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PubMedDate not supplied

[Department of chemical kinetics].

Department of Biochemical Kinetics (headed by Kosterin S. A., Doctor of Biological Sciences) was founded in 1988. Research activity of the Department is mostly concerned with the biochemical mechanisms and dynamics of Ca2+ exchange in the smooth muscles, particular emphasis being laid on the examination of kinetic and catalytic properties of the membrane-linked energy-dependent Ca2+ transporting systems involved in regulation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration and control of the contractile behaviour of the smooth muscle cells. At present, the staff of the Department includes 2 doctors of sciences, 9 candidates of sciences and 6 technicians. Experimental data obtained at the Department since the date of its foundation provide new information concerning the energy-dependent Ca+ transporting systems of the smooth muscle cells, show the important role of Ca2+ pump of plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria as well as Na(+)-Ca2+ and Ca(2+)-H+ exchangers of sarcolemma in the regulation of Ca(2+)-exchange and mechanical activity of the smooth muscle. In the experiments performed on the inside-out vesicles derived from the sarcolemma of the myometrium the effect of quasi-stationary K(+)-diffusional membrane potential ("K(+)-valinomycin system") on the Mg2+, ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport was studied. It has been proved that the membrane potential (negative inside) stimulated the Mg2+, ATP-dependent transsarcolemmal transport of Ca2+ in the myometrium. The membrane potential stimulate maximal velocity of the Ca2+ pump leaving the affinity constant to the bivalent cation unaltered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1994

Do hydrogels contain different classes of water?

In the first part of this article calorimetric studies on poly (hydroxy ethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) are presented. In the past the irregular melting curves in this type of experiment have been interpreted as evidence for the existence of different types of water in these gels. The studies presented here demonstrate that the occurrence of a glass transition in the freezing hydrogels may be responsible for this irregular melting behavior, and that this behavior is not (necessarily) an indication for the existence of different types of water. In the second part results are shown of measurements of the mobility of water in hydrogels, made by relaxation NMR. These results indicate that very rapid interchange occurs between the water molecules, and they support the conclusion that the calorimetric data mentioned above are not indicative for the existence of different classes of water in hydrogels. These results are compared with data from other fields of science, especially from fundamental freeze drying studies, which support the alternative interpretation of the calorimetric measurements.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The underrepresentation of Hispanic women in the health professions.

Hispanics are severely underrepresented in medicine and the health professions, particularly Hispanic women compared to other women. Hispanics represent only 4.9% of medical and health professionals, with a disproportionate representation in allied health professions, and Hispanic women represent less than 2% of those in health professions that require advanced degrees. The purposes of this paper are to review the available data on Hispanic women in medicine and the health professions, to examine the factors that contribute to their underrepresentation, and to present and discuss recommendations to decrease the barriers to Hispanic women in the health professions. Factors associated with this underrepresentation include high levels of family poverty linked to high secondary school dropout rates, inadequate educational background and work experiences, and lack of information on resources and opportunities. Central recommendations to increase representation of Hispanic women call for institutional changes and commitments in data collection, early math and science preparation, access to financial resources, and improvements in community linkages and the academic environment.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed1997

Midwife to the greens: the electron capture detector.

James E. Lovelock makes an account of the path he has followed since he started his scientific research at the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) in London in the 1940s, emphasizing the aspects related to environmental sciences. Lovelock explains the origins of the electron capture detector (ECD). So far, the ECD is the most sensitive, easily portable and inexpensive analytical apparatus capable of detecting substances present in the atmosphere at concentrations as low as parts per trillion (10(-12)). It has been the first device specifically sensitive to pollutants, and its use has provided the grounds for the development of environmental sciences, and green politics. The data gathered by the ECD about the persistence of pesticides in the environment led American biologist Rachel Carson to write her seminal book Silent Spring; data regarding the global presence of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) in the atmosphere led Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina to develop their theory of ozone depletion. The results of his research over the years led Lovelock himself to the development of the Gaia theory.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1997

A pentaplex automated fluorescent typing system for forensic identification and French Caucasian population data.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of short tandem repeat (STR) loci has already proven to be a method of choice for large scale typing of DNA samples in which the conventional restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique is ineffective. A quadruplex PCR including HUMvWFA31A, HUMF13A01, HUMTH01, and HUMFESFPS STR loci is used successfully for routine forensic applications in our laboratory. However, the need to increase the discrimination power of the PCR systems used prompted us to develop a second system of a pentaplex PCR for the analysis of 4 additional STR loci (HUMD8S1179, HUMD18S51, HUMD21S11, and HUMFIBRA) and the sex determination by amplification of a segment of the X-Y homologous Amelogenin gene. Allele and phenotype frequencies for these 4 STR systems were obtained by multiplex amplification, from approximately 200 randomly selected and unrelated French Caucasian individuals. Statistical calculations for these phenotype distributions met expectations for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Furthermore, the French allelic frequencies of D18S51, D21S11, and HUMFIBRA loci were compared with the data obtained by the Forensic Science Service (UK) for the British Caucasian population and proved to be similar.

Alleles↗
PubMed2005

The early origins and development of the scatterplot.

Of all the graphic forms used today, the scatterplot is arguably the most versatile, polymorphic, and generally useful invention in the history of statistical graphics. Its use by Galton led to the discovery of correlation and regression, and ultimately to much of present multivariate statistics. So, it is perhaps surprising that there is no one widely credited with the invention of this idea. Even more surprising is that there are few contenders for this title, and this question seems not to have been raised before. This article traces some of the developments in the history of this graphical method, the origin of the term scatterplot, the role it has played in the history of science, and some of its modern descendants. We suggest that the origin of this method can be traced to its unique advantage: the possibility to discover regularity in empirical data by smoothing and other graphic annotations to enhance visual perception.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Educating medical students for work in culturally diverse societies.

CONTEXT: Recent attention has focused on whether government health service institutions, particularly in the United Kingdom, reflect cultural sensitivity and competence and whether medical students receive proper guidance in this area. OBJECTIVE: To systematically identify educational programs for medical students on cultural diversity, in particular, racial and ethnic diversity. DATA SOURCES: The following databases were searched: MEDLINE (1963-August 1998); Bath International Data Service (BIDS) Institute for Scientific Information science and social science citation indexes (1981-August 1998); BIDS International Bibliography for the Social Sciences (1981-August 1998); and the Educational Resources Information Centre (1981-August 1998). In addition, the following online data sets were searched: Kings Fund; Centre for Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick; Health Education Authority; European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations, University of Utrecht; International Centre for Intercultural Studies, University of London; the Refugee Studies Programme, University of Oxford. Medical education and academic medicine journals (1994-1998) were searched manually and experts in medical education were contacted. STUDY SELECTION: Studies included in the analysis were articles published in English before August 1998 that described specific programs for medical students on racial and ethnic diversity. Of 1456 studies identified by the literature search, 17 met the criteria. Two of the authors performed the study selection independently. DATA EXTRACTION: The following data were extracted: publication year, program setting, student year, whether a program was required or optional, the teaching staff and involvement of minority racial and ethnic communities, program length, content and teaching methods, student assessment, and nature of program evaluation. DATA SYNTHESIS: Of the 17 selected programs, 13 were conducted in North America. Eleven programs were exclusively for students in years 1 or 2. Fewer than half (n = 7) the programs were part of core teaching. Only 1 required program reported that the students were assessed on the session in cultural diversity. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that there is limited information available on an increasingly important subject in medical education. Further research is needed to identify effective components of educational programs on cultural diversity and valid methods of student assessment and program evaluation.

Cultural Diversity↗
PubMed2003

Effect of breast feeding in infancy on blood pressure in later life: systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether breast feeding in infancy compared with bottle feeding formula milk is associated with lower mean blood pressure at different ages. DESIGN: Systematic review. DATA SOURCES: Embase, Medline, and Web of Science databases. STUDY SELECTION: Studies showing the effects of feeding in infancy on blood pressure at different ages. DATA EXTRACTION: Pooled mean differences in blood pressure between breast fed infants and those bottle fed formula milk, based on random effects models. DATA SYNTHESIS: The pooled mean difference in systolic blood pressure was -1.10 mm Hg (95% confidence interval -1.79 to -0.42 mm Hg) but with significant heterogeneity between estimates (P < 0.001). The difference was largest in studies of < 300 participants (-2.05 mm Hg, -3.30 to -0.80 mm Hg), intermediate in studies of 300-1000 participants (1.13 mm Hg, -2.53 to 0.27 mm Hg), and smallest in studies of > 1000 participants (-0.16 mm Hg, -0.60 to 0.28 mm Hg). An Egger test but not Begg test was statistically significant for publication bias. The difference was unaltered by adjustment for current size and was independent of age at measurement of blood pressure and year of birth. Diastolic blood pressure was not significantly related to type of feeding in infancy. CONCLUSIONS: Selective publication of small studies with positive findings may have exaggerated claims that breast feeding in infancy reduces systolic blood pressure in later life. The results of larger studies suggest that feeding in infancy has at most a modest effect on blood pressure, which is of limited clinical or public health importance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Data withholding and the next generation of scientists: results of a national survey.

PURPOSE: To provide the first national data on the nature, extent, and consequences of withholding among life science trainees. METHOD: In 2003, the authors surveyed 1,077 second-year doctoral students and postdoctoral fellows in life sciences at 50 U.S. universities, with a comparison group of trainees in computer science and chemical engineering. The study variables examined trainees' exposure to and the consequences of data withholding. RESULTS: Two hundred forty-six trainees (23.0%) reported that they had asked for and been denied access to information, data, materials, or programming associated with published research and 221 (20.6%) to unpublished research. Eighty-five trainees (7.9%) reported that they had denied another academic scientist's request(s) related to their own published research. Five hundred thirty-three trainees (50.8%) reported that withholding had had a negative effect on the progress of their research, 508 (48.5%) on the rate of discovery in their lab/research group, 472 (45.0%) on the quality of their relationships with academic scientists, 346 (33.0%) on the quality of their education, and 299 (28.5%) on the level of communication in their lab/research group. Trainees denied access to research were significantly more likely to report that data withholding had had a negative effect on several aspects of the educational experience. CONCLUSIONS: Data withholding had demonstrated negative effects on trainees. The life sciences, more so than chemical engineering or computer science, will have to address this issue among its trainees. Failure to do so could result in delayed research, inefficient training, and a culture of withholding among future life scientists.

Access to Information↗
PubMed1989

Qualitative research: comments and controversies.

Larry Locke's timely and well-written introduction to qualitative research procedures will undoubtedly serve its purpose. It makes us reassess our traditional beliefs and practices, educates us on the rudiments of qualitative methodology, and, hopefully, makes us more tolerant and appreciative of alternate ways of conducting research. Although Locke focuses his paper on pedagogical research issues, it is important to realize that many other sub-disciplines within the general field of physical education also utilize qualitative procedures. For example, 10 years ago Martens (1979) called for a paradigm shift in sport psychology by appealing to researchers to abandon their labs and to embark on naturalistic field studies. While North American sport psychologists, and psychologists in general, have been slow to formalize qualitative techniques, the European psychology community has been much more active (e.g., Ashworth, Giorgi, & de Koning, 1986). Perhaps Locke's article will encourage researchers in all our sub-disciplines to consider the utility of qualitative research. Hopefully, readers will treat Locke's article as an introduction to the broad area of qualitative research and not as a rigorous set of procedures for conducting participant observation research in school physical education studies. Additionally, it must be recognized that there are other approaches and other applications, that the area has its critics and its unresolved methodological problems, and that qualitative research does not necessarily exclude the application of formalized data analyses. Keeping these issues in mind, the addition of qualitative approaches to our repetoire of research methodologies can only enhance the quality of research in physical education and exercise and sport science.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed1999

Differentiation therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia with all-trans retinoic acid: 10-year experience of its clinical application.

PURPOSE: To summarize the experiences in using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) for the differentiation therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) since our introduction of its use in clinic in 1986. DATA RESOURCES: Data resources came from Chinese Journal of Hematology, English-language literature using MEDLINE (1988-1998), book entitled "Treatment of Malignancies by Inducing Differentiation and Apoptosis" published by Shanghai Publishing House on Sciences and Technology, and our recent data to be published. STUDY SELECTION: Thirty-five articles related to the purpose of this review were reviewed. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were checked for their quality, reliance and originality. RESULTS: ATRA combined with chemotherapy can decrease the incidence of retinoic acid syndrome and produce a very high remission rate (90%-95%). Post-remission treatment should include chemotherapy and ATRA, the 5-year survival probability was able to attain 0.71 +/- 0.06. The main problem in the treatment is early tolerance to ATRA and relapse of the disease. The most effective treatments for relapsed APL is to use arsenic trioxide. CONCLUSION: The combination of ATRA, chemotherapy and arsenic oxide in the treatment of APL for elevating the remission rate and prolonging survival time deserves further study.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2000

Human genome. Storm erupts over terms for publishing Celera's sequence.

A dispute has been raging behind the scenes for weeks over the conditions under which Celera Genomics is prepared to make its human genome sequence data publicly available. The argument went public on 6 December, when geneticist Michael Ashburner e-mailed an open letter to Science's board of reviewing editors and members of the press slamming an agreement on data release that Science had reached with Celera as a condition for accepting its paper for review. This spat is the latest round in an intense rivalry between Celera president J. Craig Venter and leaders of the Human Genome Project, a publicly funded consortium that has produced its own draft human genome sequence.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2000

Methylmercury and the health of indigenous peoples: a risk management challenge for physical and social sciences and for public health policy.

Methylmercury in aquatic ecosystems and bio-accumulated in aquatic biota, especially fish, is a major public health concern internationally. Precautionary efforts are currently underway internationally to reduce the anthropogenic release of mercury, which in turn, over time, will reduce human exposure. However, at the present time, it is important to address the issue of management of the risks of exposure as they exist now. Of particular concern are the impacts of methylmercury on indigenous populations which depend on fish as a subsistence food source, both in remote areas of developed countries, such as Canada, and in developing countries such as Brazil. Research into these impacts over the past two or three decades has shown that, other than in very severe pollution situations such as occurred in Minamata, Japan, the direct impacts on human health are difficult to prove. On the other hand, the indirect negative effects of methylmercury on health, mediated through the disruption of lifestyle and eating patterns and the associated socio-cultural and socio-economic consequences among the affected native populations, have, in many cases, been significant. These social factors have raised serious challenges in determining practical public health policies on the issue. Policy development relating to environmental contaminants has been presented, with the problem of assessing the role of the various factors which contribute to the impact on health as a result of socio-cultural disruption. These factors include changes in diet and lifestyle due to methylmercury in the environment and its real or perceived risk. The standard physical sciences risk assessment process, based on the lowest observed adverse effects level (LOAEL) or no observed adverse effects level (NOAEL) used in defining health policies may be seen as over-simplistic theoretical extrapolations when viewed in the context of the concerns of the social sciences. Both approaches, however, have relevance to health policies that address the risks posed by environmental methylmercury. Therefore, the standard physical sciences approach of the past three decades now needs to be linked with the social sciences approach, with its focus on the indirect impacts of exposure to methylmercury, to provide a comprehensive approach to public health policy development. With this objective in mind, this paper reviews methylmercury-related data from both physical and social sciences. It attempts to draw on the findings in both disciplines to provide suggestions for an integrated approach in policy development relating to human health and human exposure to methylmercury, especially among indigenous peoples in remote areas and in developing countries. An integrated approach such as this may help to limit adverse health effects in the indigenous communities affected.

Canada↗
PubMed2026

Pancreatic fat and the risk of future dysglycemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

CONTEXT: Pancreatic fat has emerged as a metabolically relevant ectopic fat depot, but its longitudinal association with future dysglycemic outcomes remains incompletely defined. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the longitudinal association of pancreatic fat with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) and glycemic progression, with exploratory narrative synthesis of evidence in lean populations. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to March 1, 2026. STUDY SELECTION: Longitudinal observational studies assessing pancreatic fat at baseline and reporting subsequent incident T2D, glycemic progression, or both were included. DATA EXTRACTION: Two reviewers independently screened studies and extracted data. Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. DATA SYNTHESIS: Ten studies were included. In the primary binary meta-analysis (5 studies), higher pancreatic fat burden was associated with incident T2D (pooled effect estimate, 2.56; 95% CI, 1.27-5.14; I2 = 93.3%). Exclusion of 1 influential ultrasound-based study attenuated heterogeneity while preserving the association (pooled effect estimate, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.23-1.73; I2 = 10.2%). A separate continuous analysis (3 studies) also supported an association with incident T2D (1.17; 95% CI, 1.04-1.32; I2 = 79.2%), although exposure scales were not directly comparable. Pancreatic fat was also associated with glycemic progression (2 studies; 1.96; 95% CI, 1.10-3.48; I2 = 73.2%). Exploratory lean-population evidence was limited to 2 analytical contexts, synthesized narratively, and directionally consistent with the overall findings. CONCLUSION: Pancreatic fat was associated with adverse future glycemic outcomes across multiple analytical contexts. These findings support pancreatic fat as a potentially meaningful imaging-derived marker of future dysglycemia, while suggesting that heterogeneity is partly explained by differences in exposure ascertainment.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Exploring genome space.

The completion of entire genome sequences of many experimental organisms, and the promise that the human genome will be completed in the next year, find biology suddenly awash in genome-based data. Scientists are scrambling to develop new technologies that exploit genome data to ask entirely new kinds of questions about the complex nature of living cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Is there a relation between student lecture attendance and clinical science subject examination score?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is a relation between lecture attendance and factual knowledge of obstetrics and gynecology, as measured by the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) clinical science subject examination. METHODS: We analyzed data on 197 students completing 8-week obstetrics and gynecology rotations from July 1, 1991 to June 30, 1992. Each student was expected to attend a weekly lecture series, and each completed the NBME clinical science subject examination at the end of the clerkship. Student attendance and board scores were correlated at the end of the academic year overall and by subgroups. Scores in the top and bottom 15% were defined as good and poor performance, respectively. RESULTS: A negative correlation (r = -0.1738, P = .0146) was found between percent absence and examination score. The odds ratio for poor performance was 5.48 (95% confidence interval 1.3-26.5; P = .015) for the subgroup of students with more than 30% absence compared to those without absences. Odds ratios for scoring in the upper 15th percentile were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: The negative correlation and the high odds ratio for poor performance suggest the value of monitoring attendance and identifying students at risk for poor performance (more than 30% absence). Lower absence rates did not predict performance.

Clinical Clerkship↗
PubMed2005

Using data augmentation to obtain standard errors and conduct hypothesis tests in latent class and latent transition analysis.

Latent class analysis (LCA) provides a means of identifying a mixture of subgroups in a population measured by multiple categorical indicators. Latent transition analysis (LTA) is a type of LCA that facilitates addressing research questions concerning stage-sequential change over time in longitudinal data. Both approaches have been used with increasing frequency in the social sciences. The objective of this article is to illustrate data augmentation (DA), a Markov chain Monte Carlo procedure that can be used to obtain parameter estimates and standard errors for LCA and LTA models. By use of DA it is possible to construct hypothesis tests concerning not only standard model parameters but also combinations of parameters, affording tremendous flexibility. DA is demonstrated with an example involving tests of ethnic differences, gender differences, and an Ethnicity x Gender interaction in the development of adolescent problem behavior.

Humans↗