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PubMed2003

Providing social support may be more beneficial than receiving it: results from a prospective study of mortality.

This study examines the relative contributions of giving versus receiving support to longevity in a sample of older married adults. Baseline indicators of giving and receiving support were used to predict mortality status over a 5-year period in the Changing Lives of Older Couples sample. Results from logistic regression analyses indicated that mortality was significantly reduced for individuals who reported providing instrumental support to friends, relatives, and neighbors, and individuals who reported providing emotional support to their spouse. Receiving support had no effect on mortality once giving support was taken into consideration. This pattern of findings was obtained after controlling for demographic, personality, health, mental health, and marital-relationship variables. These results have implications for understanding how social contact influences health and longevity.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

When cooler heads prevail: peacemakers in a sports riot.

Male sports fans (N = 74) were asked to estimate the likelihood that they would intervene in a crowd disturbance in an attempt to stop the fighting. They also completed a battery of measures that included their attitude toward law and order, fight history, the false consensus effect, impulsivity, psychopathy, sensation seeking, anger, physical aggression and identification with their favorite team. Law and order, body mass, anger and the false consensus effect were positively related to peacemaking whereas sensation seeking was negatively related. A multiple regression analysis yielded a solution that accounted for 32.3% of the variance with anger and attitude toward law and order emerging as the best predictors.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Spouses' attributions for helping: the effects of styles of help-seeking, self-serving bias, and sex.

This paper examines the effects of (a) how clearly the desire for help is presented, (b) self-serving bias, and (c) sex differences on the source of the cause of helping happening (or not) that spouses attribute to a potential helper. In two studies, a total of 138 couples imagined situations in which a person wanted his or her spouse to do a chore. How clearly the desire for help was expressed, whether help was given, and whether it was the participant or the spouse who was expected to help were manipulated. The participants reported their attributions for the cause of helping (or not) to themselves and the spouse on visual analog scales. There was strong support for a proposed interaction between how clearly the desire for help was expressed and whether help was given in predicting spouses' attributions. No support was obtained for a predicted self-serving bias or for a suggestion that men make more self-enhancing attributions than women, the findings were instead congruent with a relationship-enhancing bias. The findings are discussed in terms of the context of housework.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Sentimental work in the technologized hospital.

Sentiment is frequently involved in work either to get work done efficiently or because of humanistic considerations. This paper explores several questions: Are there different kinds of sentimental work? How is sentimental work carried out? When and where is it done; when not? Who does it? What is its relation to other types of work? When is it likely to be in focus for the workers? When is it visible, when invisible and to whom? What are its consequences: for work, staff, client and organization? The illustrative materials used in this paper are taken from research on the impact of technology on medical work in hospitals.

Affect↗
PubMed2002

The development of impulsivity, fearfulness, and helpfulness during childhood: patterns of consistency and change in the trajectories of boys and girls.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the present study was to describe the development of boys and girls during the elementary-school years on three dimensions that conceptually and empirically represent risk for maladjustment. METHOD: Every year between kindergarten and grade six, teachers rated the impulsivity, fearfulness, and helpfulness dimensions among a sample of 1,865 children representative of kindergarten boys and girls in the province of Quebec (Canada) in 1986-87. A group-based trajectory method was used to 1) identify groups of boys and girls following distinct-level trajectories of behaviours (on each dimension) during the elementary-school years; 2) estimate the proportion of children in each of the identified trajectory groups; and 3) estimate the patterns of consistency and variations in trajectories. RESULTS: The results indicated that the best models comprised three distinct-level trajectory groups on fearfulness and helpfulness (a low, moderate, and high group) and four distinct-level trajectory groups on impulsivity. The helpfulness and fearfulness trajectory groups were generally more stable than the impulsivity groups. The broad patterns of development were similar across sexes. However, there were more boys on the higher impulsivity trajectories and low helpfulness trajectory, while there were more girls on the high fearfulness trajectory. CONCLUSION: We found that behavioural consistency over middle childhood varied across trajectory groups and across dimensions, and we identified sex differences in the distribution of children in the different trajectory groups that may reflect gender-specific risks for psychopathology.

Child↗
PubMed2026

Simulating the effects of an alcohol minimum unit price policy on distilled spirits sales in 28 states of the USA.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Excessive alcohol use is a leading preventable chronic disease risk factor. Alcohol minimum unit pricing (MUP) policies are not used in the United States despite evidence of associations with reduced drinking and alcohol-related harms. To inform potential population-level chronic disease prevention strategies, we estimated effects of various hypothetical MUPs on alcohol sales. METHOD: Simulation based on observational time-series data. We used weekly off-premises product-specific alcohol retail sales and prices in 28 states of the United States for November 2022-November 2023 from NielsenIQ to estimate the own-price elasticity of spirits and cross-price elasticities of wine, beer and ready-to-drinks with respect to spirits. Using estimated elasticities, we simulated changes in total alcohol sales associated with hypothetical spirits MUPs ranging from $0.10 to $1.10 per standard drink (0.6 fluid ounces of alcohol). RESULTS: A hypothetical MUP of $0.80 per standard drink on spirits yielded the largest estimated decrease in alcohol sales (-1.7%) and would affect 5374 of 26 249 spirits products. To reach the $0.80 MUP, the sales-weighted average price increase among affected products was $0.24 per drink. CONCLUSIONS: Minimum unit pricing policies on distilled spirits in the United States could shift purchasing behavior and help reduce alcohol-related harms.

alcohol policy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predicting smoking status in a college-age population.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that predict smoking group membership in a college-age population. DESIGN: A nonexperimental cross-sectional design was used to examine factors that distinguished among four groups: never established (n = 591), former (n = 41), nondaily (n = 80), and daily (n = 76) cigarette smokers. SAMPLE: A pencil and paper questionnaire was returned by 788 randomly selected college students, 18-24 years of age. RESULTS: Significant differences were found among the groups on their mothers', fathers', siblings', and peers' smoking behaviors and attitudes toward smoking. The nondaily and daily smoking groups reported a greater number of risk behaviors than the never established and former smoking groups. The two groups of current smokers also were more likely to report an increased level of depressive symptoms compared with the nonsmoking groups. The number of high school and college friends who smoke and self-reported high-risk alcohol and drug behaviors predicted smoking group membership in a polytomous logistic regression. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies to alter the social environment and decrease the exposure of nonsmoking students to others who model smoking behaviors may help decrease smoking initiation and prevent relapse on college campuses.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Factors influencing women's decisions to self-treat vaginal symptoms.

PURPOSE: To review the research on women's self-treatment of vaginal symptoms, describe factors influencing this phenomenon, identify evidence-based interventions, and suggest strategies for nurse practitioners (NPs) to promote safe and effective self-treatment decisions by women. DATA SOURCES: Research articles identified through Medline and CINAHL databases. CONCLUSIONS: The primary factors influencing women's decisions to self-treat vaginal symptoms were personal (attitudes, beliefs, values, knowledge and experience, and emotions) and environmental (culture, social networks and norms, media, and life context). IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Women's self-diagnostic skills and decision making for self-treatment can be improved through education and support from NPs. The traditional office visit may not provide an opportunity to teach women appropriate self-care because many women do not access providers for advice or information. Different methods of providing information to large numbers of women through consumer publications need to be developed and evaluated.

Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

What is supportive when an adult next-of-kin is in critical care?

There is little documented knowledge about what is supportive from the perspective of relatives with a critically ill next-of-kin in the intensive care unit (ICU). The aim of the present study was to generate a theoretical understanding of what relatives experience as supportive when faced with the situation of having an adult next-of-kin admitted to critical care. The study was designed using a grounded theory methodology. Interviews were conducted with 29 adult relatives of adult ICU patients in southwest Sweden. Relatives described the need to be empowered and that support was needed to enable them to use both internal and external resources to cope with having a next-of-kin in critical care. To achieve empowerment, the relatives described the need to trust in oneself, to encounter charity and to encounter professionalism. The findings can contribute understanding and sensitivity to the situation of the relatives as well as indicating what form social support should take. It is essential that healthcare professionals understand how important it is for relatives to have control over their vulnerable situation and that they also reflect upon how they would like to be treated themselves in a similar situation. Recommendations for future practice are presented.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Discussion groups with parents of children with cerebral palsy in Europe designed to assist development of a relevant measure of environment.

BACKGROUND: An instrument to measure environmental factors relevant to physically impaired children is being developed in a European context. Preliminary work in England had identified some potentially important themes. Further inquiry was needed to identify issues important in other European countries. OBJECTIVE: To inform the content of a questionnaire relevant to the environment of children with cerebral palsy (CP) living in Europe. DESIGN: A qualitative study using discussion groups. PARTICIPANTS: Parents of 28 children with CP from five countries; Denmark, France, Italy, Ireland and Sweden. One discussion group was held in each country with an average of seven parents per group. RESULTS: The four themes identified in the preliminary work done in England were strongly confirmed across Europe - namely: Mobility, Transport, Support by and to parents, and Attitudes of individuals and institutions towards children. Two new themes identified in the discussion groups were Bureaucracy and Access to information about rights and entitlements. CONCLUSIONS: The environmental factors that cause concern to parents of children with CP are similar across Europe. A prototype environmental questionnaire has been developed based on these findings. The environmental questionnaire is in use in a study in nine European centres.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

How hospital ward members treat learner nurses: an investigation of learners' perceptions in a British hospital.

Twenty-five learner nurses who had just completed their first two wards were questionned about the behaviour of other ward members towards them. Although many ward sisters' and charge nurses' behaviour was positive towards learners, just under 50% of learners' responses indicated that the ward sister/charge nurse was sometimes rude and did not make them feel 'at home'. The ward sister/charge nurse's behaviour was, on average, more negative than another liked qualified staff, whose behaviour was more negative than a more experienced student on the ward. The ward sister/charge nurse's behaviour was the major determinant of ward preference by the learner. However, the behaviour of ward members tended to correlate, providing evidence of a 'ward atmosphere'. There is a need for leadership and educational training for ward sisters and charge nurses.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1989

The nursing preparation of stoma patients for self-care.

The changes brought about by stoma surgery require that patients re-learn self-care skills with regard to elimination. This is accomplished as an integral part of postoperative nursing care. In this paper, some of the findings of a study are presented on the nursing preparation of stoma patients for self-management of their appliance. The observations made showed that, even at the end of their postoperative period in hospital, the patients in the study was receiving considerable nursing assistance in the management of their appliance and had not demonstrated new self-care skills for all aspects of the physical care of the stoma. It is concluded that these findings highlight a need to examine the methods of preparation for self-care of stoma patients in hospital, as containment rather than control of elimination remains a key issue in their rehabilitation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

An exploratory study of selected female registered nurses: meaning and expression of nurturance.

The words 'nurse' and 'nursing' originate in the word 'nurture' which dates back to the 14th century. 'Nurturance' appeared for the first time in the 1976 Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary and in a United States dictionary in 1983. Etymologically and semantically bound to nursing, little is known about the term nurturance. An exploratory design using phenomenological analysis was applied to understand the female registered nurses' experience of nurturing patients throughout the life-span and to uncover behaviours commonly believed nurturant. Interviews with 14 RNs practising in diverse settings revealed 39 nurturant behaviours that were intuited into four themes describing the subjects' perceived structure of nurturance as: (1) enabling maximum potential; (2) providing physical and emotional protection; (3) engaging in a supportive interaction; and (4) conveying shared humanity. Data were formulated into an exhaustive description of the phenomenon nurturance. Additionally, the results support Greenberg-Edelstein's theoretical model of the positive reciprocity of nurturance between nurse and patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Ageist attitudes among young adults: implications for a caring profession.

It is frequently suggested that younger adults are negative in their attitudes toward elderly people. There are also claims that such attitudes develop as a result of the socially constructed phenomenon of ageism. This paper briefly addresses the concept as it is presented in the literature and goes on to describe an attitudinal study which supports the existence of ageism. An Attitudes Toward the Elderly inventory was administered to secondary school pupils during their final 2 years of schooling, to student nurses at the very beginning of their training and to qualified nurses. It was found that the subjects did demonstrate negative attitudes and that there appeared to be a definite gender socialization influence, with females demonstrating less negative attitudes than males. Contrary to expectations, entry into nursing did not lead to more positive attitudes but had the converse effect. The influence of ageism and more specific professional socialization processes are suggested as explanations for these patterns. Implications for nursing and other occupational groups involved in caring for the elderly are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

From helper to human: a reconceptualization of the nurse as person.

This paper explores the nature of the nurse as person, as represented by nursing literature and in the author's own research, by considering the tendency nurses have to perceive as different the characteristics of nurses and patients as human beings. Nursing scholars have tended to categorize nurses and patients into discrete 'compartments' that are convenient for descriptive purposes, but nevertheless have had a tendency to limit people's essential humanness. The metaparadigm concept of person in nursing can take on a different meaning if people are regarded in terms of their oneness, rather than by their separateness. A brief introduction will be given to some meanings generated in some nursing research, which described the effects of ordinariness as they were manifested by nurses and patients in everyday nursing unit life. The possibility is raised that a reconceptualization of the nurse could describe the nurse, not only as a professional helper, but also as a human, whose effectiveness is enhanced through a sense of shared humanity with patients.

Helping Behavior↗
PubMed1995

Comforting: exploring the work of cancer nurses.

In a study to identify and describe nurses' use of comforting strategies, techniques of qualitative ethology were used to analyse videotaped recordings of nurse-patient interactions on an active cancer treatment ward. Comforting strategies nurses were observed to use included gentle humour, physical comfort measures, emotionally supportive statements, and comforting and connecting touch. In addition they increased physical proximity, provided patients with information, supported patients' active participation in decisions regarding their care, and offered opportunities for patients to engage in social exchange. These strategies appeared to play a major role in helping cancer patients endure the discomforts associated with their illness and/or treatment. Various combinations of comforting strategies were used in four different contexts, including: helping patients put experiences into perspective; helping them stay in control; providing opportunities to function as normally as possible; and providing emotional support. The findings of this study support conceptualizations of comforting that extend beyond measures related to symptom control and indicate that comforting strategies used by cancer nurses comprise a significant part of their work.

Adaptation, Psychological↗