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PubMed2006

Watching bone cells at work: what we can see from bone biopsies.

Histomorphometric analysis of iliac bone samples is a key tool for studying bone metabolism and, to a lesser extent, bone mass and structure. Two types of bone metabolic activity can be distinguished: modeling and remodeling. Both processes are performed by the same effector cells, osteoblasts and osteoclasts, but differ in the way these cells are arranged. The main effect of remodeling is to renew bone, whereas modeling can lead to rapid changes in bone shape, size and mass. Standard histomorphometric analysis focuses on trabecular bone and therefore mainly provides information on remodeling. Remodeling activity changes markedly with age during development. This must be taken into account when histomorphometry is used in the pediatric setting. Remodeling disorders encountered in the context of pediatric renal bone disease include mineralization defects, as well as abnormally high remodeling activity due to secondary hyperparathyroidism or suppressed remodeling activity as a consequence of over-treatment. Children and adolescents with severe bone fragility should have a bone biopsy unless the diagnosis is obvious from noninvasive examinations. Histomorphometric analysis of transiliac bone biopsy samples is especially valuable in clinical studies, as this method provides safety and efficacy data that cannot be obtained in any other way.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Robotic-assisted transbronchial biopsy versus computed tomography-guided transthoracic needle biopsy for peripheral pulmonary lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of direct comparative studies.

Robotic-assisted bronchoscopy (RAB) and computed tomography-guided transthoracic biopsy (CTTB) are competing strategies for sampling peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs). Whether they differ in yield or safety is uncertain. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review restricted to direct comparisons. We searched MEDLINE, Europe PMC, Scopus, Web of Science and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to 7 July 2026 for studies directly comparing RAB with CTTB in adults with PPLs. The primary outcome was strict 2024 American Thoracic Society/American College of Chest Physicians diagnostic yield. Risk of bias was assessed with ROBINS-I and certainty with GRADE. A cohort-genealogy step identified, per outcome, the largest set of cohorts sharing no patients; only that set was pooled, with Hartung-Knapp and Mantel-Haenszel sensitivity analyses. Five retrospective studies from one US health system were eligible. Four share patients; at most three cohorts are mutually independent. Across those three, diagnostic yield was comparable (risk ratio [RR] 0.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.93-1.06; I²=24%; Hartung-Knapp 0.87-1.13), with an identical relative effect under strict and intermediate definitions although absolute yields fell from 88% to 74-84% under strict criteria. Pneumothorax requiring a chest tube and/or admission was about three-quarters less frequent with RAB across all three cohorts (RR 0.25, 95% CI 0.14-0.46; I²=0%; Hartung-Knapp 0.07-0.96). Strict yield (RR 0.99) and any pneumothorax (RR 0.06) were reported by two cohorts each and neither survives the few-studies correction. RAB took about 50 min longer than CTTB where same-session staging endobronchial ultrasound was counted in the robotic time, but only about 8 min longer than CTTB where it was not. Only one cohort reported yield by lesion size category and none reported yield by bronchus sign or lung zone, so lesion-level subgroups could not be pooled. Certainty was low for pleural complications and very low elsewhere. Low-certainty evidence indicates that RAB is associated with fewer pleural complications, with no statistically detectable difference in diagnostic yield; equivalence was not formally established. Because all evidence is retrospective, confined to one health system, and almost never stratified by lesion size or accessibility, these findings are hypothesis-generating and require a multicenter randomized trial.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Widespread lead contamination of imported low-cost jewelry in the US.

Recent recalls of lead-contaminated jewelry and the death of a Minnesota child by lead poisoning after swallowing a jewelry charm have highlighted the hazards of leaded jewelry to children. We sought to determine the extent of lead contamination in inexpensive, imported jewelry available in United States retail stores. A total of 139 jewelry items were purchased from ten retail store chains in five different geographic locations. Samples were digested in nitric acid followed by atomic absorption analysis. Accessibility of lead was analyzed by leaching a subset of heavily leaded samples in 0.07 M hydrochloric acid. Almost half (42.6%) of the items assayed were heavily leaded, exceeding 80% lead by weight. Average lead content for all items tested was 44.0%, and one or more heavily leaded items were found in samples from each retail store and each geographic location. Six of ten samples tested for leachability of lead exceeded the US Consumer Product Safety Commission guidelines of 175 microg accessible lead. Our results show that much inexpensive children's and costume jewelry imported and sold in the US is heavily leaded. Given the high neurotoxicity of lead to young children, inexpensive jewelry items pose a potential yet avoidable threat to children's health.

Consumer Product Safety↗
PubMed2006

Microbial quality of commercial 'Golden Delicious' apples throughout production and shelf-life in Lleida (Catalonia, Spain).

'Golden Delicious' apples taken from different points throughout the production chain and shelf-life were analysed for Enterobacteriaceae, thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli, E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. A total of 36 samples picked up in the orchard, 36 after storage and handling in the packinghouses and 144 from different retail stores were analysed using standardised techniques. Enterobacteriaceae counts were very variable. Pantoea spp. was the main genera isolated. The percentage of samples with thermotolerant coliforms was 16.6%, 22.2% and 10.4% after harvest, after handling in the packinghouse and in the stores, respectively. Strains belonging to Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Escherichia were isolated. Three samples coming from orchards, five from the packinghouse and two from retailers harboured E. coli. However, none of the E. coli strains isolated had the virulence genes that are pathogenic for humans. None of the samples was Salmonella positive. This is the first study regarding microbial safety of fresh apples in the European Union (EU).

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed2004

Effects of safety belt laws on safety belt use by American High School Seniors, 1986-2000.

PROBLEM: This manuscript evaluates the effects of enactment of state laws that required safety belt use in various U.S. states between 1986 and 2000. METHOD: Safety belt use was assessed using nationally representative cross-sectional samples of high school seniors; evaluation of the effects of laws used data from over 2,000 high school seniors before and about 3,300 after the laws took effect in 20 states. RESULTS: Belt use was found to increase significantly between 1986 and 2000, and the laws contributed significantly to that increase. Increases were similar for students differing by gender, race/ethnicity, parent education, grades, truancy, evenings out per week, miles driven per week, and an index of illicit drug use. DISCUSSION: The data show that although the laws have increased belt use, use is not universal and continued efforts are needed. IMPACT ON RESEARCH, PRACTICE, AND POLICY: This study shows that many teenagers fail to use belts when there is a secondary use law; an implication is that primary laws would be more efficacious in increasing use among this vulnerable population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Effectiveness of the New York State Office of Mental Health Core Curriculum: direct care staff training.

The purpose was to study the New York State Office of Mental Health's Core Curriculum training program. The 3-day program included recipient recovery principles, team training, cultural competence, clinical issues, and safety. Exit questionnaires were completed by 3,732 staff members. Additionally, samples of staff and recipients of inpatient care completed pre- and posttraining questionnaires and the Ward Atmosphere Scale. Staff sampled also completed the Work Environment Scale. The training was well attended and well received. There were statistically significant increases in communication and interaction, respect for recipients of inpatient care, and increases in cultural competence levels.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Molecular detection of anthrax spores on animal fibres.

AIMS: To develop a rapid, specific and sensitive diagnostic test for the detection of the spores of Bacillus anthracis on commercial samples of animal fibres (e.g. wool and cashmere). METHODS AND RESULTS: Extraction of DNA from spores using a mechanical disruption method based on bead beating was evaluated but subsequently abandoned as it compromised the sensitivity of the overall protocol. A multiplex PCR and two nested amplification reactions designed for B. anthracis were developed during this study. CONCLUSIONS: A simple selective incubation step in combination with multiplex PCR was found to be more effective than generic DNA extraction coupled to a sensitive nested amplification reaction. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The rapid diagnostic test could be applied to the analysis of commercial fibre samples for the detection of anthrax as required by health and safety legislation resulting in considerable savings in time and expense.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Integrality of benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues after transurethral thermotherapy evidenced by transmittance fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with thermal analyzer.

Transmittance Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy combined with differential scanning calorimetry was used to simulate the clinically transurethral thermotherapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by in vitro isothermal determination. The simulative study to the thermotherapy of epithelium or stroma in BPH tissue was performed at 47 degrees C for 3 h, like clinical therapy. Whether thermal treatment can induce changes in the secondary structure of epithelium or stroma in BPH tissue was investigated. The results indicate that the epithelium and stroma in BPH tissue had different protein secondary structures, due to the different compositions of the epithelium and stroma. No significant change was evidenced in secondary structure for each sample either before or after isothermal study, suggesting the integrality and safety of BPH thermotherapy in a 47 degrees C for 3 h treatment course.

Calorimetry, Differential Scanning↗
PubMed2000

Evaluation of a single dose of diphtheria toxoid among adults in the Republic of Georgia, 1995: immunogenicity and adverse reactions.

To determine the immunogenicity and safety of a single dose of diphtheria toxoid among adults, blood samples for detecting serum antitoxin levels were obtained from 18- to 59-year-old subjects (n=248) before and 30 days after immunization with Td (tetanus-diphtheria toxoids; manufactured by Serum Institute of India). By day 30, the seroprevalence of antitoxin levels >/=0.1 IU/mL increased from 22.6% to 81.5%; median antitoxin levels increased from 0.01 to 4.0 IU/mL. These parameters were lowest among subjects who were 40-59 years old, especially among those 40-49 years old. Adverse reactions (local redness, swelling, induration, fever>39 degrees C) were reported by 5.3% of participants. Our findings suggest that, in general, one dose of the Indian-produced Td vaccine is efficacious and safe in inducing an adequate immune response against diphtheria in adults; however, in Georgia, persons 40-59 years old, especially those 40-49 years old, will require additional doses of toxoid to achieve protective levels of antitoxin.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Prenatal testing in ICSI pregnancies: incidence of chromosomal anomalies in 1586 karyotypes and relation to sperm parameters.

BACKGROUND: Prenatal testing was offered in all pregnancies obtained after ICSI with ejaculated or non-ejaculated sperm as part of the evaluation of the safety of ICSI. METHODS: Between 1990 and 2001, a chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis was offered for multiple or singleton pregnancies respectively during a genetic counselling session for all couples applying for ICSI. ICSI was carried out using ejaculated, epididymal or testicular sperm. RESULTS: In total, 1586 ICSI fetuses obtained after fresh embryo transfer were tested by CVS (n = 698) or by amniocentesis (n = 888). Abnormal fetal karyotypes were found in 47 samples [3.0%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.2-3.9%]; 25 anomalies (1.6%; 95% CI 1.0-2.3%) were de novo. These were 10 sex chromosomal anomalies and 15 autosomal anomalies [either numerical (n = 8) or structural (n = 7)], and 22 inherited abnormalities (1.4%; 95% CI 0.9-2.1%) (21 balanced, one unbalanced). In 17/22 inherited cases the chromosomal structural defect was inherited from the father. A significantly higher percentage of 2.1% de-novo prenatal chromosomal anomalies was observed for sperm concentrations of <20x10(6) sperm per ml, as compared with 0.24% if the sperm concentration was vertical line 20x10(6) sperm per ml (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.006). No statistical difference in frequency of chromosomal anomalies was observed for lower threshold values of sperm concentration (<1x10(6), <5x10(6), <10x10(6) and <15x10(6)). A statistical difference was observed for motility criteria, but not morphology. Three chromosomal anomalies were found prenatally after use of epididymal or testicular sperm in a total of 94 samples; two (of 83 tested) were from patients with obstructive and one (of nine tested) was from a patient with non-obstructive azoospermia. CONCLUSIONS: A significantly higher rate of de-novo chromosomal anomalies (1.6 versus 0.5% in amniocentesis for a mean maternal age of 33.5 years; P < 0.007) was observed in ICSI offspring, relating mainly to a higher number of sex chromosomal anomalies and partly to a higher number of autosomal structural anomalies. This finding was related to sperm concentration and motility. The significantly higher rate of observed inherited anomalies (1.4 versus 0.3-0.4% in prenatal tests in the general population; P < 0.001) was related to a higher rate of constitutional chromosomal anomalies, mainly in the fathers. The hypothesis of a higher risk of post-zygotic events as a consequence of the ICSI procedure leading to a higher proportion of chromosomal mosaicism was not confirmed in this study. Couples should be informed of the risks of an abnormal result related to sperm quality, and of the risk linked to a prenatal procedure as well as about the relatively benign character of some chromosomal anomalies such as de-novo structural anomalies or sex chromosomal anomalies in order to be able to make a choice for prenatal testing, or not.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A qualitative study of the intra-hospital variations in incident reporting.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between variations in hospital incident reporting and the corresponding attitudes and participation of medical professionals. METHODS: An in-depth qualitative case study using semi-structured interviews with hospital managers and clinicians. Twelve participants were theoretically sampled based on their involvement with clinical risk management and patient safety. Twenty-five medical physicians and four risk leads were selected from the specialist hospital departments of Obstetrics, Anaesthesia, General Surgery, Acute Medicine, and Rehabilitation. The data were analysed to develop a descriptive account of the intra-hospital variations in reporting and the associated attitudes of physicians. SETTING: The research was conducted in a single acute National Health Service Hospital Trust in the English Midlands. RESULTS: The qualitative data revealed significant variations in the intra-hospital organization of incident reporting between medical specialities that corresponded with the attitudes and participation of medical staff. Specifically, it was found that medical doctors were more inclined to report incidents where the process of reporting was localized and integrated within medical rather than managerial systems of quality improvement. Underlying these variations, it is suggested that medical reporting is more likely when physicians have greater control or ownership of incident reporting, as this fosters confidence in the purpose of reporting, in particular its capacity to make meaningful service improvements whilst maintaining a sense of collegiality and professionalism.

Anesthesia Department, Hospital↗
PubMed1994

Continuous intra-arterial blood gas and pH monitoring in critically ill patients with severe respiratory failure: a prospective, criterion standard study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the routine clinical performance of a new intra-arterial fiberoptic blood gas sensor that provides continuous PO2, PCO2, and pH monitoring. DESIGN: Criterion standard study under routine clinical conditions. SETTING: Intensive care unit (ICU) in a university hospital. PATIENTS: Twenty-two sensors were tested in 13 patients with acute respiratory failure, including two patients receiving veno-venous extracorporeal lung assist. Patient selection was based on the necessity of frequent blood gas monitoring. MEASUREMENTS: Sensor-deprived PO2, PCO2, and pH values were compared with values obtained using two different conventional laboratory blood gas analyzers located in the ICU. The median study period was 72 hrs per sensor (range 8 to 170 hrs). The quality of blood pressure readings with the sensor introduced through the arterial catheter was assessed by a grading system. RESULTS: Mean differences between sensor-derived values and the average values of the two conventional blood gas analyzers were as follows: PO2 -2.4 +/- 6.5 (SD) torr (-0.3 +/- 0.9 kPa), PCO2 -2.9 +/- 3.9 torr (-0.4 +/- 0.5 kPa), and pH -0.04 +/- 0.03. Correlation coefficients were 0.99 (PO2), 0.94 (PCO2), and 0.89 (pH), respectively. The agreement between the two methods for PO2 measurement was better for the clinically important range of values (PO2 < 150 torr [< 20 kPa]) than for all measured PO2 values (range 30 to 522 torr [4 to 69.6 kPa]). Blood withdrawal and pressure readings were not adversely affected by the sensor. No side effects due to the insertion of the sensor were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The degree of agreement of intra-arterial blood gas sensor values with conventional blood gas analysis is within an acceptable range for routine clinical purposes. Acute changes in measured values are detected reliably. Continuous intra-arterial blood gas analysis can add substantially to the safety of patients with acute respiratory failure and can reduce blood sampling requirements for blood gas analysis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Quantitative vitreous collection using a modified infusion fluid during vitrectomy.

PURPOSE: To develop a vitreous sampling method that increases yield while reducing risk of harm to the patient. METHODS: Potential negative effects of fluoresceinated BSS infusion solution on biologic activity were assessed by monitoring changes in fibroblast contraction of collagen gels in response to serum or vitreous. Paired vitreous samples were collected from ten patients before and during infusion of fluoresceinated BSS solution. The extent to which the vitreous was diluted was calculated by comparing the levels of fluorescence in the samples with that in fluoresceinated BSS. Protein concentrations and levels of contraction-stimulating activity were measured for each sample. RESULTS: Fluoresceinated BSS did not alter fibroblast morphology, rate, or extent of gel contraction. Differences in corrected protein concentrations and biologic activities of the undiluted and diluted homogenous vitreous samples were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The use of fluoresceinated BSS infusion yields larger vitreous samples from which the native biochemical characteristics can be determined. Patient safety during collection is enhanced because ocular hypotony and collapse can be avoided.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed1991

Prophylaxis of bacterial infections with ciprofloxacin in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation.

Twenty-six oncology patients, 25 of whom received bone marrow transplants, were enrolled in a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial assessing the efficacy of ciprofloxacin, 750 mg p.o. b.i.d., for preventing bacterial infections during prolonged neutropenia. Treatment was begun within 48 hr of initiation of chemotherapy and continued until the absolute granulocyte count recovered to greater than or equal to 500/microliters, or until the onset of fever (greater than or equal to 38.3 degrees C). Seven evaluable subjects received ciprofloxacin, and 11 received placebo. Risk factors for infection were comparable in both groups. Fever occurred in all study subjects, but onset was delayed in ciprofloxacin recipients (median = 6 days after the fall of the absolute granulocyte count to less than or equal to 500/microliters vs. 3 days for placebo recipients, P = 0.01). No clinically or microbiologically documented infections occurred in ciprofloxacin recipients vs. 10 infections in placebo recipients (5 bacteremias, 4 skin/soft tissue infections, 1 urinary tract infection, P = 0.0003). Ciprofloxacin recipients required fewer days of therapeutic antimicrobials (median: 28 antibiotic-days vs. 49, P0.02). The bioavailability of ciprofloxacin appeared comparable to that found in previously published studies of normal volunteers and patients not receiving chemotherapy. Adverse effects and colonization by ciprofloxacin-resistant microorganisms were monitored, but the sample sizes were too small to permit meaningful conclusions about these safety parameters. Ciprofloxacin appears to be effective for preventing bacterial infections in neutropenic patients. Additional trials are needed to establish the optimal dose of ciprofloxacin and to compare its safety and efficacy with those of currently used prophylactic regimens.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Applicability of the Nursing Interventions Classification to describe nursing.

The aim of this survey was to test the applicability of the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) system for use in a future nursing information system for documenting nursing in an electronic patient record in Iceland. Also, the aim was to test the translation of NIC into Icelandic. In order to be applicable to nursing NIC needs to be sensitive enough to describe the work nurses do, differentiate between specialities in nursing, and be understandable to nurses. A sample of 198 nurses was asked to identify how often they used each of 433 NIC nursing interventions. Of the 36 most frequently used interventions half are within the physiological domain. Core nursing interventions were different between specialities, e.g. Analgesic Administration had a high mean score in surgical nursing, and Health Education in primary health care. anova for the 27 classes in NIC showed significant differences (p < 0.01) by all nursing specialities except one, Crisis Management. A Tukey post hoc test showed how nursing specialities were reflected differently in the NIC domains, e.g. medical/surgical nursing in the Physiological: Basic Domain, but psychiatric nursing in the Behavioural Domain. Factor analysis of classes in NIC show good resemblance with the domains in NIC and the structure of the classification is strongly supported, except the Safety Domain. The results from this study indicate that nurses in the sample consider NIC to be applicable to describe nursing. The language is a powerful tool and is central in reflecting nursing practice as well as supporting the construct of knowledge. The translation of NIC to Icelandic is one step in many in preparing nurses to use a standardized language which can also be used in an electronic patient record.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp) in children with chronic renal failure.

BACKGROUND: Darbepoetin alfa use has been reported in 7 children with chronic renal failure (CRF). Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of darbepoetin and determine a therapeutic dose in a larger sample of children with CRF. METHODS: Twenty-six children with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) GFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m(2), on peritoneal dialysis (PD) or hemodialysis (HD) entered a prospective, open-label study of darbepoetin. Seven ineligible children who underwent the same evaluation were analyzed retrospectively. The starting dose was 0.45 microg/kg/week. IRB/REB approval and informed consent were obtained. The primary outcome measure was hemoglobin (Hb) response within a target range of 10.0 to 12.5 g/dL between 8 and 12 and 20 and 28 weeks. RESULTS: Thirty-three children (15 CRI, 9 HD, 9 PD; aged 1-17 years) were enrolled in the study. Ten patients dropped out (3 before 12 weeks and 7 before 28 weeks), none due to darbepoetin. Mean Hbs were 11.8 and 11.4 between weeks 8 and 12 and 20 and 28, respectively; the proportion of patients with Hb values >10.0 g/dL was 97% and 91% in the same intervals. No effect of grouping patients into CRI, HD, or PD or prospective versus retrospective was observed. One of 13 serious adverse events (hypertension) was possibly related to darbepoetin; 8/14 children reported injection-site pain. At 12 and 28 weeks, respectively, 73% and 87% were receiving darbepoetin less than once weekly. CONCLUSION: A dose approximating 0.5 microg/kg/week of darbepoetin effectively treats anemia in children with chronic renal failure; for many, this may be proportionately increased and injected less than once weekly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

A response to California's mandated nursing ratios.

PURPOSE: To explore the need for evidence-based health policy, as illustrated by the mandatory staffing bill passed by the California state legislature in 1999. DESIGN: Prospective data were collected from a voluntary sample of California acute care hospital representatives to describe selected patient safety and clinical outcomes and nurse staffing variables at the patient-care unit level. METHODS: Data for descriptive analysis were collected on hospital nurse staffing, patient falls, and pressure ulcers from 257 medical, surgical, medical-surgical combined, step-down, 24-hour observation units, and critical care patient care units in 38 California acute care hospitals from June 1998 to June 1999. FINDINGS: Nursing staffing ratios varied among the 257 units. RNs provided 91% of the nursing care in critical care units. Patients in medical-surgical units received 59% of their care from RNs, 11% from licensed vocational nurses, and 30% from other caregivers. Preliminary data showed no relationships between reported staffing ratios in these hospitals and the incidence of patient falls or hospital-acquired pressure ulcers. CONCLUSIONS: California Nursing Outcomes Coalition (CalNOC) data showed wide variations in staffing ratios, patient falls, and hospital-acquired pressure ulcers among nursing units and hospitals. These early findings indicate the need for additional research before determining minimal RN staffing requirements. Analysis of multiple sources of data may be necessary to determine safe staffing ratios and to provide evidence-based data for public policy.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed2026

Next-Generation Sequencing-Based High-Resolution Typing of HLA-A, -B, -C and HPA Genes in Jilin Province: Building a Platelet Donor Database and Identifying Novel Alleles.

To systematically analyse HLA-A, -B and -C and human platelet antigen (HPA) genotypes of platelet donors in Jilin Province using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, a comprehensive donor database was established. Additionally, potential novel alleles were identified, providing a scientific basis for enhancing the safety of clinical blood transfusions. DNA fragments from 200 platelet donor samples in Jilin Province were amplified using locus-specific primers. Comprehensive sequencing of HLA and HPA genes was performed via NGS. Bioinformatics analysis was employed to process genotyping results and screen for novel genetic variants. Newly discovered alleles were validated by Sanger sequencing to ensure accuracy and reliability. HLA genotyping achieved three-field allele resolution, revealing the highest-frequency alleles are as follows: HLA-A*11:01:01, HLA-B*13:02:01, HLA-C*01:02:01 and C*03:04:01. A novel allele B*49:91 (mutation: E2 24T>C) was identified. For the HPA systems (HPA-1, -2, -3, -5, -6, -15, -21), high heterozygosity was observed in HPA-3 and HPA-15, while no bb homozygosity was detected in HPA-1, -2, -5, -6 or -21. The application of NGS in constructing a platelet HLA/HPA gene database enables high-resolution genotyping, laying a critical foundation for precise platelet matching. This significantly reduces the risk of platelet transfusion refractoriness (PTR) and facilitates the discovery of novel allelic variants. The database provides essential theoretical and practical guidance for future donor screening and personalised transfusion strategies.

Humans↗