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PubMed1995

The dental clinical workstation and the computer-based patient record.

Computer-based clinical workstations and software systems for patients records offer emerging technologies important to the practice of dentistry. Many considerations enter into the design of the workstation: a screen graphics software design that will permit fast, accurate and comprehensive data input while being easy to learn and use; space-saving computer hardware, including the monitor, and an integrated physical design for the complete clinical workstation that takes into account infection control and ergonomics. Other computer-based technologies, such as intra-oral imaging systems and digitized radiographs, along with accounting, billing, insurance claims and scheduling software systems should be integrated with the workstation software for clinical data acquisition. This will require adoption of uniform standards for the data dictionaries and for communication with outside databases, hospitals, laboratories and service bureaus, which suggests that the clinical workstation may become the integrating centerpiece for a variety of clinical computer-based technologies that are emerging in the health professions.

Dental Records↗
PubMed1994

Toward unification of taxonomy databases in a distributed computer environment.

All the taxonomy databases constructed with the DNA databases of the international DNA data banks are powerful electronic dictionaries which aid in biological research by computer. The taxonomy databases are, however not consistently unified with a relational format. If we can achieve consistent unification of the taxonomy databases, it will be useful in comparing many research results, and investigating future research directions from existent research results. In particular, it will be useful in comparing relationships between phylogenetic trees inferred from molecular data and those constructed from morphological data. The goal of the present study is to unify the existent taxonomy databases and eliminate inconsistencies (errors) that are present in them. Inconsistencies occur particularly in the restructuring of the existent taxonomy databases, since classification rules for constructing the taxonomy have rapidly changed with biological advancements. A repair system is needed to remove inconsistencies in each data bank and mismatches among data banks. This paper describes a new methodology for removing both inconsistencies and mismatches from the databases on a distributed computer environment. The methodology is implemented in a relational database management system, SYBASE.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

["I x-ray, you x-ray..." A comparative study of eponymous verbs on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the discovery of roentgen rays].

Eponyms are derived from the name of a person. Eponymic verbs are rare compared to eponymic nouns and adjectives. The German Duden dictionary lists eponymic derivatives from the following persons: Amerigo (Vespucci), Bal(1)horn, Beckmesser, Boycott, Faraday, Galvani, Guillotin, Lumbeck, Lynch, Mendel, Morse, Pasteur und Roentgen. Only the verb "to roentgen" is formally identical to the name Roentgen. A computerized analysis of a newspaper that represents standard German (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung from January 1, 1993 through March 7, 1995) proves that "to roentgen" (19x) ranges five in frequency of eponymic verbs of contemporary German-behind to boycott (363x), to ballhornize (33x), to lynch (30x), to americanize (29x).

Eponyms↗
PubMed1994

The concept of hierarchy in general systems theory.

The paper reviews main ideas related to the concept of hierarchy as they are discussed in contemporary general systems theory. After presenting a dictionary definition of the concept, the author examines the intuitive idea of hierarchy quoting Mario Bunge's notion of level structure. Then relationship between two other concepts: a system and a hierarchy is characterised on the bases of Bowler's, Bunge's again, Klir's, and the author's studies. Finally, the paper is concluded that hierarchy is not an otological concept but epistemological one.

Classification↗
PubMed1995

Finding information in the medical literature.

There is such an enormous amount of information available to ophthalmic nurses, it is often intimidating to find the single item of information needed. Informal, word-of-mouth information sources are convenient but may also be incorrect or incomplete. There are a variety of formal information sources: dictionaries, encyclopedias, handbooks, directories, textbooks, annuals, and journals articles. Journal articles are probably the most important literature in healthcare because of their currency. Learning to use the medical library effectively and using the services of a medical librarian can help one take advantage of this vast amount of information.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1994

Ethnobotany and research on medicinal plants in India.

Vast ethnobotanical knowledge exists in India from ancient time. Since the 1950s the study of ethnobotany has intensified; 10 books and 300 papers have been published. Our work over four decades, both in the field and literary studies, has resulted in a dictionary of Indian folk-medicine and ethnobotany that includes 2532 plants. India has about 45,000 plant species; medicinal properties have been assigned to several thousand. About 2000 figure frequently in the literature; indigenous systems commonly employ 500. Despite early (4500-1500 BC) origins and a long history of usage, in the last two centuries Ayurveda has received little official support and hence less attention from good medical practitioners and researchers. Much work is now being done on the botany, pharmacognosy, chemistry, pharmacology and biotechnology of herbal drugs. The value of ethnomedicine has been realized; work is being done on psychoactive plants, household remedies and plants sold by street drug vendors. Statistical methods are being used to assess the credibility of claims. Some recent work in drug development relates to species of Commiphora (used as a hypolipidaemic agent), Picrorhiza (which is hepatoprotective), Bacopa (used as a brain tonic), Curcuma (antiinflammatory) and Asclepias (cardiotonic). A scrutiny of folk claims found 203 plants for evaluation. Less well known ethnomedicines have been identified that are used to treat intestinal, joint, liver and skin diseases.

India↗
PubMed1994

On-line information sources on chemical substances.

Information technology has brought about changes in the work patterns of researchers and scientists. After some hints on the on-line facilities needed to be connected to the international host computers, an analysis is made of some of the main automated sources available to retrieve information on chemical substances. Special emphasis is given to textual-numeric data banks, first reviewing the main chemical dictionaries, like Registry and Chemline, and then focusing on those sources that offer immediate information in case of emergency. Among the Toxnet files, produced and managed within the US National Library of Medicine Toxicology Information Program, play a very important role in offering publicly available data on toxicology and on hazardous chemicals. Therefore, the Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) and the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) are described for their relevance thereon. Other data banks produced in Europe, like the Environmental Chemicals Data Information Network (ECDIN) and the very specialized Major Hazard Incident Data Service (MHIDAS) are also briefly outlined. To integrate this overview on online information, the attention is then shifted on sources having the characteristic of reference databases: prestigious files covering the international scientific literature, as CA/Chemabs, Toxline/Toxlit, Embase, Medline are introduced. Implications of on-line technology in enhancing information access in the next future are discussed, pointing out the new tools created to meet the information needs of end-users.

Databases, Bibliographic↗
PubMed1994

[Effect of the setting on therapeutic verbalization of affects].

In psychotherapy research vocabulary measures are still an exception, although clinically relevant hypotheses might well be investigated by means of those measures. The affective vocabulary seems to be particularly apt to serve as an indicator of psychotherapeutic processes, since the "processing of emotions" can be regarded as a crucial part of any kind of psychotherapy. The emotion theory of Dahl and a classification schema derived from DeRivera will be explained in the text. The development of the Affective Dictionary Ulm (ADU), a computer measure for evaluation of affective vocabulary was based on this classification system. The distinction between two important categories of emotions, it-emotions (like anger) referring to wishes about objects, and me-emotions (like depression) reflecting self states, i.e. beliefs about the status of wish fulfillment, will be explained. The study described focuses on the affective vocabulary of one psychotherapist in three different settings: initial interviews, short term therapy and psychoanalysis. It can be demonstrated, that the "intensity" of the setting significantly positively correlates with the use of words indicating object (or it-) emotions. According to the transference paradigm, these results suggest, that the intensification of psychodynamic settings lead to an increasing work on help to regulate object relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Reducing ambiguity: semantic statistical studies of "normal" probands, neurotic patients, borderline patients and schizophrenic patients].

The present study tries to answer three questions: 1.) Do patients with neurotic disorders differ from normals by a stronger tendency to avoid or reduce ambiguity? 2.) Does the tendency to avoid or reduce ambiguity increase with increasing ambiguity of the stimulus? 3.) Does the avoidance or reduction of ambiguity increase with affects of anxiety and hostility? In order to answer these questions, Ertel's dogmatism-dictionary was applied to the answers of 30 normals, 30 patients with neurotic disorders, 30 borderline-patients, 25 acute and 25 chronic schizophrenics in the Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT). According to the results, (1) patients with neurotic disorders do not differ from normals by a stronger tendency to avoid or reduce ambiguity. 2.) The tendency to avoid or reduce ambiguity increases with measures of increasing stimulus ambiguity of the HIT cards in all diagnostic groups studied with the exception of chronic schizophrenics. As far as response ambiguity (variability of interpretation) is concerned, only in chronic schizophrenics the tendency to avoid or reduce ambiguity decreases with increasing response ambiguity. 3.) The avoidance or reduction of ambiguity increases with affects of anxiety and/or aggression assessed by HIT-measures in all diagnostic groups studied with the exception of normals and chronic schizophrenics. In both normals and chronic schizophrenics, the reduction of ambiguity decreases significantly with increasing anxiety, in chronic schizophrenics the reduction of ambiguity decreases significantly with an increase of low levels of aggression.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Natural language processing of medical texts within the HELIOS environment.

A large number of hospital applications are potentially interested in natural language processing since they currently heavily depend on an efficient use of a huge amount of textual information. The need for systems that are able to accept multiple European languages is of paramount interest, as language barriers can be a strong impediment for large-scale communication in Europe, in particular regarding telemedicine. In the context of the AIM project HELIOS, the Natural Language Processing (NLP) component offers a large variety of medical services according to natural language free input. It allows the multilingual analysis of medical texts (currently in English, French and German) and the storage of the meaning of these texts under a deep knowledge representation that can be queried whenever it is needed. In addition, it provides facilities to handle knowledge source embedded into the conceptual typologies and into the dictionaries. This article aims at describing all these functionalities and their integration into the environment of the HELIOS project.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1994

A primer on memory in aging and Alzheimer's disease.

Memory is a complex and difficult area for researchers, physicians, and caregivers of the elderly. Webster's Dictionary describes memory as "the power or process of reproducing or recalling what has been learned and retained, esp. through associative mechanisms." As Squire writes: "The concepts of learning and memory are closely related. Learning is the process of acquiring new information, while memory refers to the persistence of learning in a state that can be revealed at a later time." This overview introduces one of the constructs currently being used to describe the memory process. Memory, as with many other functions in aging, may have some correlation with chronologic age as well as with disease and nondisease factors. The methods used to study memory are important in defining "disease free" memory loss, "disease related" memory loss, and in describing the influence of other variables on performance in memory testing.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

PRINTS--a database of protein motif fingerprints.

PRINTS is a compendium of protein motif 'fingerprints'. A fingerprint is defined as a group of motifs excised from conserved regions of a sequence alignment, whose diagnostic power or potency is refined by iterative databasescanning (in this case the OWL composite sequence database). Generally, the motifs do not overlap, but are separated along a sequence, though they may be contiguous in 3D-space. The use of groups of independent, linearly- or spatially-distinct motifs allows protein folds and functionalities to be characterised more flexibly and powerfully than conventional single-component patterns or regular expressions. The current version of the database contains 200 entries (encoding 950 motifs), covering a wide range of globular and membrane proteins, modular polypeptides, and so on. The growth of the databaseis influenced by a number of factors; e.g. the use of multiple motifs; the maximisation of sequence information through iterative database scanning; and the fact that the database searched is a large composite. The information contained within PRINTS is distinct from, but complementary to the consensus expressions stored in the widely-used PROSITE dictionary of patterns.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Coping with changing controlled vocabularies.

For the foreseeable future, controlled medical vocabularies will be in a constant state of development, expansion and refinement. Changes in controlled vocabularies must be reconciled with historical patient information which is coded using those vocabularies and stored in clinical databases. This paper explores the kinds of changes that can occur in controlled vocabularies, including adding terms (simple additions, refinements, redundancy and disambiguation), deleting terms, changing terms (major and minor name changes), and other special situations (obsolescence, discovering redundancy, and precoordination). Examples are drawn from actual changes appearing in the 1993 update to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD9-CM). The methods being used at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center to reconcile its Medical Entities Dictionary and its clinical database are discussed.

Medical Records Systems, Computerized↗
PubMed1994

MD Concept: a model for integrating medical knowledge.

Many integrated clinical information systems depend on large knowledge bases containing dictionary of terms as well as specific information about each term and the relationships between terms. We propose a knowledge base model called MD Concept which is based on a semantic network and uses an object-oriented paradigm and relational tables. A prototype has been developed which integrates the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) with other databases including the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED II), the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IIIR) and a pharmaceutical database. We demonstrate how a user can easily navigate in this knowledge world using a browser.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1994

Two empirical notes on Freud's Leonardo.

Why did Freud, in his Leonardo study, speak of a vulture instead of a kite (in Italian nibbio)? It can be shown that contemporary dictionaries rendered nibbio by Hühnergeier; that this designation of the kite was unfamiliar in Standard German; but that it was automatically understood as referring to a sub-species of Geier (vulture). Freud had an anachronistic idea about non-marital sex relations in quattrocento Italy. Such liaisons were not uncommon between higher-ranking males and lower-ranking females, their offspring were assigned to the paternal family. Leonardo's mother probably served as wetnurse for her illegitimate son, returning him to his father and being married to a man of equal standing after the customary time of weaning (ca. 18 months). Concerning Leonardo's psycho-sexual development, the corrected data shift the emphasis from the oedipal level (Freud) to an earlier, ambivalent mother-child relation (Eissler). Both notes warn against some pitfalls of psychobiography.

Freudian Theory↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Conduction bloc in peripheral nerves. Facts and hypotheses].

In the terminological dictionary of the AAEE conduction block is defined as inability of impulse to pass through a certain point in nerve fibre, although conduction is preserved below that point. Conduction block is manifested as a quantitatively corresponding drop of the amplitude and area of motor evoked potential (MEP) in the distal part in relation to the values of these parameters proximal to the block. Excessive desynchronization of conduction in nerve fibres and certain technical factors should be excluded. Multifocal conduction block is found in many neuropathies, particularly purely motor ones. The probable mechanisms responsible for the difference between motor and sensory nerve fibres with respect to their susceptibility to block development have been discussed. The understanding of conduction block could have important clinical implications, especially in the differential diagnosis of chronic demyelinative neuropathies, in the selection of immunological research methods, in the choice of treatment and prognostication of possible improvement (e.g. in the Guillain-Barre syndrome). Purely motor neuropathy with multifocal conduction block may simulate amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The development of block in neuropathies is associated frequently with increased level of antibodies against GM1 and the interrelation between these phenomena is not known; the development of block may be due to deposition of GM1 antibodies in internodes or Ranvier's nodes with production of demyelination or with damage to ion channels. Although the concept of conduction block has been introduced in electroneurographic diagnosis there are still many doubts as to the correctness of diagnostic criteria, indispensable technical conditions, and also to the basic problems, such as e.g. 1) is conduction block really limited to acquired neuropathies (its possible occurrence in congenital neuropathies is discussed), 2) why is conduction block not reflecting clinical improvement, 3) in what degree is block reflecting the loss of motor units. These questions are discussed by the author in the light of literature reports and own experience.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis↗
PubMed1994

A necessary neologism: the origin and uses of suicide.

In English-speaking societies today the word suicide is the preferred term for self-inflicted death. But it has not always been so. Evidence recounted here suggests that suicide was devised by Sir Thomas Browne and first published in his book Religio Medici in 1643. Although little used at first, suicide had become established as noun and verb by the mid-18th century and was recognized by inclusion in Johnson's Dictionary. The modern world has seen an enormous increase in words and expressions derived from suicide, some of which are discussed here.

History, 17th Century↗
PubMed1994

Certificates.

The Concise Oxford English Dictionary defines 'dilemma' as "an argument forcing one to choose one of two alternatives both unfavourable to him (or her)". This is situation that frequently confronts the general practitioner. In this article a personal solution to the problem of 'certificates' is presented. Not every one will necessarily agree with the solutions presented and some may find them unacceptable, or have better solutions. The author warmly welcomes correspondence, either personal, or in the form of Letters to the Editor, as this is a subject in which consensus decisions are important.

Absenteeism↗