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At least 1,333 records · Page 74Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Vaccination of cattle with TickGARD induces cross-reactive antibodies binding to conserved linear peptides of Bm86 homologues in Boophilus decoloratus.

Vaccines based on recombinant Bm86 gut antigen from Boophilus microplus are a useful component of integrated control strategies against B. microplus infestations of cattle. The capacity of such vaccines to control heterologous infestations by two African tick species was investigated. The mean weight of engorged female ticks and mean egg mass per tick were significantly reduced in B. decoloratus infestations, but there was no effect of the vaccine against adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. We cloned, sequenced and expressed two Bm86 homologues (Bd86) from B. decoloratus. Amino acid sequence identity between Bd86 homologues (Bd86-1 and Bd86-2) and Bm86 was 86% and 85%, respectively, compared to 93% identity between the variants. Native Bd86 protein in B. decoloratus tick mid-gut sections and recombinant Bd86-1 reacted strongly with sera from TickGARD vaccinated cattle. TickGARD can therefore protect against a heterologous tick species with multiple antigen sequences. Epitope mapping using sera from TickGARD-vaccinated cattle identified two linear peptides conserved between the Bd86 homologues and Bm86. These epitopes represent candidate synthetic peptide vaccines for control of Boophilus spp. and the pathogens transmitted by these tick vectors.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The systemic effect of adult and immature Amblyomma variegatum ticks on the pathogenesis of dermatophilosis.

The systemic effect of adult and nymphal Amblyomma variegatum on the pathogenesis of experimental infections of Dermatophilus congolensis was investigated. Three groups of four sheep were used with all 12 sheep being infected with identical titrated doses of D. congolensis One group of sheep was simultaneously infested with adult A. variegatum the second with nymphal A. variegatum and the third group were the controls, with no exposure to ticks. Assessment of the resulting infections indicate that the systemic effect of this tick is confined to the adults. Skin and serological tests using foreign antigens showed significantly reduced cell mediated and humoral immune response only in the sheep infested with adult A. variegatum.

Actinomycetales Infections↗
PubMed1990

Methods currently used for the control of East Coast fever: their validity and proposals for future control strategies.

Restriction of cattle movements, vector control, treatment and immunization are identified as the main control methods against East Coast fever (ECF). The effectiveness of these methods is very much influenced by cultural practices, economic and political pressures and development of resistance by ticks to acaricides. The proposed strategies for the future include continued restriction of cattle movements, less intensive vector control in enzootic areas so as to maintain enzootic stability, chemotherapy and immunization of the improved cattle. In addition, research efforts to evaluate strategic vector control, develop cheaper drugs, improve the quality and delivery of the stabilate vaccine, and identify and mass produce appropriate immunogenic subunit vaccines should be intensified.

Africa, Central↗
PubMed2006

Ectoparasite control.

The severity of damage that insects, ticks, and mites may have on their bovine hosts ranges from undetectable effects on energy expenditure to the death of the host. These pest insects can cause direct damage to their hosts by their annoyance, irritation, blood feeding, modification of host behavior, and invasion of tissues. This direct damage can result in such direct losses as dermatitis, anemia,reduction in weight gain performance, devaluation of carcass,injury during pest avoidance, injury by chemical control of pests,necrosis, and death. The main flies that affect cattle performance and specifically, stockers, are discussed in this article.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1997

Studies on buffalo babesiosis in Hubei Province, China.

The present paper summarises our recent studies on buffalo babesiosis in the Hubei province of China. It describes the pathogen and the epidemiology of the disease, the tick vector and its biology, control, immunological diagnosis, methods of in vitro cultivation of the pathogen and their practical applications. The identify of the pathogen is discussed in detail.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Susceptibility of immature Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) to desiccants and an insecticidal soap.

Efficacy of commercially available formulations of desiccants (Drione, Dri-die, diatomaceous earth) and insecticidal soap (Safer's) comprised of active ingredients were evaluated against Ixodes scapularis Say immatures in petri dish and grass turf bioassays. In petri dish bioassays at label rate, all products, except diatomaceous earth, provided a high degree of control by 24 and 48 h (71-100% mortality). Mortality of larvae exceeded 94% by 4 h after treatment with Drione (10 x label rate held at 85% RH), Dri-die (label rate held at both 85% and 98% RH) and Safer's insecticidal soap (10 x label rate held at 98% RH). Nymphal mortality was highest by 4 h after treatment with Safer's insecticidal soap (up to 96%). Larvae were more susceptible than nymphs to desiccants, however, nymphs were more susceptible than larvae to Safer's insecticidal soap. Immature ticks treated with Safer's insecticidal soap exhibited sublethal effects with significantly decreased attachment to hosts and no engorgement. In grass turf bioassays, mortality of nymphs was equivalent (85-95%) between treatments of chlorpyrifos (0.6 kg [AI]/ha, Safer's insecticidal soap, and Drione. In the same bioassays, nymphal mortality was moderate after treatment with Dri-die (23-29%) and low following application with diatomaceous earth (16%) and for untreated controls (6%).

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The effects of the brown ear-tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, on milk production in dairy cattle.

The effect is reported of artificially controlled levels of infestation with adults of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus on the milk yield of twenty commercial Bos taurus dairy cattle on a high plane of nutrition and eighteen crossbred B.taurus x Sanga cattle on a lower plane of nutrition on the highveld of Zimbabwe. The results showed no significant effect on milk yield of infestations averaging twenty engorging ticks per animal per day, despite severe ear damage in some animals. They indicate that milk production of dairy cattle under commercial management is not sensitive to infestation with R.appendiculatus. The results have important implications for management of ticks in Africa, but need to be interpreted within the context of the control of tick-borne diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The possible role of two common three-host ticks, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Amblyomma hebraeum, in the transmission of bovine leukosis virus.

The possible role of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Amblyomma hebraeum in the mechanical and transstadial transmission of bovine leukosis virus (BLV) was investigated. BLV-free laboratory strains of R. appendiculatus and A. hebraeum nymphal ticks (n = 400) were fed on a BLV-infected and a negative control bovine. At various intervals after engorgement the ticks were homogenised and injected subcutaneously into BLV-negative sheep. Adult R. appendiculatus and A. hebraeum, which had fed as nymphs on the BLV-infected bovine, were then allowed to feed on BLV-negative sheep. A control sheep was also injected intravenously with blood from the infected bovine. Only the control sheep that received blood from the BLV-positive bovine seroconverted 9 months later. All the other surviving sheep remained serologically negative during the 13 months observation period. It is suggested that the nymphal stages of these ticks probably do not play a role in the transstadial transmission of BLV in southern Africa. The significance of these results is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Interaction of virulent and attenuated tick-borne encephalitis virus strains in ticks and a tick cell line.

An interference between a thermosensitive (ts) mutant and the wild-type (wt) of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus in Ixodes ricinus L. and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Neumann) ticks is reported. I. ricinus females were dually infected by a parenteral inoculation of ts and wt strains at 10-day interval. Interference was demonstrated by the lowered ability of wt virus to replicate in ticks previously infected by ts virus. The wt virus was demonstrated in only 30% of the ticks; the average virus titre was lowered by 2.1 log10 compared with the control group, which was infected with the wt virus only. The oral infection of R. appendiculatus ticks with the same viruses also revealed an interference with the growth of the superinfecting wt virus. While in the control group all the ticks became infected, in the dually infected group the wt virus was found in only 50% of the ticks. However, when the ticks were infected orally with ts virus and superinfected parenterally with the wt virus, no interference was observed. In a R. appendiculatus-derived cell line persistently infected with the ts virus (100% of the cells), a partial inhibition of the growth of the superinfecting wt virus was observed. The ts virus retained its thermosensitive phenotype throughout the persistent infection of both the ticks and the tick cell line.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Trypanosome infections and tick infestations: susceptibility in N'Dama, Gobra zebu and Gobra x N'Dama crossbred cattle exposed to natural challenge and maintained under high and low surveillance of trypanosome infections.

Susceptibility to trypanosome infections and tick infestations was assessed in 51 N'Dama, 48 Gobra zebu and 37 Gobra x N'Dama crossbred (F1) cattle exposed to field-tick infestations and natural high tsetse challenge over more than one year. From these cattle, 12 animals of each breed were randomly selected and examined parasitologically for trypanosome infections and packed cell volume (PCV) twice a week (high surveillance, group HS). In the remaining 100 cattle trypanosome infection and PCV were monitored monthly (low surveillance, group LS). Mortality rates were recorded in both groups. Tick infestation was quantified fortnightly from all animals in group HS and from four to seven randomly selected animals of each breed in group LS. In both HS and LS groups, trypanocidal drug treatment was administered to trypanosome positive animals with PCV equal to or less than 20% or when they showed clinical evidence (dullness, weight loss) of trypanosomosis. In both groups, N'Dama cattle exhibited a superior capacity to control trypanosome infections and limit tick burdens. Particularly, in group HS N'Dama cattle showed lower trypanosome infection rate, higher mean PCV value, lower requirement for trypanocide treatments and lower tick load than crossbred and Gobra cattle in the corresponding group (P < 0.05 or greater). This was also true in N'Damas in comparison with crossbreds in group LS. Unfortunately, the high mortality occurring in Gobra cattle in group LS did not allow within group comparative analysis between N'Dama, Gobra and crossbred cattle overall the study period. No death occurred in N'Dama cattle maintained under high surveillance of trypanosome infection, while approximately 8% of crossbreds and 50% of Gobras died of trypanosomosis. In group LS, all Gobra and more than 70% of crossbred cattle died. In this group, mortality in N'Dama was limited to less than 16%. In both groups, differences in mortality were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in Gobras than in N'Damas. Within breed, animals of the three breeds maintained under high surveillance of trypanosomal infection showed higher mean PCV values, lower tick burdens and required proportionally less trypanocide treatments than corresponding cattle in group LS. The infection rate in N'Dama under high surveillance was lower in comparison with N'Dama cattle in group LS. There was no significant difference in mortality between groups within the N'Dama breed. Conversely, mortality rates were lower in crossbred and Gobra in group HS than in respective cattle in group LS. It was concluded that cattle of the three breeds suffered from trypanosomosis and that trypanosome infections affected tick susceptibility. However, N'Dama showed a superior ability to limit both the pathological effects of trypanosomosis and the level of tick infestations. Therefore, considering the cost of labour and consumable equipment required for a high surveillance, use of multi-disease resistant N'Dama cattle is recommended for the low-input traditional African farming systems in areas where trypanosomosis, ticks and tick-borne diseases are constraints to livestock production. Additional comparative investigations are needed to assess the impact of high surveillance scheme of trypanosome infection in different production systems in trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible cattle exposed to different gradients of tsetse challenge.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Resistance in the hematophagous arthropods--problem on the rise. I. Resistance mechanisms to insecticides].

Hematophagous arthropods are pesky but can also be very dangerous to human health due to their ability to act as vectors to many viral, bacterial or parasite-related diseases. The common application of chemicals to control pests leaded to the increasing resistance to pesticides among both insects and ticks. The causes underlying the appearance of the resistance and the mechanisms involved are presented in this article. The description of mechanisms is presented starting from decreased penetration of the pesticide, to an increase in metabolism of pesticide, to the reduced sensitivity of the pesticide's target.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

A comparison of Ixodes rubicundus (Acari: Ixodidae) infestations on Friesian and Bonsmara cattle in South Africa.

This study was conducted to compare the relative resistance of crossbred Bos indicus X B. taurus Bonsmara and B. taurus Friesian cattle to Ixodes rubicundus (Karoo paralysis tick) infestations. During periods of peak abundance of the ticks, Friesian oxen harboured almost twice or more than twice as many ticks as either Bonsmara oxen or cows. During periods of low tick abundance tick burdens on both cattle breeds were closely similar. It is envisaged that cattle can play an important role in an integrated control strategy against the Karoo paralysis tick.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Development of a prophylactic regime using long-acting tetracycline for the control of redwater and heartwater in susceptible cattle moved into an endemic area.

Thirty young crossbred steers were purchased from a tick-borne disease-free farm in South Africa, shown to be serologically negative to Babesia bigemina/bovis and Cowdria ruminantium, and moved to an experimental farm where babesiosis and heartwater were known to be endemic. The animals were allowed to graze as a herd on tick-infested areas of the farm for 90 days from the beginning of April but were separated into three groups of 10 for treatment. One group received a prophylactic regime of two injections of 20 mg/kg of a long-acting oxytetracycline on days 7 and 14 after introduction, one received a regime of three similar injections on days 7, 14 and 21 and the other group remained untreated prophylactically. The animals were observed early each morning in a crush, rectal temperatures being taken daily and blood smears when clinical signs of disease occurred. When clinical disease was confirmed in individual animals appropriate therapeutic treatment was implemented. In addition tick counts were made weekly. All untreated control animals required treatment for redwater between days 23 and 32 and eight of them then contracted heartwater of which five died despite therapy. Four animals from the group receiving two injections of oxytetracycline and one receiving three injections also contracted redwater but rather later. During the initial 35 day assessment period it was noticed that the majority of Boophilus ticks failed to engorge on the oxytetracycline-treated animals. In the second phase of the trial theileriosis (T. mutans-type) became evident in many animals and appeared to precipitate new or recrudescent clinical redwater and heartwater in several of them.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Tick infestations on Zebu cattle in western Kenya: quantitative assessment of host resistance.

Groups of previously tick-exposed East African Zebu cattle together with tick-susceptible Friesian steers as controls were artificially infested with adults, nymphs, and larvae of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann on two occasions. Comparison of the feeding performance data from the two different breeds of cattle showed significant differences in the number and weight of engorged females and the weight of engorged nymphs. Data from the first challenge were used to derive a function for discriminating between resistant and susceptible categories. The use of the function gave repeatable results on resistance rankings when compared with original ranking of cattle based on natural tick counts following natural exposure. The function was converted into an index that could then be used to monitor the seasonal and annual fluctuations in tick resistance rankings of individual animals in a herd.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Reported residential pesticide use and breast cancer risk on Long Island, New York.

Pesticides, common environmental exposures, have been examined in relation to breast cancer primarily in occupational studies or exposure biomarker studies. No known studies have focused on self-reported residential pesticide use. The authors investigated the association between reported lifetime residential pesticide use and breast cancer risk among women living on Long Island, New York. They conducted a population-based case-control study of 1,508 women newly diagnosed with breast cancer between August 1996 and July 1997 and 1,556 randomly selected, age-frequency-matched controls. Comprehensive residential pesticide use and other risk factors were assessed by using an in-person, interviewer-administered questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Breast cancer risk was associated with ever lifetime residential pesticide use (odds ratio = 1.39, 95% confidence interval: 1.15, 1.68). However, there was no evidence of increasing risk with increasing lifetime applications. Lawn and garden pesticide use was associated with breast cancer risk, but there was no dose response. Little or no association was found for nuisance-pest pesticides, insect repellents, or products to control lice or fleas and ticks on pets. This study is the first known to suggest that self-reported use of residential pesticides may increase breast cancer risk. Further investigation in other populations is necessary to confirm these findings.

Adult↗