positive way, suggestions are offered as to what can be done to bring about a positive "backwash" effect.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2003

Weight maintenance and relapse in obesity: a qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate, among women with obesity who have lost weight, the psychological factors associated with successfully maintaining the new lower weight, as opposed to weight regain. DESIGN: Qualitative research methods (in-depth individual interviews and group interviews) were used to assess the characteristics of successful weight maintainers, as compared with weight regainers and healthy-weight women. SUBJECTS: In all, 76 females were recruited from the community, comprising 28 formerly obese women who had lost weight and maintained their new lower weight for at least 1 y; 28 obese women who had lost weight but regained the weight that they had lost; and 20 women with a stable weight in the healthy range. RESULTS: Certain psychological factors were identified which characterised the regainers but not the maintainers. These factors were: failure to achieve weight goals and dissatisfaction with the weight achieved; the tendency to evaluate self-worth in terms of weight and shape; a lack of vigilance with regard to weight control; a dichotomous (black-and-white) thinking style; and the tendency to use eating to regulate mood. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that psychological factors may provide some explanation as to why many people with obesity regain weight following successful weight loss. The factors identified in this study need to be examined further using prospective designs.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The development of in-service teachers' knowledge of a constructivist approach to physical education: teaching beyond activities.

The purpose of this paper is to describe three aspects of learning a movement approach that were salient and initially problematic for 1 experienced teacher, 2 early career teachers, and 1 student teacher. A constructivist perspective was the theoretical base. Across 3 years, the researcher conducted 11 weeks of observations, 15 formal interviews, 3 group interviews, and daily informal interviews. Three problematic aspects were: (1) knowing to what extent they should give information and tell children what to do when teaching less structured content, (2) knowing the whole of the approach and how components connected, and (3) knowing content (i.e., pedagogical content knowledge) in enough depth and detail. Knowledge development was facilitated by more experienced teachers, experience, and a set of key ideas.

Education, Continuing↗
PubMed1999

The attitudes of Australian GPs to evidence-based medicine: a focus group study.

BACKGROUND: Over the last 6 years there has been an exponential increase in the publication of medical literature on evidence-based medicine. In Australia, as in many other parts of the world, there have been calls for an increase in the practice of evidence-based medicine. In general practice, two major themes of criticism have been the lack of relevant research evidence in primary care and the failure of evidence-based medicine to take into account the complexity of the consultation. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to explore the attitudes of Australian GPs to evidence-based medicine. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study using evidence-based guidelines as a model to explore attitudes within focus group interviews. Focus group data were analysed using grounded theory methodology. The study was set in the Australian cities Melbourne, Adelaide and Darwin. The subjects were 27 GPs in five focus groups. RESULTS: Data were used to generate a model illustrating factors affecting the consideration and use of evidence within consultations. Prior beliefs and experience had a strong influence on decision-making. Overall, the GPs had a positive attitude to evidence-based medicine and stated that this could be a helpful strategy for meeting their information needs. These needs arose during the consultation and were frequently generated by patients. The evidence-based approach was regarded as particularly useful when patients required validation of their management or had specific queries. However, the GPs also expressed some concerns, such as the application of evidence from clinical trials to individuals, and the appropriateness of using research evidence with certain patients. They also feared a move away from the 'art of medicine'. None of the GPs expressed a need for critical appraisal skills. CONCLUSIONS: The Australian GPs in this study had mixed views about the increasing profile of evidence-based medicine, and the use of this paradigm in practice. Acceptability was more likely to be influenced by relevance to general practice and local contextual and patient factors than by the strength, or critical quality of the evidence.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Siblings' experiences with childhood cancer: a different way of being in the family.

Childhood cancer and its treatment result in many challenges that impact the entire family. For siblings of children with cancer, the challenges can be particularly stressful as they often undergo tremendous change in their lives. Although there is a sound and growing body of knowledge on how siblings experience childhood cancer, there is still much to be learned. Part of a larger qualitative study aimed at detailing childhood cancer experience and its symptom trajectory from the perspective of parents, ill children, and siblings, this study aims to describe findings specific to 30 siblings who participated in the study. Siblings took part in individual interviews, focus group interviews, and participant observation. The constant comparative method of data analysis yielded the theoretical category of "ways of being in the world," which referred to the different ways that cancer impacted on the lives of children with cancer and their families. For the siblings, cancer was experienced as a different way of being within their family and involved siblings undergoing a loss of a family way of life and a loss of self within the family. Three themes related to a different way of being in the family were identified: committing to keeping my family together, being present, and enduring sadness. The findings reinforce that more needs to be done in helping healthy siblings through childhood cancer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

How siblings of those with severe mental illness perceive services and support.

This study examines the complex and varied effects associated with having a brother or sister with a severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) on the lives of adult siblings without chronic disability. Through five focus group interviews, 19 participants were asked to describe the impact that having a brother or sister with mental illness had on their lives. Codes and categories derived from the text of the transcribed interviews were grouped into broad themes. The respondents described the manifestations and challenges of contending with the SPMI of an adult sibling. They focused on gaps in services and communication with mental health providers, particularly with regard to timing of interventions and identifying readiness for treatment, as well as their own mental health needs. The article concludes with a discussion of the increased need for exchange of information and clarity of communication among family members and providers, following best practice guidelines that are well documented but not well implemented.

Journal Article↗