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PubMed1984

Ventilatory drive in normal man during semistarvation.

The effects of reduced caloric intake on ventilatory drive were investigated in normal volunteers. During a ten-day semistarvation period, six subjects (group 1) received parenterally an amino acid solution providing 550 kcal/d sufficient to prevent a negative nitrogen balance. Six subjects (group 2) received in addition a safflower oil solution providing a total caloric intake of 1,100 kcal/d. Hypoxic ventilatory drive was estimated by an index (parameter A) of the relation between minute ventilation (VE) and hypoxia. In group 1, mean values (+/- SEM) of A decreased significantly from 161.5 (+/- 42.0) to 48.9 (+/- 12.0) by day 10 (p less than 0.05), indicating a severe depression of hypoxic drive despite a positive nitrogen balance. In group 2, A did not change significantly (p greater than 0.05) from control values indicating a preserved hypoxic ventilatory drive. In both groups, the slopes of the line relating VE to arterial PCO2 (delta VE/delta PaCO2) did not change significantly during the ten-day semistarvation period consistent with preservation of the hypercapnic ventilatory drive. These data indicate that during periods of starvation, parenteral administration of aminoacids in an amount sufficient to maintain nitrogen balance is inadequate to prevent depression of respiratory control mechanisms unless a minimum daily caloric intake is achieved.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Interaction of hypoxia and hypercapnia on respiratory drive in patients with COPD.

The objective of this study was to compare the response of respiratory drive to progressive hypoxia under eucapnic and hypercapnic conditions in patients with severe COPD. Twenty-five patients with severe COPD and 13 nonsmoking young men were studied. The pressure in the occluded airway measured 0.1 second after the onset of inspiration was used as an index of respiratory drive. The occlusion pressure was measured at levels of SaO2 between 97 and 85 percent while eucapnic. The PETCO2 was then increased 10 mm Hg and the study repeated. The response of respiratory drive to hypoxia as measured by the slope of the regression line relating occlusion pressure to SaO2 was weak and variable in eucapnic hypoxia, and some subjects had no demonstrable response. When mild respiratory acidosis was created by increasing the PETCO2, the response to hypoxia was much greater and occurred in all subjects studied. Respiratory acidosis resulting from acute elevation of the PaCO2 greatly potentiates the increase in respiratory drive in response to hypoxia in normal subjects and in patients with severe COPD. Increase in occlusion pressure may occur with slight degrees of hypoxia when acute hypercapnia is present. These observations suggest that patients with acute respiratory failure complicating COPD, treated with controlled oxygen administration with only partial correction of hypoxia and continued respiratory acidosis, will have high respiratory drive.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Types of drunk-driving intervention: prevalence, success and gender.

OBJECTIVE: Survey research suggests that there are few, if any, gender differences in the types and frequency of informal drunk-driving intervention. This contrasts sharply with laboratory studies of helping behavior which report that men are more likely to help than are women. The present study examined the frequency and success rate of several different types of informal drunk-driving intervention for women and men. The influence of the gender of the intervenor and the intoxicated individual and the intervenor's familiarity with the individual on the use and success of the different interventions were also examined. METHOD: Students (N = 388) at a major West Coast university completed a drinking and driving questionnaire. Of these subjects 303 (78%) reported having been in a DUI situation within the last year, and 68% at these students (n = 206) who reported having intervened at least once in the past year were used in the present study. RESULTS: Women were just as likely as men to intervene. There were few gender differences in the frequency and success rates of the different types of intervention examined. Familiarity with the intoxicated individual increased the frequency and success of intervention. However, intervention with strangers occurred under certain circumstances. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that there are few gender differences in the use and success rate of different types of informal drunk-driving intervention. However, since the interventions examined in this study were determined a priori, gender differences may still be operative. There is some research evidence that suggests that men and women approach potential drunk drivers differently. Furthermore, the role of familiarity in drunk-driving intervention needs to be further examined.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2006

The maize Ab10 meiotic drive system maps to supernumerary sequences in a large complex haplotype.

The meiotic drive system on maize abnormal chromosome 10 (Ab10) is contained within a terminal domain of chromatin that extends the long arm of Ab10 to approximately 1.3 times the size of normal chromosome 10L. Ab10 type I (Ab10-I) does not recombine with normal chromosome 10 (N10) over an approximately 32-cM terminal region of the long arm. Comparative RFLP mapping demonstrates that multiple independent rearrangements are responsible for the current organization of Ab10-I, including a set of nested inversions and at least one long supernumerary segment at the end of the chromosome. Four major meiotic drive functions, i.e., the recombination effect, smd3, 180-bp neocentromere activity, and the distal tip function, all map to the distal supernumerary segment. TR-1-mediated neocentromere activity (the fifth known drive function) is nonessential in the type II variant of Ab10 and maps to a central region that may include a second supernumerary insertion. Both neocentromere activity and the recombination effect behave as dominant gain-of-function mutations, consistent with the view that meiotic drive involves new or alien gene products. These and other data suggest that the Ab10 meiotic drive system was initially acquired from a related species and that a complex haplotype evolved around it.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1981

Influence of pattern and red color on the photoconvulsive response and the photic driving.

Patients, 232 epileptics and 98 nonepileptics, were examined for photoconvulsive responses and photic driving, by using a stroboscope with a) a printed pattern (dots or grating) and b) a red plastic plate. The stimuli given were (1) dot pattern 5 Hz IPS, (2) red 5 Hz IPS, (3) grating pattern 15 Hz IPS, and (4) red 15 Hz IPS, with eyes open. Photoconvulsive responses evoked by (3) and (4) were 6.6% and 5.1%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those obtained from a control group flickered with ordinary white light, 15 Hz IPS, (1.1% and 0.9%, with eyes open and closed, respectively). High amplitude photic driving over 50 microV evoked by (1) occurred in 34.9% of the patients and by (2) 22.7%; these were significantly higher than in the control group with ordinary white flicker (12.5% and 5.2%). Similar stimuli of (1) to (4) with a constant brightness of 20 cd/m2 provided by a visual stimulator SLS-5100 were given in the same way. Photoconvulsive response evoked by 15 Hz flickering grating pattern occurred in 7.8% and by 15 Hz red flicker in 8.1%; the rate being slightly higher than, but not significantly different from, the above results. High amplitude photic driving evoked by 5 Hz flickering dot pattern and 5 Hz red flicker were 29.3% and 21.2%, respectively. These values were slightly lower than, but not significantly different from, the above results. It was concluded that the flicker stimulation with either pattern or red color is more potent in eliciting photoconvulsive responses (15 Hz) and photic driving responses (5 Hz) than conventional flicker. Furthermore, patterned IPS and red IPS showed almost the same activation effect on photoconvulsive responses and high amplitude photic driving as that of the comparable stimuli provided by a visual stimulator SLS-5100.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Effects of acute prolactin manipulation on sexual drive and function in males.

The neuroendocrine response to sexual activity in humans is characterized by a pronounced orgasm-dependent increase of plasma levels of prolactin. In contrast to the well-known inhibitory effects of chronic hyperprolactinemia on sexual drive and function, the impact of acute prolactin alterations on human sexual physiology is unknown. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of acute manipulation of plasma prolactin on sexual behavior. Ten healthy males participated in a single-blind, placebo-controlled, balanced cross-over design. Prolactin levels were pharmacologically increased to high levels (protirelin, 50 micro g i.v.) or reduced to low physiological concentrations (cabergoline, 0.5 mg p.o.). Sexual arousal and orgasm were then induced by an erotic film and masturbation. In addition to continuous neuroendocrine and cardiovascular recordings, the quality and intensity of the acute sexual drive, arousal, orgasm and refractory period were assessed by extensive psychometric measures. Administration of cabergoline decreased prolactin levels and significantly enhanced all parameters of sexual drive (P<0.05), function (P<0.01) and positive perception of the refractory period (P<0.01). Administration of protirelin increased prolactin concentrations and produced small, but not significant reductions of sexual parameters. The sexual effects observed from cabergoline were completely abrogated by coadministration of protirelin. Although different pharmacological sites of action of prolactin-altering drugs have to be considered, these data demonstrate that acute changes in prolactin plasma levels may be one factor modulating sexual drive and function. Therefore, besides a neuroendocrine reproductive reflex, a post-orgasmic prolactin increase may represent one factor modulating central nervous system centers controlling sexual drive and behavior. These findings may offer a new pharmacological approach for the treatment of sexual disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Reducing alcohol-impaired driving in Massachusetts: the Saving Lives Program.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study ws to assess whether a community program begun in March 1988 that organized multiple city departments and private citizens could reduce alcohol-impaired driving, related driving risks, and traffic deaths and injuries. METHODS: Trends in fatal crashes and injuries per 100 crashes were compared in Saving Lives Program cities and the rest of Massachusetts from March 1984 through February 1993. In annual roadside surveys conducted at randomly selected locations, safety belt use among occupants of 54577 vehicles and travel speeds of 118442 vehicles were observed. Four statewide telephone surveys (n = 15188) monitored self-reported driving after drinking. RESULTS: In program cities relative to the rest of Massachusetts during the 5 program years in comparison with the previous 5 years, fatal crashes declined 25%, from 178 to 120, and fatal crashes involving alcohol decreased 42%, from 69 to 36. Visible injuries per 100 crashes declined 5%, from 21.1 to 16.6. The proportions of vehicles observed speeding and teenagers who drove after drinking were cut in half. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions organized by multiple city departments and private citizens can reduce driving after drinking, related driving risks, and traffic deaths and injuries.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1990

An assessment of measures to predict the outcome of driving evaluations in patients with cerebral damage.

The evaluation of the ability of patients to return to driving after cerebral damage stands out as one of the most important tasks confronted by rehabilitation professionals. The present study was designed to critically assess evaluations that were developed at one facility to determine fitness to drive: an offroad, predriver evaluation of skills regarded as important in driving and an on-road, behind-the-wheel evaluation of abilities needed to drive in actual traffic situations. The evaluation results of 3-patients with cerebral damage due to traumatic head injury or cerebrovascular accident were studied retrospectively. Only 4 out of 21 items on the predriver evaluation significantly predicted the outcome of the predriver evaluation and none of the predriver evaluation items predicted the outcome of the behind-the-wheel evaluation. Only 6 of the 26 tasks on the behind-the-wheel evaluation significantly predicted the outcome of the behind-the-wheel evaluation. None of the items on the predriver evaluation or the behind-the-wheel evaluation explained a significant portion of variance related to outcome. The lack of internal and predictive validity of driver evaluations is discussed in light of these findings, and recommendations are given for improving the predictive power of driving evaluations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Respiratory drive during carbachol challenge in allergic sheep.

Diaphragmatic activity is the standard assessment of respiratory neural output but is difficult to measure and cannot be used for long-term clinical monitoring. The tidal breathing minute ventilation (V') and mean inspiratory flow (VT/tI) reflect respiratory drive and can be monitored non-invasively using respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP). Recent findings indicate that peak inspiratory acceleration (PIA) correlates to diaphragmatic activity during CO2 rebreathing in piglets. The aim of the present study was to assess whether tidal breathing peak inspiratory acceleration reflects respiratory drive during carbachol challenge. Aerosolized carbachol was administered to 15 allergic sheep until pulmonary resistance increased by at least 400%. After threshold dose, slight increases in V' and VT/tI were seen (8 and 5%, respectively; P=NS), while PIA increased by 30% (P<0.05). The change in PIA was closely correlated to changes in V'[bar over] and VT/tI (r=0.73, P<0.01 and r=0.88, P<0.001, respectively). In conclusion, peak inspiratory acceleration reflected respiratory drive during bronchoprovocation. Further, this new measure of drive has the potential to accurately estimate drive in chronic obstructive lung disease where intrinsic positive end expiratory pressure prevents accurate selection of beginning inspiration necessary for computation of, e.g. VT/tI.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Applying the revoked driving privilege law according to section 25 StVG].

The driving ban is an urgent mean of education. If a fine is fixed against a motorist on account of drunk driving, a driving ban has usually to be ordered according to section 25 section 1 sentence 2 StVG, because the driving of a motor vehicle in a stage of drunkness represents a dangerous way of behavior. There are nevertheless other comparatively dangerous ways of behavior on the roads; to that belongs especially the infringe of the permissable speed limit. For that reason there are more legal driving bans necessary.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1991

[Cardiac assist device with inserted alternate-drive skeletal muscle pump system].

Many studies on a skeletal muscle pump (SMP) for use as a cardiac assist device require preconditioning as a countermeasure to muscle fatigue. However, we conducted experiments in the hope of developing a cardiac assist device with an alternate-drive SMP system requiring no preconditioning. Adult mongrel dogs were used. We prepared a roll-type SMP from a pedicled muscle flap of the latissimus dorsi and major pectoris muscle, and an insert type SMP without separating the latissimus dorsi and major pectoris muscle. The muscles were stimulated at a frequency of 60 rpm at cycles of burst stimulation. Thirty-minute intermittent driving was performed. The hydrodynamic changes were measured at five-minute intervals for a total of three hours. The function of the pumps markedly declined after a few minutes of driving the roll-type SMPs but remained satisfactory after thirty minutes of driving the insert-type SMPs. Consequently, we concluded that dual SMPs, alternately driven through thirty minute intermittent drive and rest intervals, could be useful as cardiac assist devices without preconditioning.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Neural drive and ventilatory strategy of breathing in normal children, and in patients with cystic fibrosis and asthma.

The drive and performance of breathing during hypercapnia, isocapnic hypoxia, and transient hyperoxia were studied in 20 normal children (mean age 12.3 years), in ten children with asthma, and in ten children with cystic fibrosis (CF) matched by sex and age. These latter two groups of patients had had obstructive respiratory symptoms since infancy and their pulmonary disease was of moderate severity as documented by their pulmonary function studies. During hypercapnia, normal children had a linear increase in minute ventilation (delta VE), in tidal volume (delta VT) and in the inspiratory drive (VT/Ti). The drive of breathing was evaluated by the occlusion pressure (P0.1) at functional residual capacity. The P0.1 response to PaCO2 was linear. Patients with asthma and CF showed a blunted ventilatory response (delta VE, delta VT, VT/Ti) to Co2 but a normal response in P0.1. In normal subjects, the test of isocarbic hypoxia demonstrated an exponential type of increase in delta VE, delta VT, and P0.1 as PAO2 decreased from 110 to 40 torr. With severe hypoxia (PAO2 less than 50 torr), children with CF (but not asthmatic patients) experienced a paradoxical decrease in delta VE while the drive (P0.1) remained above normal in both groups of patients. Finally, the transient O2 inhalation test caused a decrease in VE of 26%, 21%, an 34%, respectively, in normal subjects, in asthmatic children, and in children with CF. It is concluded that the CO2 and O2 drive of normal children resembles that described for adults and that the CO2 and O2 command of breathing is normal in children with asthma and CF. However, the ventilatory response in children with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is subnormal probably due to the impairment of the respiratory mechanics. Finally the respiratory depression induced by severe hypoxia in children with CF is unexplained, but it may reflect the high dependency of their respiratory muscle on oxygen supply.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Alcohol related accidents and revoking the driving license for alcohol-induced traffic violations in Germany 1975-1993].

The Federal Office for Statistics and the Federal Office for Motor Vehicles made some statistics available on the development of accidents due to alcohol on German streets and the withdrawal of driving licences due to criminal offences involving drinking and driving in Germany from 1975 to 1993. These statistics are evaluated so that a connection between the accidents and the withdrawal of driving licences can be worked out. This evaluation showed that in the long run both the number of accidents caused by the influence of alcohol and the withdrawal of driving licences due to drinking and driving are falling in Germany.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1996

A versatile electronic drive for rehabilitation devices, vehicles for the disabled and senior citizens.

Electronic drives have various applications in rehabilitation devices, partly to strengthen muscles of specific parts of the body (e.g. legs), partly to support the mobility of the patient during the rehabilitation process. Physically disabled people with limited walking ability also benefit from support devices equipped with electrical drives, and senior citizens often appreciate easy-to-handle, quiet and cost-effective individual transport means for local traffic. The paper describes a versatile, novel electronic drive, consisting of an electric motor and a control circuit. Explanations concentrate on the design goals and solutions that guarantee a smooth transition between muscle- and electric driving of the different devices or vehicles, and the benefits of the very high efficiency of the drive, like reduced weight or extended range.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

An electronic device to measure drive and recovery phases during wheelchair propulsion: a technical note.

Using cinematography to identify the drive and recovery phases in wheelchair racing, it has been reported that the drive phase was approximately 33% of each propulsive cycle time, with remaining time devoted to the recovery phase. In this study, an electronic timing device has been developed to accurately measure the drive phase time and recovery phase time in each cycle of wheelchair racing. Seventeen wheelchair athletes with national and/or international racing experience were tested on four selected speeds. It was found that the drive phase was approximately 23% of each cycle time during wheelchair racing. The drive phase time decreased in each propulsive cycle as speed increased from 30 to 90% of the peak speed.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Problems in the assessment of driving capability in family practice].

More than half of the Swiss adult population possesses a valid driver's licence. To safely drive a car, certain medical demands are requested by law. Drivers of trucks, taxis and coaches and all drivers past the age of 70, must undergo a periodical medical examination. These examinations are usually performed by general practitioners. The most important legal foundations and the medical examination procedure are explained in this publication. Frequent diseases affecting the patient's driving ability such as poor vision, alcoholism, drug abuse, the early stages of dementia and other physical impairments are presented. Not to be neglected are the number of road traffic accidents resulting from medical reasons. The general practitioner is authorized to contact the authorities if he feels a patient is no longer capable of driving. For this reason, general practitioners should also be aware of the patient's driving capability other than during a periodical traffic examination. The individual's interests have to be carefully considered as opposed to that of society. The problems of general driving capability assessment performed by the general practitioner and possible procedures in case of patient's disagreement are presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Classification of pathological drives in children and adolescents].

A new approach to classification of pathological drives (impulse control disorders) in children and adolescents is proposed basing on both literary data and author's own observations. 5 criteria were picked out: 1) correlation of biological and social factors in the genesis of pathological drives; 2) personal attitude to the drive; 3) presence (or absence) of the opposite motivations struggle; 4) outcome of the struggle of motivations; 5) acuteness and stability of pathological drive. The latter criterion was considered as leading, and the necessity of determination of different forms of this pathology was shown taking into the consideration characteristics of the former criteria. Such approach to systematization of pathological drives increases significantly exactness of clinical description of the syndrome, its diagnoss and peculiarities of its dynamics. Besides, it permits to cover all different forms of this pathology and cnables computer processing of clinical data.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Toward real-time quantification of driving risks: a systematic review and research agenda of risk field theory.

In complex traffic systems, driving risk often evolves in a continuous and progressive manner prior to crash occurrence. How to effectively represent and analyze such latent risk states remains a central challenge in traffic safety research. In recent years, risk field-based approaches have introduced spatial and spatiotemporal continuous modeling paradigms, providing new perspectives for characterizing the distribution of traffic risk and its dynamic evolution. Motivated by the rapid growth of this research area and the lack of a systematic synthesis, this paper presents a comprehensive review of studies applying risk field theory to driving safety and traffic risk analysis. Following the PRISMA guidelines, relevant literature was collected through multi-database searches and analyzed using a combination of bibliometric analysis and qualitative review. The review systematically summarizes the theoretical foundations, modeling elements, data sources, analytical methods, and application domains of risk field-related research. Particular attention is given to studies that conceptualize traffic risk as a continuous field, complemented by a broader review of traffic risk factor literature to identify key elements and analytical dimensions involved in risk field modeling. On this basis, the paper synthesizes research progress in major application areas, including traffic safety state representation, driving behavior analysis, traffic conflict assessment, and autonomous driving and human-machine cooperative systems. Differences and commonalities among existing studies are compared in terms of modeling strategies, data support, and application scenarios. Through this systematic review, the paper clarifies the main research themes and methodological trends of risk field-based studies, providing a structured framework for understanding the evolution and application of this approach and offering methodological insights for risk perception modeling and safety-oriented decision support in intelligent transportation systems (ITS).

Humans↗