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PubMedDate not supplied

Estimation of the dietary intake of chemicals in food.

Methods for estimating the exposure of individuals to chemical substances present in the diet require information to be obtained about the patterns of food consumption in a community as well as the concentration of these chemicals in the diet. Methods of estimating food intakes using food diaries/weighed intake studies, dietary recall studies, food frequency and food disappearance methods are described. Their use, together with calculations derived from the data they provide are described to estimate normal and atypical food consumption patterns. The methods which have been used to estimate the exposure to existing chemicals in food are briefly reviewed and include total diet studies, selective studies on individual foods and duplicate portion studies. These methods are inappropriate for estimating the prospective intake of a chemical in food and the ways in which this issue may be approached, both nationally and internationally, are described with particular reference to the intakes of pesticide residues and food additives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Interaction between physical activity and diet: implications for blood pressure management in primary care.

OBJECTIVES: This review summarises the evidence for the effectiveness of primary care based interventions of diet and physical activity aimed at reducing blood pressure. BACKGROUND: As blood pressure rises so does the risk of heart disease and stroke. There is a large literature on the effects on blood pressure of changing various aspects of diet either as single nutrient interventions, patterns of food consumption, or the addition of dietary supplements (potassium, magnesium, and fish oil). Controlled trials have been undertaken to assess the relative benefits of lifestyle changes in activity (walking etc) compared with more structured exercise programmes. There is sufficient evidence to suggest that changes in diet and activity under controlled conditions can reduce blood pressure and delay or reduce the need for drug treatment in subjects who are hypertensive. What is less clear is how to achieve these lifestyle changes in the primary care setting as part of routine clinical management. RESULTS: There have been a number of systematic reviews undertaken to evaluate the evidence. The interventions were either delivered alone or in combination with other advice, either with or without aids, and by various practice nurse staff (GP, nurse, dietitian); follow-up varied from 3 months to a year. Compliance with the advice was generally not measured. The variability in the quality of the studies and interventions made it difficult to draw conclusions: any effects seen tended to be small. CONCLUSIONS: Equivocal results (non statistically significant reductions) should not be considered as proof of no effect without careful consideration of the effects of chance, bias and confounding, and without better measures of compliance. There is little debate that, under investigator control, blood pressure can be reduced by changes in diet and activity. Changes to a 'healthy' diet (low in total and saturated fat; energy intake balanced with expenditure to maintain or achieve optimal body weight; low in salt: high in fruits, vegetables, legumes; and whole grains) and increases in modest levels of physical activity (walking etc) would be expected to reduce blood pressure by between two and four mmHg. A shift in the population distribution of this order would be expected to have a substantial impact on population mortality patterns and could be achieved cost-effectively in primary care.

Diet↗
PubMed2000

Seven unique food consumption patterns identified among women in the UK Women's Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: [corrected] To identify groups of subjects with similar food consumption patterns so that complex disease-diet relationships can be investigated at the level of the whole diet, rather than just in terms of nutrient intake. SUBJECTS: 33,971 women in the UK Women's Cohort Study. 60,000 women on the World Cancer Research Fund mailing list were initially invited to take part. Subjects were selected to include a high proportion of vegetarians. DESIGN: The cohort completed a 217 item food frequency questionnaire. Cluster analysis was used to identify groups of women with similar food consumption patterns. Clusters were compared on socio-demographic characteristics, indicators of health and diet, and nutrient intakes. RESULTS: Seven clusters were identified including two vegetarian clusters. Groups appeared to be differentiated by differences in food types and in diversity of diet. Socio-demographic, health and diet characteristics and nutrient intakes all differed significantly between groups. CONCLUSION: Classifying diets in more pragmatic terms than just nutrient intake should provide valuable insight into understanding complex diet-disease relationships. Dietary advice, whilst based on nutrient content of meals, needs to take account of the combinations of different food types that people naturally choose to use together. SPONSORSHIP: World Cancer Research Fund.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Implications for future studies in humans.

While an environmental link with cancer is widely accepted, its implications are not always understood. Because of the multistage nature of carcinogenesis, it is insufficient to study initiation only at the level of the 'target cell', since events before and after initiation may prove pivotal to neoplastic development. Estimates of the relative contributions of factors causing human cancer are briefly summarized. Tumours related to patterns of life style--including diet and behaviour--and individual susceptibility are discussed. It is in this group of tumours that metabolizing enzymes are probably most significant, especially for weak initiating stimuli, whether extrinsic or intrinsic. There are few epidemiological data available at present but future research can be suggested, to improve the definition in biochemical terms of individual susceptibility and effects of life style.

Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biocultural aspects of obesity in young Mexican schoolchildren.

Obesity related to over-nutrition is investigated in a sample of 219 Mexican children from affluent families, ages 6-12 years. Defined as weight-for-age at or above the 95(th) percentile, obesity rates in middle childhood are very high in this population, being 24.2% of children (29.4% of boys and 19.1% of girls). Binary logistic regression shows that children are more likely to be obese if they are boys, from small households with few or no other children, and have more permissive, less authoritarian parents. Diet at school and activity patterns, including television viewing, are not different for boys and girls and so do not explain this gender variation. The value placed on children, especially sons, in smaller middle-class families, can result in indulgent feeding because food treats are a cultural index of parental caring. Parents also value child fatness as a sign of health. These obese Mexican children have no greater social problems (peer rejection or stigma) or psychological problems (anxiety, depression, or low self esteem) than their non-obese peers. More study specifically focused on feeding practices in the home environment is required to explain very high rates of child obesity. The differences in obesity risk related to specific aspects of children's developmental microniche emphasize the importance of including a focus on gender as a socio-ecological construct in human biological studies of child growth, development, and nutrition.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2002

Increased expression of p21(WAF-1/CIP-1) in the lens epithelium of rat sugar cataract.

It has been demonstrated that exquisite regulation of the cell cycle between the activation and inhibition is crucial to maintain the transparency of the ocular lens. While it is generally recognized that the sugar cataract is accompanied by the enhanced proliferation of lens epithelial cells (LECs), it is unclear whether or not an inhibitory mechanism against the lens proliferation is involved, except for TGF-beta. In this study, the authors demonstrated the enhanced expression of p21(WAF-1/CIP-1), a potent inhibitor against cell cycle progression, and its specific temporal and regional expression profiles in the LECs during the development of sugar cataract. Sugar cataract was induced in 6-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats by feeding them on a 50% galactose-rich diet, and then the expression patterns of p21(WAF-1/CIP-1) mRNA and protein with the advance of the sugar cataract were studied. Western blot analyses showed that p21(WAF-1/CIP-1) expression increased throughout the period of galactose exposure, up to 21 days. Also, a gradual increase in the number of p21(WAF-1/CIP-1) positive cells was observed immunohistochemically in the course of the galactose exposure. Interestingly, p21(WAF-1/CIP-1) was significantly expressed in the multi-layered epithelium, which was observed typically in the advanced cataract. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), an indicator of cell proliferation, was also positive in the most multi-layered epithelial cells. In addition, transient expression of PCNA mRNA and its protein was noticed throughout the lens epithelium in the course of the sugar cataract development. Prior to the elevation of p21(WAF-1/CIP-1) mRNA expression, PCNA mRNA expression increased greatly and reached a peak according to the semiquantitative analyses using either the real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or the Southern blot analyses. Based on these observations, it is possible that p21(WAF-1/CIP-1) is elevated and exerts its inhibitory action against the proliferating epithelial cells during the development of the sugar cataract.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Lung lipid composition in zinc-deficient rats.

There have been a limited number of studies investigating surfactant lipid changes in lung with trace elements. The present investigation was designed to examine the effect of moderate zinc deficiency on the lipid metabolism in rat lung. We also evaluated whether zinc deficiency, which is a wide-spread problem, could play a role in adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). For that purpose, adult male Wistar rats were fed two diets differing in zinc concentration. The rats were divided into two groups. One group was fed a zinc-deficient diet containing 3 mg Zn/kg, and the other group received a zinc-adequate control diet with 30 mg Zn/kg according to AIN 93-M. After 2 mon of treatment, we observed that in the zinc-deficient group (i) total lipids, phospholipids, and cholesterol increased whereas TG decreased in whole lung; (ii) phospholipid (PC) concentration increased in lamellar bodies and alveolar macrophages and decreased in extracellular surfactant but did not change in microsomes; (iii) protein concentration decreased in whole lung, extracellular surfactant, lamellar bodies, and macrophages; (iv) the incorporation of [Me-14C]choline into PC (phospholipids) of lung slices increased; and (v) the activity of CTP/phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase bound to the microsomes increased in the lung. These results suggest that the lipid concentration in the lung (especially the phospholipids) is modified directly or indirectly by a zinc-deficient diet. In a zinc-deficient diet, the lung changes the pattern of PC for an adaptive or recovery stage. Therefore, zinc deficiency implications are important for the design of therapies and public health interventions involving targeted zinc supplementation for high-risk groups or groups with certain diseases, such as ARDS.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Underweight, stunting and wasting in black and white South African schoolchildren: malnutrition or adaptation?

Prevalences of underweight for age in South African schoolchildren rose from seven years to reach high levels during puberty. In Black children at the height of the pubertal growth spurt, half to three-quarters were underweight for age and hence classifiable as "malnourished". However, percentages fell rapidly to one-fifth or less at 17 years. High prevalences of stunting were common in Blacks. Wasting occurred in similar proportions of urban Black compared with White children, i.e., the large majority of both Blacks and Whites were normally proportioned; younger children were more wasted than older pupils. Factors additional to nutrition appear to share in the regulation of growth. In Whites on adequate diets, there were (i) similar patterns, but smaller rises in underweight prevalences over the growth spurt, also (ii) small but not insignificant prevalences of stunting: (iii) closely similar "normal" patterns of weight for height occurred in Whites as well as Blacks, and (iv) in Blacks the sharp fall in prevalences of underweight and wasting, after the rapid growth phase, occurred without any dietary intervention. A plea is made to use not only weight, but height, particularly relative to weight, at all ages, in assessing nutritional status and "at risk" groups. The stunted and wasted child is likely to be at greater risk than a similarly stunted but normally proportioned or overweight child--both could be underweight for age. Further definitive studies are required.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Metabolomics in practice: emerging knowledge to guide future dietetic advice toward individualized health.

The profession of dietetics can take an increasingly prominent role in managing health and patient care as clinicians gain access to three new resources: detailed information about the metabolic status of healthy individual clients, metabolic knowledge about the relationships between metabolite abundances and health, and bioinformatics tools that link clients' metabolism to their present and future health status. The current use of single biomarkers as indicators of disease will be replaced by comprehensive profiling of individual metabolites linked to an understanding of health and human metabolism--the emerging science now known as metabolomics. Industrial and academic initiatives are currently developing the analytical and bioinformatic technologies needed to assemble the quantitative reference databases of metabolites as the metabolic analog of the human genome. With these in place, dietetics professionals will be able to assess both the current health status of individuals and predict their health trajectories. Another important role for dietetics professionals will be to assist in the development of the tools and their application in predicting how an individual's specific metabolic pattern can be changed by diet, drugs, and lifestyle, with the goal of improving health and preventing the development of chronic diseases.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2006

Effects of dietary factors on oxidation of low-density lipoprotein particles.

Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDLs) appear to play a significant role in atherogenesis. In fact, circulating ox-LDL concentrations have been recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). A higher intake of some nutrients and specific food compounds such as monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and flavonoids have also been associated with a lower risk of CVD. These dietary factors could be associated to a lower risk of CVD through a reduction of the atherogenicity of LDL particles through limited oxidation. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to review human clinical studies that evaluated effects of dietary antioxidant vitamins, fatty acids (MUFA, PUFA) and specific flavonoid-rich foods on LDL particle oxidation and describe potential mechanisms by which dietary factors may prevent oxidation of LDL particles. Antioxidant vitamin supplements such as alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid as well as beta-carotene and fish-oil supplements have not been clearly demonstrated to prevent oxidation of LDL particles. Moreover, inconsistent documented effects of flavonoid-rich food such as olive oil, tea, red wine and soy on LDL particle oxidizability may be explained by difference in variety and quantity of flavonoid compounds used among studies. However, a healthy food pattern such as the Mediterranean diet, which includes a combination of antioxidant compounds and flavonoid-rich foods, appears effective to decrease LDL particle oxidizability, which may give some insight of the cardiovascular benefits associated with the Mediterranean diet.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2005

Radiocaesium (137Cs) in marine mammals from Svalbard, the Barents Sea and the North Greenland Sea.

Specific activities of the anthropogenic radionuclide, 137Cs, were determined in marine mammals from Svalbard and the Barents and North Greenland Seas. Muscle samples were collected from 12 polar bears, 15 ringed seals, 10 hooded seals, 7 bearded seals, 14 harp seals, one walrus, one white whale and one blue whale in the period 2000-2003. The mean concentrations (+/-SD) of 137Cs were: 0.72+/-0.62 Bq/kg wet weight (w.w.) for polar bears; 0.49+/-0.07 Bq/kg w.w. for ringed seals; 0.25+/-0.10 Bq/kg w.w. for hooded seals; 0.22+/-0.11 Bq/kg w.w. for bearded seals; 0.36+/-0.13 Bq/kg w.w. for harp seals; 0.67 Bq/kg w.w. for the white whale sample; 0.24 Bq/kg w.w. for the blue whale; and below detection limit for the walrus. Significant differences in 137Cs specific activities between some of the species were found. Ringed seals had higher specific activities than the other seal species in the study. Bearded seals and hooded seals had similar values, which were both significantly lower than the harp seal values. The results in the present study are consistent with previous reported results, indicating low specific activities of 137Cs in Arctic marine mammals in the Barents Sea and Greenland Sea region during the last 20 years. The species specific differences found may be explained by varying diet or movement and distribution patterns between species. No age related patterns were found in specific activities for the two species (polar bears and hooded seals) for which sufficient data was available. Concentration factors (CF) of 137Cs from seawater were determined for polar bears, ringed, bearded, harp and hooded seals. Mean CF values ranged from 79+/-32 (SD) for bearded seals sampled in 2002 to 244+/-36 (SD) for ringed seals sampled in 2003 these CF values are higher than those reported for fish and benthic organisms in the literature, suggesting bioaccumulation of 137Cs in the marine ecosystem.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Future cardiovascular end point studies: where will the research take us?

Coronary artery disease is the most common cause of death in the world. Emerging concepts of atherosclerosis imply that atherosclerosis is a diffuse disease, and cannot be definitively treated with local, anatomic interventions, such as coronary artery bypass graft surgery or angioplasty. Cholesterol lowering, on the other hand, has been shown to dramatically lower the rate of both morbid and mortal coronary events. In trials with new statin drugs, coronary risk has been lowered by approximately 30%. Additional risk reduction will require other approaches, including (1) intervention for other risk factors, (2) more aggressive cholesterol lowering, or (3) increased attention to primary prevention. The last requires a combination of public health measures to change harmful diet and life-style patterns as well as case findings to identify and treat at-risk subjects. For all these approaches, measures that will increase compliance by both physicians and patients to regimens with proven benefits are required.

Anticholesteremic Agents↗
PubMed2003

Apoptotic cell death in the lens epithelium of rat sugar cataract.

Apoptosis of lens epithelial cells (LECs) is implicated in the pathogenesis of several types of cataract formation. The high intracellular levels of polyol induce histological change in the LECs, which is considered the earliest event in sugar cataractogenesis. This study was designed to investigate whether high galactose exposure induces apoptosis in LECs during the development of sugar cataract. The effect of an aldose reductase inhibitor, SNK-860, was also examined. We induced sugar cataract in Sprague-Dawley rats by feeding them a 50% galactose-containing diet with or without SNK-860. The percentage of LECs undergoing apoptosis was measured by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotin-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) method, and DNA fragmentation analyses were performed. Galactitol levels in the lens epithelium were quantified by gas chromatography. The number of TUNEL-positive cells gradually increased throughout the period of galactose exposure, up to 5 days. DNA fragmentation analysis in LECs of rats fed a galactose-rich diet demonstrated an apparent ladder pattern. SNK-860 reduced the percentage of TUNEL-positive cells, the amount of intracellular galactitol, and the levels of DNA laddering. To explore the mechanism of the apoptotic process, the expression of p53, a potent mediator of apoptosis, was examined. Based on Western blot and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results, the amount of p53-expression increased at both the protein and mRNA levels after galactose exposure, and the increase in p53-expression was inhibited by SNK-860. Based on these results, we concluded that apoptosis occurs in rat lens epithelial cells following galactose exposure. Furthermore, the reduction of apoptosis by aldose reductase inhibitor suggests that this apoptosis is associated with the accumulation of sugar alcohols. It is probable that the mechanism of apoptosis during sugar cataract formation involves the increased expression of p53.

Aldehyde Reductase↗
PubMed1997

Differential gender response produced by meal and ad lib feedings of a high-fat diet in Osborne-Mendel rats.

We investigated if there were gender differences in metabolic consequences produced by meal feeding of a high-fat (HF) diet in male and female Osborne-Mendel rats. An HF diet was fed either ad lib (AL) or in 1 meal (MF) during the last 3 h of the dark cycle for 4 weeks (lights off from 2400 h to 1200 h). All rats were sacrificed at 1 of 3 time-points: prior to MF rats receiving their food at 0900 h, after food was taken from MF groups at 1200 h or 1500 h. Food intake, body weight, body fat weight, retroperitoneal adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity, plasma cholesterol, or HDL-cholesterol levels did not differ between MF- and AL-fed groups, but were higher in male than in female rats. There were no differences between the male and female groups in plasma levels of insulin and glucose or systolic blood pressures. Plasma triglyceride levels at 1200 h were significantly different between MF and AL Groups within either gender, but this was not observed at 0900 h or 1500 h. Body weights were correlated with internal fat weights and plasma cholesterol levels in both males (r = 0.57, p < 0.05) and females (r = 0.59, p < 0.05). Hence, it is the amount of HF diet ingested, rather than the pattern of meal feeding, that was the most significant factor related to gender differences in weight gain, increases in fat mass, and metabolic differences.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Nutritional needs of the female athlete.

US women, including female athletes, are under ever increasing pressure to be thin ar thinner. this pressure to achieve and maintain a low body weight leads to potentially harmful patterns of long-term dieting or disordered eating, which can affect long-term health. Some of the health consequences of long-term energy restriction in female athletes may include poor energy and nutrient intakes, poor nutritional status, decreased RMR and total daily energy expenditure, increased psychological stress and risk for a clinical eating disorder, and increased risk for exercise-induced amenorrhea and osteoporosis. Female athletes participating in thin-build sports may be at risk for the disorders of the female athlete triad: disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. This triad of disorders can also produce severe health consequences that can influence present and future health. Strategies for helping active women get off the dieting "bandwagon" requires the identification of an appropriate and healthy body weight, good eating and exercise habits, and techniques for maintaining these habits throughout life.

Diet, Reducing↗
PubMed1967

Regulation of development of hepatic glucokinase in the neonatal rat by the diet.

1. Feeding a high-glucose diet to weanling rats showed that high hepatic glucokinase activities could be induced at 18 days of age, i.e. 2 days after development of the enzyme begins. 2. The normal development of glucokinase activity can be retarded by weaning rats on to carbohydrate-free, high-fat and high-protein diets. 3. Precocious development of the enzyme before 16 days of age cannot be induced by oral glucose administration. 4. It is concluded that the ability to synthesize glucokinase develops very rapidly and that the nature of the diet determines the normal developmental pattern.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Nutrition in the Republic of Korea.

Until the 1970s, the Korean economy was dominantly agriculture, but nowadays, less than 10 % of the population lives in a rural area, and it is expected that within a generation the proportion of the population engaged in agriculture will be less than 5 %. The living standard is rising as the national economy benefits from the increased sale of industrial products. The dietary patterns are being changed. The diet has changed from one based predominantly on starch based food such as cereals or roots and vegetables to one in which animal products take great prominence with consequent increases in animal fat and protein. The move from simple unrefined foods to more refined and complex manufactured foods has become commonplace. As a result, the general nutritional situation has been improved. Such improvement, however, has brought about an increase in overnutrition in more affluent sections of the population, whereas dietary inadequacy among the lower socio-economic groups and vulnerable classes still persists. Overall, Korea suffers from both undernutrition and overnutrition. The national school feeding program started in 1953 after the Korean War with the support of UNICEF, CARE, and USAID as a relief food program and is now expanding successfully to a self-supporting nationwide scale. The applied nutrition project in rural areas introduced in 1967 with the support of UNICEF, FAO, WHO, and the Korean government continues successfully to the present day. A national dietary survey has been carried out once a year since 1969, and once every 3 years from 1998. Korean recommended dietary allowances were established in 1962 and have been revised every 5 years. The government intends to establish national dietary guidelines for health promotion and prevention of chronic degenerative diseases. Nutrition education and research are also very important national undertakings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Nutrition and maternal morbidity and mortality.

Nearly 600 000 women die every year from pregnancy related conditions and the maternal mortality rates (MMR = deaths per 100 000 live births) in developing countries may be as high as 1000 compared with less than ten in industrialised countries. In the light of the striking impact of deficiencies of micronutrients such as vitamin A and zinc on immune function, morbidity and mortality in children it seems reasonable to suggest that such deficiencies might play a contributing role in the high rates of morbidity and mortality in mothers. Hitherto, there has been rather little published on the contribution of malnutrition to maternal morbidity or mortality but recent results of micronutrient supplementation show a major effect of vitamin A or beta carotene supplementation on maternal mortality in Nepal and an impressive effect of a multiple micronutrient mixture on pregnancy outcome in Tanzania. There is now data showing that subclinical mastitis, a potential risk factor for mother to child transmission of HIV by increasing levels of virus in breast milk, is influenced by maternal diet in Tanzania and feeding patterns in South Africa. Considering the massive tragedy of maternal mortality the recent data provides opportunities for new, innovative nutritional interventions for the reduction of the global burden of maternal morbidity and mortality.

Ascorbic Acid↗