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At least 1,315 records · Page 73Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Adrenalectomy does not prevent the ability of 8-OH-DPAT to decrease the ejaculatory threshold in male rats.

The present experiments demonstrate that 8-OH-DPAT (0.25 mg/kg SC, - 15 min) produced a decrease in the ejaculatory threshold to the same extent in adrenalectomized male rats as in sham operated controls. Both groups of animals displayed a marked and statistically significant decrease in number of mounts and penile intromissions preceding ejaculation and in the ejaculation latency, as a result of treatment with 8-OH-DPAT. Adrenalectomy per se did not affect any aspect of the male rat's sexual behavior (latency to first intromission, number of mounts or penile intromissions, ejaculation latency or the postejaculatory interval). The surgical removal of the adrenals was verified by measurements of plasma corticosterone levels. It is concluded that well documented effects of 8-OH-DPAT on adrenal secretions do not contribute to its ability to decrease the ejaculatory threshold in male rats.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗
PubMed1989

Opposite effect of adrenalectomy on rat brain prostaglandin synthesis in basal conditions and in response to insulin or 2-deoxy-glucose.

In the present study we evaluated the role of endogenous glucocorticoids in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (PG) in cortical brain tissue of the rat. Experiments were carried out under basal conditions and in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia and 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) induced-cytoglucopenia. In intact rats, following hypoglycemia and cytoglucopenia, the production of brain PG was decreased. These two stress stimuli also activated adrenocortical secretory responses, as manifested by an increase in circulating ACTH and corticosterone. Bilateral adrenalectomy did not modify the brain production of PG under basal conditions. In contrast, in adrenal-ectomized rats, the biosynthesis of brain cortical PG was markedly increased in response to insulin and 2-DG. These results suggest that adrenal hormones may be involved in the modulation of cortical PG production under stressful conditions.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed2006

Adrenalectomy prevents behavioural sensitisation of mice to cocaine in a genotype-dependent manner.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the contribution of adrenal stress hormones to strain differences in cocaine sensitivity. For this purpose, we have studied sensitisation to the locomotor stimulant effect of cocaine and, in parallel, cocaine-induced corticosterone secretion in two inbred mouse strains: C57BL/6 and DBA/2. Adrenalectomy ('ADX': surgical removal of the adrenal glands) was performed in a subset of animals to investigate the contribution of the adrenals. ADX and SHAM operated mice were subjected to repeated injections of cocaine (15.0mg/kg) or saline for nine consecutive days, followed by a 5-day withdrawal interval and a saline challenge on day 14. All animals were challenged with 7.5mg/kg cocaine on day 15. We report that repeated cocaine exposure induced locomotor sensitisation in both strains, while endocrine sensitisation was only observed in the DBA/2 strain. By contrast, cocaine attenuated corticosterone responses in C57BL/6 mice throughout the sensitisation paradigm. We have therefore identified one strain, the DBA/2 strain, that displays parallel sensitisation of cocaine-induced locomotion and -corticosterone secretion. Most interestingly, ADX prevented locomotor sensitisation only in DBA/2 mice, suggesting that behavioural sensitisation depends on the integrity of adrenal function and on secretion of adrenal glucocorticoids in this strain. The present results demonstrate that adrenal stress hormones facilitate behavioural sensitisation to cocaine in a genotype-dependent manner and suggest that glucocorticoids contribute to strain differences in psychostimulant sensitivity.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed2004

Effects of maternal adrenalectomy on the developing dopaminergic system.

The present study show that maternal adrenalectomy affect the developmental model of the dopaminergic system in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, with sexual dimorphism observed in both areas. No changes were observed in the developmental dopamine (DA) model of the cortex and striatum through dopamine levels were increased in striatum.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed2005

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for neuroblastoma in children: a report of 6 cases.

Neuroblastoma, a neoplasm of the sympathetic nervous system, is the most common solid extracranial tumor of childhood. Complete tumor resection has been shown to improve outcomes in both low- and high-risk neuroblastoma. The efficacy of laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) for metastatic lesions, benign tumors, and small neuroblastomas (<20 mm in diameter) is well established. However, the role of LA for large neuroblastomas is unclear. The authors describe the technical aspects of LA in 6 children with adrenal neuroblastomas greater than 2 cm and summarize their outcomes. All 6 patients underwent successful LA with removal of their tumors and surrounding lymph nodes. The specimens were placed in a laparoscopic specimen retrieval bag and morsulated in situ. The pathologic specimens were adequate for biologic factor analysis and histology. Mean operative time for all cases was 146 minutes. The average size of the adrenal tumors resected was 3.3 x 3.7 x 3.3 cm, and there were no intraoperative or perioperative deaths. All children, except the fifth patient who stayed for chemotherapy, were discharged home within 48 hours after surgery and are well. Our preliminary data suggest LA is a safe treatment option for neuroblastoma tumors greater than 2 cm in the select children.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed2004

Maternal adrenalectomy affects development of adrenal medulla.

This work investigates the effects of maternal adrenalectomy (ADX) on the development of the adrenal medulla. Adrenal catecholamines (AC) were measured at postnatal day (PN) 1, 8, 12 and 22 in rat offspring of ADX dams and in pups of control dams. The pups of ADX rats showed a reduction in AC concentrations in the adrenal medulla at PN 1, 12 and 22, although these were higher than in the pups of sham dams at PN 8. Further, in the pups of control mothers, there was an increase in ACs during the first two weeks of life whereas pups of ADX mothers only showed increases in noradrenaline, dopamine and adrenaline levels at day 8. These results suggest that maternal absence of corticosterone affects the medulla catecholamine content during development. These data support the idea that a maternal glucocorticoids are involved in the differentiation or/and maturation of the adrenal medulla.

Adrenal Medulla↗
PubMed2004

Schistosoma mansoni: the effect of adrenalectomy on the murine model.

Adrenal steroid hormones have been implicated, among others, as one of the most important host factors controlling the onset, establishment, and pathogenesis of schistosomiasis. They appear to inhibit oviposition by Schistosoma mansoni both in vitro and in vivo, and their effect is greatly enhanced when administered in combination with a schistosomicidal drug. Therefore, we hypothesized that adrenalectomy would greatly affect the course of the murine schistosomiasis infection. To test this hypothesis, adrenalectomized mice (Adx) infected with S. mansoni were compared with intact infected and sham-infected controls concerning their mortality rate, numbers of male and female worms, number of eggs, and liver pathology. Compared with controls, Adx infected mice showed an increase of 50% in the mortality rate, as well as 1.7-3 times as many adult worms and twice as many ova per worm pair in their liver. Thus, for the first time, there is evidence that lack of adrenal steroids mediate an increment of the adult worm burden and promote worm fecundity in vivo. The present work was done to test the hypothesis that lack of adrenal steroids enhances adult worm attrition, possibly by their direct effect on the parasite, and by upregulating or downregulating innate and adaptive immune responses.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed2006

The vasopressin 1b receptor is prominent in the hippocampal area CA2 where it is unaffected by restraint stress or adrenalectomy.

The vasopressin 1b receptor (Avpr1b) is one of two principal receptors mediating the behavioral effects of vasopressin (Avp) in the brain. Avpr1b has recently been shown to strongly influence social forms of aggression in mice and hamsters. This receptor appears to play a role in social recognition and motivation as well as in regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Most of these studies have been performed in knockout mice, a species in which the localization of the Avpr1b has not been described, thus precluding correlations with the behaviors. We performed in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH) with specific probes and found especially prominent expression within the CA2 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, with much lower expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and amygdala. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed expression in those as well other areas in which the ISHH was not sensitive enough to detect labeled cells (e.g. piriform cortex, septum, caudate-putamen and lower brainstem areas). Mouse Avpr1b transcript levels were not altered in the CA2 field by restraint stress or adrenalectomy. Finally, ISHH and RT-PCR showed expression of the Avpr1b gene in the rat and human hippocampi as well. We suggest that the CA2 field may form or retrieve associations (memories) between olfactory cues and social encounters.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed2004

3alpha,5alpha-THP mediates progestins' effects to protect against adrenalectomy-induced cell death in the dentate gyrus of female and male rats.

Progestins have neuroprotective effects in several in vitro models of neurodegeneration and in vivo in seizure models. The extent to which progesterone's in vivo protective effects may generalize to models not involving seizure processes and whether progesterone's protective effects are modulated by its metabolites have not been comprehensively investigated. The present experiments investigated the effects of progesterone and its metabolites, dihydryoprogesterone (DHP) and 5alpha-pregnan-3alpha-ol-20-one (3alpha,5alpha-THP), to protect the hippocampus from damage induced by adrenalectomy (ADX). In Experiments 1 and 2, progesterone, DHP, or 3alpha,5alpha-THP administration (1 mg/kg sc) to female (Experiment 1) or male (Experiment 2) rats similarly reduced the total number of ADX-induced pyknotic cells in the dentate gyrus compared with vehicle administration. In Experiment 3, blocking progesterone's metabolism to 3alpha,5alpha-THP with coadministration of a 5alpha-reductase inhibitor, finasteride (10 mg/kg sc), in female rats attenuated progesterone's protective effects on cell death in the dentate gyrus. Together, these data suggest that progestins can protect against ADX-induced cell death and that the actions of the progesterone metabolite, 3alpha,5alpha-THP, may underlie these effects.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed2004

Robotic adrenalectomy.

The use of robotics in surgery is an emerging field. Robot-assisted laparoscopic adrenalectomy has been performed in small numbers worldwide. Advantages of robotic assistance over conventional laparoscopy are not acknowledged. Improvement in robotic technology, including addition of tactile feedback, miniaturization of end-effectors, reduced cost, and advances in remote surgery telecommunication technology are awaited.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed2004

Bilateral testicular adrenal rests after bilateral adrenalectomies in a cushingoid patient with von Hippel-Lindau disease.

We report a case of bilateral testicular masses in a 25-year-old man with von Hippel-Lindau disease presenting with cushingoid symptoms. His medical history was significant for bilateral adrenalectomies secondary to pheochromocytomas, and he began steroid therapy at that time. After exhaustive endocrinologic, radiographic, and physical examinations, the testicular masses were postulated to be active adrenal rest tissue. Bilateral testicular venous sampling found elevated glucocorticoids that were responsive to dexamethasone suppression, which confirmed the testicular masses as testicular adrenal rests without the need for surgical intervention. Successful conservative management consisted of appropriate steroid manipulation and radiographic evaluation and resulted in the resolution of presenting symptoms, a decrease in size of the bilateral testicular masses, and testicular conservation in this young man.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed2005

The effects of adrenalectomy and corticosterone replacement on maternal memory in postpartum rats.

Hormones associated with parturition prime rats to behave maternally, although hormonal changes are not necessary for these behaviors to occur. Experience with pups after birth enhances maternal responsiveness after a period of isolation, creating a maternal memory. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of corticosterone in the formation of maternal memory. Adrenalectomy or sham surgeries were performed in late gestation with corticosterone or vehicle pellets being given to adrenalectomized rats. Pups were removed immediately following parturition, and half of the rats received 4 h of pup experience, while the other half received only brief pup experience associated with parturition. Ten days following pup experience, foster pups were given to all rats. Latency to become maternal and maternal behaviors on the first 2 days of re-exposure and the first two maternal days were recorded. Among adrenalectomized rats given corticosterone, 4-h experience with pups decreased maternal latency when compared to brief experience with pups. This maternal experience effect was not found in comparisons between adrenalectomized rats not given corticosterone. In addition, corticosterone decreased latencies regardless of pup experience. Corticosterone also increased maternal behavior upon initial exposure to foster pups. In conclusion, corticosterone enhanced maternal memory and initial maternal behavior in postpartum rats.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1999

Laparoscopic direct supragastric left adrenalectomy.

BACKGROUND: In this paper a novel laparoscopic approach to the left adrenal gland by the transabdominal anterior route is presented. This approach avoids an extensive viscera dissection to gain access to the left adrenal gland. METHODS: The first step of the procedure is the division of the gastrophrenic ligament and the section of 1 or 2 short gastric vessels in order to mobilize the gastric fundus. The gastric fundus is then pulled down, allowing a wide exposure of the left crus of the diaphragm, the perirenal fat, and the superior edge of the pancreatic body. The diaphragmatic-adrenal channel runs on the left crus, crosses the middle adrenal artery, and, usually, joins the left adrenal vein before its junction with the left renal vein. By pulling on the diaphragmatic vein, exposure of the adrenal vein is facilitated. The adrenal vein is then isolated and divided between clips. Using the monopolar electrocautery to control arteries and small veins, the mobilization of the gland is then completed. The adrenal gland is then placed in a plastic bag to prevent cell spillage and removed through an enlarged umbilical incision. RESULTS: During a 20-month period, 6 consecutive patients with left adrenal gland neoplasms have been operated on with the above mentioned original approach. The diameter of the adrenal mass ranged from 3 cm to 6 cm. No conversion to open surgery or complications have been registered. The mean operative time was 126 minutes. The mean length of hospitalization was 4.1 days (range 3 to 6). CONCLUSIONS: This approach offers a complete visualization of the left adrenal gland, avoiding mobilization of the spleen, pancreatic tail, and left flexure of the colon, and allows an early and easy control of the left adrenal vein so adrenalectomy can be safely performed.

Adrenal Gland Diseases↗
PubMed2003

[Right laparoscopic adrenalectomy].

The transperitoneal laparoscopic approach for right adrenalectomy is performed in patients placed in a lateral decubitus position. Four ports are usually needed (2 or 3, 10 mm ports, 1 or 2, 5 mm ports), inserted in the right subcostal area. After liver retraction, the retroperitonéal space is opened close to the liver, exposing the right adrenal gland and the inferior vena cava. The periphrenic fat and the internal side of the gland are dissected close to the right side of the vena cava in order to expose the main adrenal vein. This vein is double clipped. At the inferior pole of the gland, the inferior adrenal artery is ligated with clips. Before removing and extracting the gland, the right side and the upper pole of the gland are dissected last.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed2006

Feminizing adreno-cortical carcinomas in male adults. A dire prognosis. Three cases in a series of 801 adrenalectomies and review of the literature.

UNLABELLED: We describe the clinical presentation, biochemical features, diagnostic criteria, clinical course and differential diagnosis in three cases of feminizing adreno-cortical carcinoma (FACC) with a review of the literature. PATIENTS: From 1970 throughout December 2003 among a series of 801 adrenalectomies, three had been performed for FACC. RESULTS: Age at presentation was 74, 63 and 23 years. Estradiol hypersecretion was observed in 3/3 patients, 17 OH progesterone was elevated in 2/3 patients and both of them had a diminution of testosterone, delta 4 androstenedione was elevated in 1/3 patients. Imaging studies suggested malignancy in 3/3 patients by the presence of necrosis, heterogeneity, calcifications, size of the tumor and compression of adjacent organs. All patients were stage III at presentation and had a Weiss score >or=6. Size and weight of the tumors were 30, 20, 15cm and 3750, 480 and 275g respectively. All 3 patients received mitotane and cortisone post-operatively and at follow up (7, 3 and 2 years) all 3 died of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: Feminizing adreno-cortical carcinomas in adults are exceedingly rare (1-2% of adreno-cortical carcinomas). Tumors are huge and even after surgery for cure their prognosis is worse than for other varieties of adreno-cortical carcinomas either secreting or non secreting. Early diagnosis and treatment may improve overall prognosis.

Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms↗
PubMed2002

Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase increases adrenalectomy-induced granule cell death in the rat dentate gyrus.

Recent studies have shown that the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) mRNA is increased after adrenalectomy (ADX). However, the role of increased NO production after ADX in the dentate gyrus is unknown. In this study, the relationship between NO inhibition and apoptosis in the dentate gyrus after ADX was examined. 7-Nitroindazole (7-NI; 30 mg/kg, i.p.), a selective inhibitor of neuronal NOS, was injected 1 day before ADX and subsequently once every 24 h. Then 4 days after ADX, dentate granule cell death was evaluated using silver impregnation and Nissl staining methods. Inhibition of neuronal NOS by 7-NI increased the number of dying granule cells approximately 4-fold in the dentate gyrus of the ADX rats, compared to vehicle-injected ADX controls. These results suggest that increased NO production after ADX may play an endogenous neuroprotective role in the dentate gyrus.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1994

Short-term but not long-term adrenalectomy modulates amplitude and frequency of the CRH41 episodic release in push-pull cannulated median eminence of free-moving rats.

CRH 41 release in push-pull cannulated median eminence (ME) was measured in unanesthetized male rats, 3 and 7 days after adrenalectomy (ADX) and in sham-lesioned controls. Perfusion started at 13.30 h and perfusate samples were collected at 5 min intervals for 3 h to estimate the mean release rate of CRH41. The major parameters of the neurohormone's episodic release pattern were analyzed using the Ultra algorithm. In a parallel study, 3 groups of similarly treated rats were used to measure plasma ACTH and hypothalamic CRH41. Three days after ADX, the plasma ACTH titers had risen 14-fold, the hypothalamic CRH41 content had decreased by 40%, while the CRH41 release in the ME had doubled as a result of a significant increase in most variables of the pulsatile release pattern: pulse frequency (+34%; P < 0.01), mean amplitude (+36%; P < 0.05), mean peak levels (+67%; P < 0.01) and mean pulse nadirs (x2.5; P < 0.01). Seven days after ADX, even though plasma ACTH had further increased to 30-times control levels, hypothalamic CRH41 content and CRH41 release in the ME had returned to almost control levels. The possible mechanisms of the discrepancy between the CRH and ACTH response time-courses following ADX are discussed.

Adrenal Glands↗