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PubMed2006

Inhaled ciclesonide versus inhaled budesonide or inhaled beclomethasone or inhaled fluticasone for chronic asthma in adults: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Ciclesonide is a new inhaled corticosteroids licensed for the prophylactic treatment of persistent asthma in adults. Currently beclomethasone dipropionate, budesonide and fluticasone propionate are the most commonly prescribed inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of asthma but there has been no systematic review comparing the effectiveness and safety ciclesonide to these agents. We therefore aimed to systematically review published randomised controlled trials of the effectiveness and safety of ciclesonide compared to alternative inhaled corticosteroids in people with asthma. METHODS: We performed literature searches on MEDLINE, EMBASE, PUBMED, the COCHRANE LIBRARY and various Internet evidence sources for randomised controlled trials or systematic reviews comparing ciclesonide to beclomethasone or budesonide or fluticasone in adult humans with persistent asthma. Data was extracted by one reviewer. RESULTS: Five studies met the inclusion criteria. Methodological quality was variable. There were no trials comparing ciclesonide to beclomethasone. There was no significant difference between ciclesonide and budesonide or fluticasone on the following outcomes: lung function, symptoms, quality of life, airway responsiveness to a provoking agent or inflammatory markers. However, the trials were very small in size, increasing the possibility of a type II error. One trial demonstrated that the combined deposition of ciclesonide (and its active metabolite) in the oropharynx was 47% of that of budesonide while another trial demonstrated that the combined deposition of ciclesonide (and its active metabolite) in the oropharynx was 53% of that of fluticasone. One trial demonstrated less suppression of cortisol in overnight urine collection after ciclesonide compared to fluticasone (geometric mean fold difference = 1.5, P < 0.05) but no significant difference in plasma cortisol response. CONCLUSION: There is very little evidence comparing CIC to other ICS, restricted to very small, phase II studies of low power. These demonstrate CIC has similar effectiveness and efficacy to FP and BUD (though equivalence is not certain) and findings regarding oral deposition and HPA suppression are inconclusive. There is no direct comparative evidence that CIC causes fewer side effects since none of the studies reported patient-based outcomes.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed2026

Ten-Year Update of Nurse Practitioner Service Impact on Patient and Health Service Outcomes in Emergency Care Settings-A Systematic Review.

AIMS: To provide a 10-year update on the best available evidence evaluating the impact of nurse practitioner services on cost, waiting times, patient satisfaction, representation rates, and length of stay in emergency and urgent care settings. DESIGN: Systematic review. DATA SOURCES: The search was completed on January 28, 2025, in Embase (Elsevier), Medline (EBSCOhost), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Cochrane Library (Wiley), Emcare (Ovid), Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate) and Scopus (Elsevier). The data range (2014-2024) was used to limit the search. METHODS: The search was conducted with results imported into Covidence. In Covidence, two reviewers conducted screening, data extraction, and quality appraisal of articles, and findings were analysed using a narrative synthesis approach. Eligible studies examined nurse practitioner services in emergency or urgent care settings, reporting outcomes of cost, waiting times, patient satisfaction, representation rates, and length of stay. RESULTS: Title and abstract screening were performed on 2329 records. Of these, 236 full-text articles were reviewed, and 17 underwent critical appraisal and data extraction. Narrative analysis of outcome measures yielded mixed results, with both favourable and unfavourable findings reported regarding nurse practitioner services. CONCLUSIONS: Global evaluation of nurse practitioner services in emergency care remains inconsistent. Nevertheless, emerging evidence supports their positive impact, particularly in improving patient outcomes. To effectively inform policy, workforce planning and clinical integration, there is a need for professional benchmarks that provide clear frameworks for the evaluation of patient-centred outcomes and operational impacts in emergency departments. IMPLICATIONS: Evidence related to nurse practitioner services in emergency and urgent care clinics highlights the positive impact of nurse practitioner services on patient wait times and satisfaction; however, there is limited and variable evidence of impact on health care costs and outcomes. IMPACT: This paper recommends that evaluating emergency nurse practitioner services requires homogeneous research using consistent professional benchmarks and evaluation frameworks. REPORTING METHOD: This systematic review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: This study did not include patient or public involvement in its design, conduct, or reporting. TRAIL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO 2025 CRD420250645148.

Humans↗

PubMed2000

PEDro. A database of randomized trials and systematic reviews in physiotherapy.

This paper describes PEDro, the Physiotherapy Evidence Database. PEDro is a web-based database of randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews in physiotherapy. It can be accessed free of charge at http://ptwww.cchs.usyd.edu.au/pedro. The database contains bibliographic details and abstracts of most English-language randomized trials and systematic reviews in physiotherapy, and of many trials and reviews in other languages. Trials on the database are rated on the basis of their methodological quality so that users of the database can quickly identify trials of high quality. Trials and systematic reviews are extensively indexed to facilitate searching. PEDro provides an important information resource to support evidence-based clinical practice.

Databases, Bibliographic↗

PubMed2002

Research on injury prevention: topics for systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Duplication should be avoided in research and only effective intervention programs should be implemented. OBJECTIVE: To arrive at a consensus among injury control investigators and practitioners on the most important research questions for systematic review in the area of injury prevention. DESIGN: Delphi survey. METHODS: A total of 34 injury prevention experts were asked to submit questions for systematic review. These were then collated; experts then ranked these on importance and availability of research. RESULTS: Twenty one experts generated 79 questions. The prevention areas with the most number of questions generated were fires and burns, motor vehicle, and violence (other than intimate partner), and the least were other interventions (which included Safe Communities), and risk compensation. These were ranked by mean score. There was good agreement between the mean score and the proportion of experts rating questions as important or very important. Nine of the top 24 questions were rated as having some to a substantial amount of research available, and 15 as having little research available. CONCLUSIONS: The Delphi technique provided a useful means to develop consensus on injury prevention research needs and questions for systematic review.

Humans↗

PubMed2002

Cervical spine lesions after road traffic accidents: a systematic review.

STUDY DESIGN: A systematic critical literature review. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether occult pathoanatomical lesions in the cervical spine of road traffic fatalities exist and if they can be identified using optimal autopsy techniques. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Previous investigations have examined pathoanatomical conditions of the cervical spine of road traffic fatalities. However, different methods of investigation have been used, and results of studies are conflicting. Hence, potential pathoanatomical conditions in fatalities and survivors remain a controversial issue. METHODS: Articles were retrieved searching the MEDLINE, Mantis, and Cochrane libraries. Studies examining the cervical spine of road traffic fatalities at autopsy were included and evaluated according to a set of quality criteria. For in-depth review, only studies using surface cryoplaning microtomy autopsy technique and a control group were included. RESULTS: Twenty-seven articles of which three fulfilled the quality criteria were reviewed. In these studies, subtle pathoanatomical lesions were found in the cervical intervertebral discs, cartilaginous endplates, and the articular surfaces and capsules of the zygapophysial joints. The lesions were found exclusively in the traumatized patients and in none of the patients in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Occult pathoanatomical lesions in the cervical intervertebral disc and zygapophysial joints after fatal road traffic trauma may exist. Present imaging methods, especially conventional radiography, do not visualize these subtle lesions; hence, underreporting of pathoanatomical lesions during standard autopsy is probably common. These findings may have clinical relevance in the management of road traffic trauma survivors with potentially similar pathoanatomy.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1999

Transferring public-health nursing research to health-system planning: assessing the relevance and accessibility of systematic reviews.

A descriptive study was designed to gain an understanding of the research needs, perceptions of barriers to research utilization, and attitudes towards systematic reviews of decision-makers in public health at the level of systems planning. Public-health consultants and managers in Ontario were surveyed about barriers to research utilization and awareness of and attitudes towards systematic reviews as a method of/vehicle for research transfer. Access to 5 completed reviews was provided in summary, abstract, and full form, and on diskette, hard copy, and Internet. A follow-up survey at 3 months assessed use, relevance, application, and further dissemination of the reviews. A total of 242 people in positions of public-health policy and decision-making participated. Respondents reported a great, largely unmet, need for research evidence. They viewed systematic reviews as likely to overcome the barriers to research use related to critical appraisal, time, timeliness, availability, cost and credibility, but not the barriers related to policy climate, authority, or implementation resources. Three months after requesting a review, 93% said they would follow it up; 91% remembered receiving it, and 71% of these had read it while 23% stated it played a part in program planning or decision-making.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

The effect of antiretroviral therapy adherence on viral load suppression rate among people living with HIV in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence is a key determinant of viral load suppression among people living with HIV (PLHIV). In Ethiopia, evidence on the magnitude of ART adherence and its effect on virological outcomes remains fragmented. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of ART adherence and viral load suppression, and to measure the association between adherence and viral suppression among PLHIV in Ethiopia. METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis used the PRISMA checklist for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The review protocol has been registered onPROSPERO:(CRD420251125899). PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Epistemonikos, and Google Scholar were searched. The quality of included articles has been evaluated with a Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), adapted for observational studies. A random-effects model using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) with Knapp-Hartung adjustment was used to estimate pooled prevalence and odds ratio. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2, τ2, and Cochran's Q test. RESULTS: A total of 39 studies were included in the final analysis. The pooled prevalence of good ART adherence was 79.4% (95% CI: 74.8%-83.4%), while the pooled viral load suppression rate was 77.5% (95% CI: 72.5%-81.8%). The pooled odds ratio showed that good ART adherence was strongly associated with viral load suppression (OR = 6.30, 95% CI: 4.84-8.19). Substantial heterogeneity was observed across studies for both adherence and viral suppression outcomes (I2 > 90%). CONCLUSIONS: ART adherence and viral load suppression among PLHIV in Ethiopia are relatively high but remain below global targets. Good adherence was significantly associated with virologic suppression, highlighting adherence as a critical modifiable factor for achieving optimal treatment outcomes. Strengthening adherence support interventions is essential to improve virological success and advance progress toward HIV epidemic control.

Humans↗

PubMed2000

Data collection instrument and procedure for systematic reviews in the Guide to Community Preventive Services. Task Force on Community Preventive Services.

INTRODUCTION: A standardized abstraction form and procedure was developed to provide consistency, reduce bias, and improve validity and reliability in the Guide to Community Preventive Services: Systematic Reviews and Evidence-Based Recommendations (the Guide). DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT: The content of the abstraction form was based on methodologies used in other systematic reviews; reporting standards established by major health and social science journals; the evaluation, statistical and meta-analytic literature; expert opinion and review; and pilot-testing. The form is used to classify and describe key characteristics of the intervention and evaluation (26 questions) and assess the quality of the study's execution (23 questions). Study procedures and results are collected and specific threats to the validity of the study are assessed across six categories (intervention and study descriptions, sampling, measurement, analysis, interpretation of results and other execution issues). DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES: Each study is abstracted by two independent reviewers and reconciled by the chapter development team. Reviewers are trained and provided with feedback. DISCUSSION: What to abstract and how to summarize the data are discretionary choices that influence conclusions drawn on the quality of execution of the study and its effectiveness. The form balances flexibility for the evaluation of papers with different study designs and intervention types with the need to ask specific questions to maximize validity and reliability. It provides a structured format that researchers and others can use to review the content and quality of papers, conduct systematic reviews, or develop manuscripts. A systematic approach to developing and evaluating manuscripts will help to promote overall improvement of the scientific literature.

Data Collection↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Systematic review of the role of service users as researchers in mental health studies].

AIMS: Service user involvement in mental health service development and research is becoming more common in countries like the UK, USA and Canada. This systematic review of the international scientific literature has been carried out to assess the stage of development of mental health service users involvement in research. METHOD: Systematic review of any research project actively involving service users in any part of the research process. RESULTS: Thirty-five studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. Nine studies used quantitative techniques, 24 used qualitative techniques and two studies used both quantitative and qualitative techniques. While three studies were user-led, in three other studies the users were simply consulted but did not have any active role in the research. The remaining 29 studies were based on a collaboration between service users and professional researchers. CONCLUSIONS: The involvement of mental health service users in the research process is feasible both in quantitative and qualitative research studies. The involvement of service users in research has a number of benefits; such research requires more accurate planning and more time than the traditional research.

Biomedical Research↗

PubMed1996

A systematic review on gender-specific suicide mortality in medical doctors.

BACKGROUND: So far no comprehensive systematic review has been published about epidemiologic studies on suicides among medical practitioners. The aim here is to describe the variation of published estimates of relative risk of doctors to die from suicide. METHOD: A systematic review of published original articles on population-based studies, registered mainly in MEDLINE and fulfilling specific methodological requirements. Incidence rates and standardised mortality ratios were calculated for male and female doctors in relation to the reference groups. RESULTS: The estimated relative risk varied from 1.1 to 3.4 in male doctors, and from 2.5 to 5.7 in female doctors, respectively, as compared with the general population, and from 1.5 to 3.8 in males and from 3.7 to 4.5 in females, respectively, as compared with other professionals. The crude suicide mortality rate was about the same in male and female doctors. CONCLUSION: In all studies the suicide rates among doctors were higher than those in the general population and among other academic occupational groups.

Female↗

PubMed2002

Conducting systematic reviews of diagnostic studies: didactic guidelines.

BACKGROUND: Although guidelines for critical appraisal of diagnostic research and meta-analyses have already been published, these may be difficult to understand for clinical researchers or do not provide enough detailed information. METHODS: Development of guidelines based on a systematic review of the evidence in reports of systematic searches of the literature for diagnostic research, of methodological criteria to evaluate diagnostic research, of methods for statistical pooling of data on diagnostic accuracy, and of methods for exploring heterogeneity. RESULTS: Guidelines for conducting diagnostic systematic reviews are presented in a stepwise fashion and are followed by comments providing further information. Examples are given using the results of two systematic reviews on the accuracy of the urine dipstick in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections, and on the accuracy of the straight-leg-raising test in the diagnosis of intervertebral disc hernia.

Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures↗

PubMed2007

HEE-GER: a systematic review of German economic evaluations of health care published 1990-2004.

BACKGROUND: Studies published in non-English languages are systematically missing in systematic reviews of growth and quality of economic evaluations of health care. The aims of this study were: to characterize German evaluations, published in English or German-language, in terms of various key parameters; to investigate methods to derive quality-of-life weights in cost-utility studies; and to examine changes in study characteristics over the years. METHODS: We conducted a country-specific systematic review of the German and English-language literature of German economic evaluations (assessment of or application to the German health care system) published 1990-2004. Generic and specialized health economic databases were searched. Two independent reviewers verified fulfillment of inclusion criteria and extracted study characteristics. RESULTS: The fulltexts of 730 articles were reviewed of which 283 fulfilled all entry criteria. 32% of included studies were published in German-language. 51% of studies evaluated pharmaceuticals and 63% were cost-effectiveness analyses. Economic appraisals concentrate on few disease categories and important health areas are strongly underrepresented. Declaration of sponsorship was associated with article language (49% English articles vs. 29% German articles, p < 0.001). The methodology used to obtain quality-of-life weights in published cost-utility studies was very diverse, poorly reported and most studies did not use German patients' or community health state evaluations. CONCLUSION: Many of the German-language evaluations included in our study are likely to be missing in international reviews and may be systematically different from English-language reviews from Germany. Lack of transparency and adherence to recommended reporting practices constitute a serious problem in German economic evaluations.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗

PubMed2002

An updated systematic review of interventions to improve health professionals' management of obesity.

The objective of this article was twofold (1) to determine the existence and effectiveness of interventions to improve health professionals' management of obesity or the organization of care for overweight and obese people; and (2) to update a previous systematic review on this topic with new or additional studies. The study design was a systematic review of intervention studies, undertaken according to standard methods developed by the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care (EPOC) Group. Participants were trained health care professionals and overweight and obese patients. The measurements were objective measures of health professionals' practice and behaviours, and patient outcomes including satisfaction, behaviour, psychological factors, disease status, risk factors and measures of body weight, fat, or body mass index (BMI). Twelve studies were included in the original review. A further six were included in this update. Six of the 18 studies were randomized controlled trials of health professional-oriented interventions (such as the use of reminders and training) and one was a controlled before-and-after study to improve collaboration between a hospital clinic and general practitioners (GPs). Ten randomized controlled trials and two controlled clinical trials of interventions comparing either the deliverer of weight-loss interventions or the setting of the delivery of the intervention, were identified. The heterogeneity and generally limited quality of identified studies make it difficult to provide recommendations for improving health professionals' obesity management. To conclude, at present, there are few solid leads about improving obesity management, although reminder systems, brief training interventions, shared care, inpatient care and dietitian-led treatments may all be worth further investigation. Therefore, decisions for the improvement of provision of services must be based on the existing evidence on interventions with patients and good clinical judgement. Further research is needed to identify cost-effective strategies for improving the management of obesity. A full version of this review (including detailed descriptions of the included studies and their methodological quality, and results and excluded studies tables) is available in the Cochrane Library. The Cochrane Library is a database of systematic review and other evidence on the effects of health care, continuously updated as new information emerges. It is available on CD ROM from Update Software. For further information see: http://www.update-software.com/cochrane.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed2004

Efficacy of educational interventions targeting primary care providers' practice behaviors: an overview of published systematic reviews.

OBJECTIVES: Primary care providers (e.g., family physicians, pediatricians, registered nurses, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners) could play a pivotal role in the provision of preventive services, especially for very young children (younger than 3 years old) and population groups with limited access to dental care. Given the current problems with access to dental care among low-income Americans, we contend there is a need to involve nondental primary health care providers in screening for and preventing oral health problems. The objective of this overview is to present findings from systematic reviews on the efficacy of continuing medical education, printed educational material, academic outreach, reminders, and local opinion leaders on the adoption of new knowledge and practices by primary care providers. METHODS: A search was conducted using the Cochrane Library and MEDLINE. The search aimed to locate systematic reviews published between January 1988 and March 2003. Two researchers independently extracted data and assessed study quality using a modified version of the QUOROM statement. RESULTS: Eleven systematic reviews were included in this overview. The evidence from the included systematic reviews showed that formal continuing medical education (CME) and distributing educational materials did not effectively change primary care providers' behaviors. There are effective interventions available to increase knowledge and change behaviors of primary care providers, such as small group discussion, interactive workshops, educational outreach visits, and reminders. CONCLUSION: There is a limited knowledge base on the efficacy of the selected interventions on oral health screening by primary care providers. Considering the potential role of primary care providers in improving oral health of underserved populations, this research area should receive more attention.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2003

How often do patients with psychosis fail to adhere to treatment programmes? A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Studies that assess the rates of psychotic patients who fail to adhere to treatment programmes have generated heterogeneous results, with estimates ranging from 24 to 90%. This paper presents findings from a systematic review on adherence to treatment by patients with psychosis. Its purpose is to provide an overall estimate of treatment non-adherence in community psychiatric services, and to analyse and study patient characteristics explaining the between-study heterogeneity in rates of non-adherence. METHOD: A systematic review of published studies that report rates of non-adherence with medication and scheduled appointments by psychotic patients in community settings has been undertaken. RESULTS: A total of 103 studies were included in this systematic review. Eighty-six of these studies were suitable for data re-analysis. The overall weighted mean rate of non-adherence, calculated in a sample of 23 796 patients, was 25.78%. A linear regression analysis of non-adherence rates on background characteristics showed that sample size was negatively associated with non-adherence rates, while first-contact cases and low-adherence cases, in comparison with ongoing cases, were associated with higher non-adherence rates. Factors associated with poor compliance included: lack of insight; positive symptoms; younger age; male gender; history of substance abuse; unemployment; and low social functioning. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one in four patients with psychosis fails to adhere with treatment programmes. Preventive evidence-based clinical interventions should be routinely implemented in community settings to reduce patient non-adherence.

Antipsychotic Agents↗

PubMed2026

Gelified ethanol for percutaneous sclerotherapy of bone lesions: a systematic review of clinical applications and outcomes.

PURPOSE: To systematically review the available evidence on the feasibility, safety, and clinical effectiveness of percutaneous sclerotherapy using radiopaque gelified ethanol (RGE, Discogel®) for bone lesions. METHODS: A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane CENTRAL was performed. Primary studies reporting clinical, technical, and safety outcomes following RGE sclerotherapy for bone lesions were included. Data on patient characteristics, lesion type, procedural details, and outcomes were extracted and synthesized descriptively. RESULTS: Six retrospective studies involving 55 patients (mean age 22.2 ± 20.4 years; range 3-65; 26 females) with 56 lesions and 119 procedures were included (mean 2.16 procedures per patient). Aneurysmal bone cysts (80%) and aggressive vertebral hemangiomas (18%) were the main indications. Technical success was reported in 100% of procedures. Pain outcomes were available for 28 patients, with complete resolution in 64.3% (18/28), partial reduction in 32.1% (9/28), and persistence in 3.6% (1/28). Radiological follow-up (50 lesions) demonstrated complete response in 96% and partial response in 4%. No major adverse events were reported according to CIRSE (≥ 4) or CTCAE (≥ 4) criteria. One SIR grade 3 vertebral fracture occurred without confirmed causal association to RGE. Subsequent surgery was required in 3.6% of lesions. CONCLUSION: Although limited to small retrospective series, current evidence suggests that RGE sclerotherapy is a safe and effective minimally invasive option for selected benign bone lesions. Prospective comparative studies with longer follow-up are warranted.

Humans↗

PubMed1998

Neuropsychological outcomes in randomized controlled trials of antiepileptic drugs: a systematic review of methodology and reporting standards.

PURPOSE: To systematically review the methodology and use of neuropsychological tests in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in patients with epilepsy. METHODS: Trial reports were found by searching Medline 1966-1996 and searching through journals by hand. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and methodological and neuropsychological test data was extracted by using a proforma. RESULTS: 43 reports met our inclusion criteria, representing 40 RCTs. as three RCTs had generated two reports. Twenty-two were actively controlled, and 18 were placebo-controlled studies. Reporting of basic methods such as randomization method was poor. There has been no uniform approach to the use of neuropsychological tests, and a total of 87 has been used. The Stroop Colour Word Test and the Finger Tapping Test were most commonly used, at 13 times each, but were not used or reported in a uniform manner. CONCLUSIONS: Poor reporting of methods and the use of a plethora of neuropsychological tests create great difficulties for anyone wishing to make sense of currently available data. If we are better to understand the neuropsychological effects of AEDs, a more rational approach is needed, for which recommendations are made.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Implementing evidence-based practice in undergraduate teaching clinics: a systematic review and recommendations.

The objective of this project was to identify an effective methodology of approaching and implementing evidence-based principles in undergraduate teaching clinics to promote evidence-based dentistry in future clinical practice. A systematic review was undertaken to examine evidence-based clinical teaching and faculty continuing education. Research published from 1996 to 2002 was retrieved by searching several databases and the Internet, along with conducting hand searches and reviewing bibliographies maintained by faculty experts. Qualitative checklists for different types of studies were created to evaluate the literature. Relevant studies were selected if they met all four predetermined essential criteria and a minimum of two out of three desirable criteria. Systematic reviews were chosen if they met all five essential criteria. Data from selected articles were extracted, and study quality was assessed. We found that three systematic reviews and nine original research articles were deemed methodologically acceptable. Problem-based learning and evidence-based health care interventions increased student knowledge of medical topics and their ability to search, evaluate, and appraise medical literature. Dental students in a problem-based learning curriculum, emphasizing evidence-based practices, scored higher on the NDB I (National Dentistry Boards, Part I) than students in traditional curricula. While effective modules in implementing theoretical evidence-based principles exist, very few high-quality studies are available that examine these principles in dental undergraduate teaching clinics. No methodologically appropriate studies on the education of faculty in the implementation of evidence-based principles are available. Some studies promote promising theories and methodologies of teaching evidence-based care; based on these theories, a comprehensive model is proposed in this article. Considering the strength of evidence in the reviewed literature, we concluded that an evidence-based approach to clinical care is effective.

Curriculum↗