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PubMed1970

Status inconsistency theory and flying saucer sightings.

The analysis is completed. Through a series of propositions and hypothesized links between the reporting of UFO sightings and a particular kind of social position, the utility of social theory as a basis for explaining phenomena presumed to be in the domain of the physical sciences has been demonstrated. Nothing in the data rejects the possibility that some individuals have, in fact, seen objects propelled from another solar system or that all observations are of ill-understood or misperceived terrestrial phenomena. Empirical science, particularly social science, does not address itself to ultimate truth. What has been attempted here is the employment of a sociological theory to account successfully for observed regularity in patterns of UFO sightings. Another and reasonable, though not necessarily mutually exclusive, procedure for organizing social data might provide an equal degree of explanatory consistency. This analysis merely emphasizes the need to utilize such approaches outside the confines of laboratory groups and the more convenient and established domains of social science. Our analysis has presented just one application of sociological theory to the complex interplay among quasi-scientific phenomena, physical science knowledge, and human behavior in society.

Cognitive Dissonance↗
PubMed1994

Basic science curriculum during residency: justification based on in-training examination scores.

The American Board of Surgery is increasing its emphasis on competency in surgical basic science as part of residency training. The 1991 American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (ABSITE) contained 135 questions designated as basic science to assess residents' knowledge. We reviewed the separate progression of scores in clinical and basic sciences at Wayne State University (WSU) surgical residency and nationally through the 1991 ABSITE report. Regression analysis of WSU data yielded a slope (% correct answers per postgraduate year) of 5.3 for clinical and 2.4 for basic science scores (P < 0.001 by t-statistic applied to regression slopes). These data imply a progression of knowledge during residency but at a significantly slower rate for basic science. The national data confirm this trend, although we were unable to evaluate it statistically. This situation illustrates the need for organized teaching of clinically relevant basic science as part of a residency curriculum.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2006

Publishing proteomic data.

Scientific publications should provide sufficient detail in terms of methodology and presented data to enable the community to reproduce the methodology to generate similar data and arrive at the same conclusion, if an identical sample is provided for analysis. The advent of high-throughput methods in biological experimentation impose some unique challenges both in data presentation in classical print format, as well as in describing methodology and data analysis in sufficient detail to conform to good publication practice. To facilitate this process, Proteome Science is adopting a set of methodology and data presentation guidelines to enable both peer reviewers, as well as the scientific community, to better evaluate high-throughput proteomic studies.

Editorial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Data input module for Birth Defects Systems Manager.

The need for a computational bioinformatics infrastructure to manage the vast digital information from functional genomics and proteomics motivated us to develop Birth Defects Systems Manager (BDSM) as an open resource to facilitate analysis and discovery in developmental biology and developmental toxicity. This report describes the design, development and implementation of the data loading module of BDSM, referred to as LoadBDSM. It includes a shared data directory resource that can be granted various levels of security for different research groups or investigators to manage experimental datasets individually or in groups. LoadBDSM allows the upload of data and experiment details using controlled semantics for developmental exposure (toxicant, dosing scenario, intervention), biological sample (species, tissue, stage) and disease outcome (time, risk, phenotype). It adheres to existing controlled vocabulary plus rules of inference (ontologies) for experiment, data and metadata annotations. LoadBDSM extends the capabilities of BDSM to support the emergence of "embryo-formatics" defined here as the data, information and knowledge from genomic sciences applied to, or derived from, an embryological context. This includes, but is not limited to, delineating pathways and biological regulatory networks for specific chemicals or classes of developmental toxicants, developing novel biomarkers indicative of exposure and/or predictive of adverse effects, and integrating modern computing and information technology with data from molecular biology.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2007

Establishing a culture of care, conscience, and responsibility: addressing the improvement of scientific discovery and animal welfare through science-based performance standards.

Science-based performance standards offer a viable means of reducing regulatory burden while ensuring that research animal welfare and high-quality research data are realized. Unlike rigid regulations, science-based performance standards evolve as new information becomes available, thereby allowing new discoveries to be implemented in a timely manner and in a way that more effectively benefits the animals and the science. The implementation of performance standards requires a well-coordinated institutional team composed of the administration, research staff, the institutional animal care and use committee, professional and technical animal care personnel, occupational health and safety staff, and physical plant staff. This animal program team is best supported in an institutional environment that reflects a culture of care, compliance, and responsibility. In such a culture, the professional judgment exercised by the team is well grounded in meeting the diverse needs of the program's customers, who include the animals, the researchers, and research stakeholders such as the public. The institutional culture of care, compliance, and responsibility fosters workplace integrity, an ethics-based decision-making paradigm, sound understanding of institutional expectations through good communication and clear lines of authority, the hiring and retention of trained and well-qualified individuals, and a system for continuous development and improvement of the program.

Animal Care Committees↗
PubMed2000

Robust transformation with applications to structural equation modelling.

Data sets in social and behavioural sciences are seldom normal. Influential cases or outliers can lead to inappropriate solutions and problematic conclusions in structural equation modelling. By giving a proper weight to each case, the influence of outliers on a robust procedure can be minimized. We propose using a robust procedure as a transformation technique, generating a new data matrix that can be analysed by a variety of multivariate methods. Mardia's multivariate skewness and kurtosis statistics are used to measure the effect of the transformation in achieving approximate normality. Since the transformation makes the data approximately normal, applying a classical normal theory based procedure to the transformed data gives more efficient parameter estimates. Three procedures for parameter evaluation and model testing are discussed. Six examples illustrate the various aspects with the robust transformation.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of treatment effects between animal experiments and clinical trials: systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To examine concordance between treatment effects in animal experiments and clinical trials. Study design Systematic review. DATA SOURCES: Medline, Embase, SIGLE, NTIS, Science Citation Index, CAB, BIOSIS. STUDY SELECTION: Animal studies for interventions with unambiguous evidence of a treatment effect (benefit or harm) in clinical trials: head injury, antifibrinolytics in haemorrhage, thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke, tirilazad in acute ischaemic stroke, antenatal corticosteroids to prevent neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, and bisphosphonates to treat osteoporosis. Review methods Data were extracted on study design, allocation concealment, number of randomised animals, type of model, intervention, and outcome. RESULTS: Corticosteroids did not show any benefit in clinical trials of treatment for head injury but did show a benefit in animal models (pooled odds ratio for adverse functional outcome 0.58, 95% confidence interval 0.41 to 0.83). Antifibrinolytics reduced bleeding in clinical trials but the data were inconclusive in animal models. Thrombolysis improved outcome in patients with ischaemic stroke. In animal models, tissue plasminogen activator reduced infarct volume by 24% (95% confidence interval 20% to 28%) and improved neurobehavioural scores by 23% (17% to 29%). Tirilazad was associated with a worse outcome in patients with ischaemic stroke. In animal models, tirilazad reduced infarct volume by 29% (21% to 37%) and improved neurobehavioural scores by 48% (29% to 67%). Antenatal corticosteroids reduced respiratory distress and mortality in neonates whereas in animal models respiratory distress was reduced but the effect on mortality was inconclusive (odds ratio 4.2, 95% confidence interval 0.85 to 20.9). Bisphosphonates increased bone mineral density in patients with osteoporosis. In animal models the bisphosphonate alendronate increased bone mineral density compared with placebo by 11.0% (95% confidence interval 9.2% to 12.9%) in the combined results for the hip region. The corresponding treatment effect in the lumbar spine was 8.5% (5.8% to 11.2%) and in the combined results for the forearms (baboons only) was 1.7% (-1.4% to 4.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Discordance between animal and human studies may be due to bias or to the failure of animal models to mimic clinical disease adequately.

Animal Experimentation↗
PubMed1999

Does environmental data collection need statistics?

The term 'statistics' with reference to environmental science and policymaking might mean different things: the development of statistical methodology, the methodology developed by statisticians to interpret and analyse such data, or the statistical data that are needed to understand environmental pollution and to identify possible policy options. This may and indeed has led to confusion on the part of the users of 'statistics' in environmental science and policymaking. This paper focuses on some of the needs of environmental scientists for statistical methodologies to help us do our jobs better. Statisticians and statistics can contribute to environmental science and the environmental policymaking process in three main ways. First, in describing phenomena: this may in some cases be a non-trivial application of statistical methods. Second, by assessing causal relations: (multivariate) analysis techniques can be applied in establishing the (causal) relations between pressures, state and impact. Third, by setting and checking of standards: uncertainties between the dose-effect relations and the formulation of the standard, and the standard and the state of the environment should be carefully dealt with. Statisticians may help in formulating the standards in such a way that standard checking is as straightforward as possible.

Data Collection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In search of representativeness: evolving the environmental data quality model.

Environmental regulatory policy states a goal of "sound science." The practice of good science is founded on the systematic identification and management of uncertainties; i.e., knowledge gaps that compromise our ability to make accurate predictions. Predicting the consequences of decisions about risk and risk reduction at contaminated sites requires an accurate model of the nature and extent of site contamination, which in turn requires measuring contaminant concentrations in complex environmental matrices. Perfecting analytical tests to perform those measurements has consumed tremendous regulatory attention for the past 20-30 years. Yet, despite great improvements in environmental analytical capability, complaints about inadequate data quality still abound. This paper argues that the first generation data quality model that equated environmental data quality with analytical quality was a useful starting point, but it is insufficient because it is blind to the repercussions of multifaceted issues collectively termed "representativeness." To achieve policy goals of "sound science" in environmental restoration projects, the environmental data quality model must be updated to recognize and manage the uncertainties involved in generating representative data from heterogeneous environmental matrices.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1993

Features of computer language: communication of computers and its complexity.

Motivated by computer science, in particular, by applications to data security, electronic correspondence and cryptography, interactive proofs extend the 2000 years old, well established notion of mathematical proof. The key to these development is complexity which is defined as the minimum amount of a certain resource needed to complete a computational task. In this paper, the idea of an interactive proof system and its application in computer science is illuminated on everyday examples, without giving technical details.

Computer Security↗
PubMed2005

The role of topical nasal steroids in the treatment of children with otitis media with effusion and/or adenoid hypertrophy.

OBJECTIVES: Topical steroid treatment can be a powerful alternative to surgery in controlling adenoid hypertrophy and otitis media with effusion (OME). METHODS: A prospective, controlled, randomized, clinical study in an academic tertiary care center. A total of 122 children (3-15-year-old) on the waiting list for an adenoidectomy and/or ventilation tube placement were enrolled into the study and control groups. The study group (67 patients with adenoid hypertrophy, 34 of them with otitis media with effusion) received intranasal mometasone furoate monohydrate 100 mcg/day, and the control group (55 patients with adenoid hypertrophy, 29 of them with otitis media with effusion) was followed up without any treatment. All patients were evaluated at 0 and 6 weeks. The assessment of each patient included history, a symptom questionnaire, a skin prick test, a tympanogram, if possible a pure tone audiogram, and otoscopic and endoscopic examinations. The size of adenoid tissue was graded as a percentage according to obliteration of the choanae. The adenoid/choana ratio (A/C) was recorded for each patient. Symptoms were scored as 0 (absent), 1 (intermittent/periodic), or 2 (continuous). The data were analyzed with the "Statistical Package for the Social Sciences" (SPSS 9.0) using the appropriate nonparametric tests for nominal and ordinal data. RESULTS: Resolution of otitis media with effusion in the study group (42.2%) was significantly higher than that in the control group (14.5%) (p<0.001). Forty-five patients (67.2%) with adenoid hypertrophy in the study group showed a significant decrease in adenoid size according to the endoscopic evaluation compared to the control group (p<0.001). A significant improvement in obstructive symptoms was seen in the study group (p<0.001). The endoscopically measured adenoid/choana ratio and degree of obstructive symptoms showed a significant correlation (r=0.838 p<0.001, r=0.879 p<0.001, r=0.838 p<0.001, r=0.879 p<0.001). The adenoid/choana ratio improved significantly in atopic patients in the study group (p<0.05), whereas in atopic patients in the control group there was no change (p=0.221). CONCLUSION: Nasal mometasone furoate monohydrate treatment can significantly reduce adenoid hypertrophy and eliminate obstructive symptoms. It is a useful alternative to surgery, at least in the short term, for otitis media with effusion.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2005

Online tools to support literature-based discovery in the life sciences.

In biomedical research, the amount of experimental data and published scientific information is overwhelming and ever increasing, which may inhibit rather than stimulate scientific progress. Not only are text-mining and information extraction tools needed to render the biomedical literature accessible but the results of these tools can also assist researchers in the formulation and evaluation of novel hypotheses. This requires an additional set of technological approaches that are defined here as literature-based discovery (LBD) tools. Recently, several LBD tools have been developed for this purpose and a few well-motivated, specific and directly testable hypotheses have been published, some of which have even been validated experimentally. This paper presents an overview of recent LBD research and discusses methodology, results and online tools that are available to the scientific community.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1992

(Mis)conceptions and reconceptions about traditional science.

"Traditional" science (ie, scientific work that has evolved from the natural sciences) is still said to rely on theory-neutral facts, quantitative data, and the search for universal laws. This depiction of science is incongruent with much contemporary thinking. This article examines three shifts in recent philosophy that are relevant for nursing science philosophy: the move from foundationalism to an understanding of the fallibility of science, the shift in emphasis from verification to justification of knowledge claims, and the recent examination of explanation by scientific realists. It is suggested that scientific realism may be a fruitful area of inquiry for philosophers of nursing science.

Cognition↗
PubMed2000

Development of a student nurse practitioner computerized clinical log.

A computerized clinical log was developed and revised over a period of three semesters by the family nurse practitioner students at the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio, Texas. Students entered data on a disk formatted in Microsoft Access, and results were analyzed by the Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS). More than 4,000 patient encounters were documented during three semesters. The development and refinement of the computerized log are described. Results are presented and the implications of the database for educational, curricular and employment purposes are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A bibliometric study on chemical information and computer sciences focusing on literature of JCICS.

A bibliometric approach was used to survey the state-of-the-art of research in the field of chemical information and computer sciences (CICS). By examining the CA database for the articles abstracted under the subsection "Chemical information, documentation, and data processing", Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences (JCICS) was identified to have been the top journal in this subsection for the last 30 years. Based on this result, CA subsections and controlled index terms given to JCICS articles were analyzed to see trends in subjects and topics in the CICS field during the last two decades. These analyses revealed that the subjects of research in CICS have diversified from traditional information science and computer applications to chemistry to "molecular information sciences". The SCISEARCH database was used to grasp interdependency between JCICS and other key journals and also the international nature of JCICS in its publications and citedness.

Bibliometrics↗