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PubMed2002

Crowded minds: the implicit bystander effect.

Five studies merged the priming methodology with the bystander apathy literature and demonstrate how merely priming a social context at Time 1 leads to less helping behavior on a subsequent, completely unrelated task at Time 2. In Study 1, participants who imagined being with a group at Time 1 pledged significantly fewer dollars on a charity-giving measure at Time 2 than did those who imagined being alone with one other person. Studies 2-5 build converging evidence with hypothetical and real helping behavior measures and demonstrate that participants who imagine the presence of others show facilitation to words associated with unaccountable on a lexical decision task. Implications for social group research and the priming methodology are discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Sociodemographic predictors and cultural barriers to help-seeking behavior by Latina and Anglo American battered women.

Data from a national survey were used to investigate the help-seeking efforts of Latinas (Mexican, Mexican American, Puerto Rican) and Anglo American women who experienced battering by intimate partners. The findings revealed that battered Latinas were significantly younger, less educated, and more impoverished than Anglo women. Additionally, Latinas more often categorized their marriages as male dominated and their husbands as heavy drinkers. Bivariate analyses showed that Latinas who sought help were significantly more acculturated and more likely to have a heavy drinking husband than those who did not seek help. Although battered women were active help seekers, Latinas underutilized both informal and formal resources relative to Anglo women, with Mexican women least likely to seek assistance. When sociodemographic predictors of help seeking were analyzed, being youthful and Anglo significantly increased the odds of help-seeking efforts. Low acculturation, as measured by preference for the Spanish language, was the only significant cultural barrier to help seeking by Latinas. Implications for treatment include improved outreach and advocacy to underserved groups.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1984

The use and effectiveness of maternal scaffolding in mother-infant games.

Maternal behaviors within mother-infant games were examined to determine the amount, type, and functional value of maternal helping behaviors. 17 mother-infant pairs were videotaped on monthly visits from 8 to 16 months as they played 5 separate games. 2 of these games, roll the ball and peekaboo, were analyzed in terms of "rounds" of each game. Results show that dyads play more rounds of both games in the first months that infants perform game-relevant behaviors (e.g., returning a ball, performing uncovering or covering-uncovering). Maternal attention-getting and physical "stage-setting" behaviors occur in the early rounds of both games. In roll the ball, maternal hands-out and reinforcement behaviors increase in the months after the child begins to return the ball, while the percentage of rounds in which dyads play nonreturn variants decreases. Infants are more likely to return a ball when mother holds out her hands than when she does not. Infants are also able to perform returning or uncovering in game contexts before they perform similar behaviors in cognitive tests. The general similarity of findings in the peekaboo and roll-the-ball games, in spite of differences in the amounts of scaffolding, attention-getting, stage-setting, and reinforcement behaviors between the 2 games, indicates that the types and functions of maternal helping behaviors may be generalizable to other contexts of mother-infant interactions.

Child Development↗
PubMed1984

[Help-seeking behavior and compliance of suicidal patients].

The literature reporting on the readiness of persons at suicide risk to make use of helping agencies and to comply with therapeutic advice is reviewed including first results of an experimental investigation carried out by the authors and associates. Selection phenomena in the field of suicide prevention which have received little attention yet are demonstrated by means of data on the patients of different helping agencies. According to the results, medical practitioners are a primary resource of outstanding importance. There is also evidence for services like the Telefonseelsorge to be important factors in suicide prevention. Generally, the patients are more willing to follow therapeutic recommendations than so seek help spontaneously. In suicide attempters the utilization of recommended care can be considerably improved by increasing the motivation of patients, by intensifying the primary psychiatric intervention, and by avoiding a change of the therapist. The therapist's professional skill may also have an important influence on compliance and on drop-out rates.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Sociocultural determinants of the help-seeking behavior of patients with mental illness.

This descriptive study employed semistructured interviewing and questionnaire administration to delineate the sociocultural determinants of the help-seeking process in 48 psychiatric patients. The help-seeking process is considered in two stages. The first stage starts from the recognition of initial symptoms and ends in the first contact with a mental health professional. The second stage is defined as that time between the first contact and actual participation in a planned treatment program. In both stages, patients typically go through phases of lay consultation, nonpsychiatric professional consultation, and referral. The multiple steps which are usually involved in help seeking often result in significant delay of both mental health contact and treatment. The help-seeking process was found to correlate strongly with ethnicity. Both Asians and Blacks showed more extended family involvement, and the involvement of key family members tended to be persistent and intensive in Asians. Ethnicity was also associated with the length of delay, with Asians showing the longest delay and Caucasians the least. These ethnic differences were also reflected in help-seeking pathway assignment using Lin's criteria. Although modernity and parochialism, as measured by the level of modernization and the cohesiveness of the social network system of the subjects, were also found to be correlated with delay, they appeared to exert an influence independent from that of ethnicity.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Social and psychological correlates of help-seeking behavior among urban adults.

Drawing from a longitudinal survey of 1,106 urban adults aged 20 to 70, the present study investigated whether persons who sought help from informal and/or formal support systems for major troublesome life changes were distinguishable from those who handled problems without assistance in terms of demographic background, personal resources, social networks, or psychological barriers to help-seeking. Generally, nonseekers who felt self-reliant and respondents who sought assistance from informal associates exclusively seemed well prepared to manage bothersome transitions, crises, or role-related strains. Nonseekers who were reluctant to ask for assistance as well as help-seekers who only contacted professionals were comparatively more at risk.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1985

Attention deficit disorder children with or without hyperactivity. Which behaviors are helped by stimulants?

Each patient with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), with or without hyperactivity, is unique in the variety and severity of the handicapping conditions associated with ADD. The use of a well-designed teacher rating scale can provide the clinician with a behavioral profile of each patient. The importance of knowing the child's specific problems is emphasized by the results of this research, which show that methylphenidate has a major effect in improving attention, is helpful in decreasing activity level, but often has only a minor effect on deficient social skills and oppositional (aggressive) behavior.

Aggression↗
PubMed1992

The evolution of delayed dispersal in cooperative breeders.

Why do the young of cooperative breeders--species in which more than two individuals help raise offspring at a single nest--delay dispersal and live in groups? Answering this deceptively simple question involves examining the costs and benefits of three alternative strategies: (1) dispersal and attempting to breed, (2) dispersal and floating, and (3) delayed dispersal and helping. If, all other things being equal, the fitness of individuals that delay dispersal is greater than the fitness of individuals that disperse and breed on their own, intrinsic benefits are paramount to the current maintenance of delayed dispersal. Intrinsic benefits are directly due to living with others and may include enhanced foraging efficiency and reduced susceptibility to predation. However, if individuals that disperse and attempt to breed in high-quality habitat achieve the highest fitness, extrinsic constraints on the ability of offspring to obtain such high-quality breeding opportunities force offspring to either delay dispersal or float. The relevant constraint to independent reproduction has frequently been termed habitat saturation. This concept, of itself, fails to explain the evolution of delayed dispersal. Instead, we propose the delayed-dispersal threshold model as a guide for organizing and evaluating the ecological factors potentially responsible for this phenomenon. We identify five parameters critical to the probability of delayed dispersal: relative population density, the fitness differential between early dispersal/breeding and delayed dispersal, the observed or hypothetical fitness of floaters, the distribution of territory quality, and spatiotemporal environmental variability. A key conclusion from the model is that no one factor by itself causes delayed dispersal and cooperative breeding. However, a difference in the dispersal patterns between two closely related species or populations (or between individuals in the same population in different years) may be attributable to one or a small set of factors. Much remains to be done to pinpoint the relative importance of different ecological factors in promoting delayed dispersal. This is underscored by our current inability to explain satisfactorily several patterns including the relative significance of floating, geographic biases in the incidence of cooperative breeding, sexual asymmetries in delayed dispersal, the relationship between delayed dispersal leading to helping behavior and cooperative polygamy, and the rarity of the co-occurrence of helpers and floaters within the same population. Advances in this field remain to be made along several fronts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Helpfulness and the development of competence in adolescence.

Using data from a representative panel of 1,000 Minnesota youth, this paper explores "helpfulness" in 2 spheres of adolescents' lives: the home and paid work settings. We examine the social structural conditions under which helpful behaviors are elicited, the interrelations of helpfulness and competence across 2 years of middle adolescence, and whether social circumstances moderate the effects of helpfulness on competence. Both boys' and girls' helpfulness in the home is responsive to family need. Furthermore, helpfulness at work and girls' competence are reciprocally related. We find evidence that the effects of helpfulness depend on the helper's motivations and the act's meaning, as shaped by the social context. Girls' competence is diminished by helpfulness in the home under conditions of poor father-daughter relationships and coercive maternal control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Suicidal thoughts during early adolescence: prevalence, associated troubles and help-seeking behavior.

A total of 1600 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 16 living in a county bordering on Paris were interviewed concerning their health, their use of drugs, both legal and illegal, their behavior, and their seeking of health care. Fourteen percent of the boys and 23% of the girls had already thought about suicide and 5% and 10% (respectively) proclaimed having thought about it frequently. Young adolescents who thought about suicide, the girls as well as the boys, had more health problems (fatigue, nightmares, insomnia), used more drugs (including tobacco, alcohol, illegal drugs, psychotropic medicine) and had more delinquent behavior (robbery, running away from home, racketeering). Furthermore, the girls had problems in school (absenteeism and being left back). In general, youngsters with suicidal thoughts resorted to violence in a variety of ways. Although these youngsters spoke less readily about their personal problems, they more frequently sought physical health care (doctors, nurses, social workers). This discrepancy between their difficulty in communication and their readiness to ask for physical care is a clear indication of their need to be helped.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Burden and stress associated with spousal caregiving for individuals with heart failure.

The purpose of this study was to examine the level of caregiver burden and stress experienced by spouses of patients with heart failure. The population of those afflicted with heart failure is growing, and the home management regimen is becoming more complex. A nonprobability sample of 11 male and 30 female spouses participated in this descriptive survey. Participation included the completion of the Caregiving Demands Scale, the Brief Symptom Inventory and a demographic form. Results revealed that caregiving in this sample was burdensome and stressful. There was a significant correlation (r = 0.32), p = 0.04) between the number of helping behaviors performed and level of stress. Also, there was a significant relationship (r = 0.43, p = 0.01) between perceived difficulty in performing caregiving activities and level of stress. Female subjects reported performing more helping behaviors and more difficulty in performing them than the men. Women also identified items related to social participation and the relationship with spouse as most burdensome, whereas men reported activities related to supervision and responsibility as most difficult to manage. Future research on the demands and stressors for those caring for heart failure patients should include a qualitative component to assess the burden and strain in more depth.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

[Help-seeking behavior of women with migraines].

Women who suffer from migraine headaches live in fear of the next crushing attack. Though many in number, only a few of them benefit from adequate care, thus suffering a diminishing quality of life as well. It is therefore important to understand how these women proceed to get help. Based on the Theory of Care Seeking, the purpose of this study was to describe and understand the way five adult women between the age of 25 and 45, who have had migraine for more than five years, go about seeking help. The simultaneous paradigm was used as a framework. The method used was Grounded Theory. What emerged was a process of seeking help of which the central idea is "seeking an adequate method to stop the headache". This phenomenon is preceded by the history of the illness, including its beginning, its causes and the symptoms. Seeking help takes place in a context made up of the seeker's personal characteristics and her human and social environment. Strategies used are the traditional medical route, alternative medicine, learning about the illness and insight. The person uses one or several strategies causing physical and social repercusions; searching for help may be influenced by prejudice and ignorance. The process is not all linear; the constant which appears is the history of the illness as well as the desire to see an end to the headache. A second review of the literature permitted a discussion of the originality of the identified process of seeking help.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adults mourning suicide: self-reported concerns about bereavement, needs for assistance, and help-seeking behavior.

This study empirically characterized the experiences of 227 adult next-of-kin as they mourned suicides that had occurred in New York City during 1997. Next-of-kin reported psychosocial problems including family difficulties, comorbid stressors, psychiatric symptomatology, and unresolved bereavement. Professional intervention was the most frequently reported need and the most frequently reported type of desired help. In terms of actual receipt of assistance, participants reported having received help from families, friends, and communities as well as from professionals. Although some next-of-kin had not sought help because they felt able to cope without assistance, others encounted barriers to receiving desired help. These findings warrant increased and sustained community outreach to this population. Recommendations include public education regarding de-stigmatization of suicide and the needs of the suicidally bereaved, enhancement of internal and external coping supports, facilitation of access to both professional and community help, and better coordinated and more culturally appropriate services.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Epidemiology of premenstrual symptoms in a nonclinical sample. I. Prevalence, natural history and help-seeking behavior.

A stratified sample of 996 nursing school graduates from 1963 to 1984 was surveyed by mail regarding menstrual cycle characteristics. The 730 respondents reported an 87% overall lifetime prevalence of premenstrual symptoms. When the symptoms were categorized according to severity, only 3.2% of the respondents reported severe symptoms. Symptomatic women used diet change (24.6%), exercise (41.8%) and vitamins (18.9%) as self-help measures. Seventeen percent sought advice from a physician. Drug use was common; 22% were using a drug for symptoms at the time of the survey. Despite the common use of treatment, few women reported a significant work impairment. These findings support the conclusion that premenstrual symptoms are common but do not usually interfere with functioning.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Challenging two mental illness stigmas: personal responsibility and dangerousness.

Two stigmatizing attitudes related to dangerousness and personal responsibility may undermine the opportunities of persons with serious mental illness. This study set out to examine path models that explain how these attitudes lead to discriminatory behavior and to assess the impact of antistigma programs on components of personal responsibility and dangerousness models. Two hundred thirteen persons were randomly assigned to one of five antistigma conditions: education on personal responsibility, education on dangerousness, contact with a person with serious mental illness where personal responsibility is discussed, contact where dangerousness is discussed, or no change. Persons completed an attribution questionnaire (AQ) representing personal responsibility and dangerousness path models at pretest, posttest, and 1-week followup. They also completed tasks that represented helping behavior. Goodness of fit indexes from linear structural modeling were mixed for both models but suggested that fear of dangerousness was a key attitude leading to discriminatory behavior. Results also showed that subjects who had contact with persons with serious mental illness experienced greater changes than subjects in the education or control groups did on measures of attribution and helping behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Sexual coercion experience and help-seeking behavior of college women.

In a study of 656 college women enrolled in elective health education classes at three midwestern universities, results showed that 42% of the women had been victims of sexual coercion in dating situations while in college. Seventy percent of those who had experienced sexual coercion had intercourse when they did not want to as a result of overwhelming arguments and pressure. Only 28% of the sexual coercion victims sought any type of help. Of those who sought help, 75% sought help from a friend. Because the experience of victimization can disrupt various aspects of women's lives, it is important that victims seek help in their attempts to cope successfully after the sexually coercive event. If campus help providers--administrators, educators, residence hall staff, and health center personnel--are more aware of the incidence and dynamics of sexual coercion, they can be more effective in encouraging college student victims to seek the help they need.

Adolescent↗