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PubMed2026

Exploring the role of successful exercise-induced body weight loss on cardiometabolic health in individuals with metabolic syndrome.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is known to improve cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., VO2MAX), a key marker of cardiometabolic health in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Nonetheless, body weight loss is widely recognized as a crucial factor in reducing insulin resistance and improving metabolic risk factors. Thus, we aimed to determine the importance of body weight loss following exercise training on improving MetS. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-eight adults (55.3 ± 7.9 yr) with overweight/obesity (32.5 ± 4.6 kg·m-2) and MetS were randomized to: a) standard health care non-exercise group (CONTROL group, N=58) or b) standard health care plus 16 weeks of HIIT (EXER group, N=170). MetS (MetS z-score), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2PEAK), maximal cycling power (WPEAK), and body weight/composition were assessed. After intervention, EXER group participants were divided according to their weight loss response to training: i) those achieving the weight loss predicted from estimated exercise energy expenditure (-BW group, n=78; -3.3 ± 2.2 kg); ii) those not reaching the expected weight loss (=BW group, n=38; -0.7 ± 0.5 kg); iii) and those who gained weight (+BW group, n=54; 1.1 ± 1.0 kg). VO2PEAK significantly improved regardless of body weight loss response (-BW, 0.3 ± 0.3; =BW, 0.2 ± 0.3; +BW, 0.3 ± 0.2 L·min-1; all p < 0.001) compared to CONTROL group (0.0 ± 0.3 L·min-1). However, significant improvements in MetS z-score (-0.31 ± 0.41) and HOMA-IR (-0.7 ± 1.6) were observed only in the -BW group (both p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Exercise recommendations should consider that greater improvements in MetS are observed when interventions are accompanied by successful body weight loss. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05120778.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A PET imaging in parkinsonian α-synucleinopathies: a systematic review.

Synaptic dysfunction is increasingly recognized as an early and biologically relevant component of α-synucleinopathies. However, conventional imaging biomarkers mainly assess dopaminergic dysfunction, glucose metabolism, or structural damage rather than presynaptic density itself. Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) PET enables in vivo assessment of presynaptic terminal integrity and may provide complementary information in Parkinson's disease (PD), Parkinson's disease dementia/dementia with Lewy bodies (PDD/DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). This systematic review synthesized the available evidence on SV2A-targeted PET in parkinsonian α-synucleinopathies, focusing on regional imaging patterns, clinical associations, longitudinal findings, and methodological determinants of interpretation. Seventeen reports were included. In PD, the most recurrent finding was reduced SV2A binding in the substantia nigra, although additional involvement of brainstem, caudate, striatal, thalamic, raphe, or cortical regions was reported in selected cohorts. In PDD/DLB, abnormalities appeared broader and more cortical, with evidence of association between cortical SV2A binding and cognitive performance. In MSA, one study suggested a distinct infratentorial and cerebellar pattern with potential relevance for phenotypic stratification. SV2A PET is a promising research biomarker for biological characterization of synucleinopathies. However, the field remains limited by small cohorts, methodological heterogeneity, variable quantification strategies, limited longitudinal evidence, and potential cohort overlap. Multicentre validation and harmonized protocols are required before clinical translation.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

The impact of body mass index classification on operative characteristics and perioperative outcomes in lumbar microdiscectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Body mass index (BMI) stratification helps classify obesity severity. In patients undergoing microdiscectomy for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation, the effect of obesity on perioperative risk remains incompletely understood. This retrospective single-institution study evaluated whether BMI class influences perioperative risk in a large surgical cohort. METHODS: Adults older than 18 years who underwent primary, elective single-level lumbar microdiscectomy between June 2018 and March 2025 with at least 3 months of follow-up were included. Patients were grouped by BMI: without obesity (WO, BMI < 30), class I (CI, 30-34.9), class II (CII, 35-39.9), and class III (CIII, ≥40). Outcomes were analyzed separately for open microdiscectomy (OM), tubular microdiscectomy (TM), and endoscopic discectomy (ED). Continuous variables were compared using Kruskal-Wallis testing with Dunn post hoc analysis; categorical variables were compared with chi-square tests. Significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 757 patients were included (OM 422, TM 190, ED 145). Higher obesity classes underwent ED more frequently (p = 0.038). In the OM cohort (WO 258, CI 97, CII 50, CIII 17), CI had a higher proportion of males and CII a lower proportion (p = 0.007). Operative time, length of stay, and estimated blood loss were greatest in CII and CIII patients (all p < 0.001). CII patients also had more emergency department visits within 1 year than other classes (p = 0.026). No differences were found in age, smoking status, disc herniation type, dural tears, intraoperative or postoperative complications, or revision presence/time. In the TM cohort (WO 117, CI 47, CII 21, CIII 5), WO patients were oldest and CIII youngest (p < 0.001), with no other significant differences. In the ED cohort (WO 79, CI 31, CII 20, CIII 15), WO patients were oldest and CIII youngest (p = 0.004). CIII patients had higher estimated blood loss (p = 0.028) and shorter time to revision (p < 0.001), while other variables were similar. CONCLUSIONS: ED was used more often in higher obesity classes. In OM, CII and CIII obesity were associated with longer operative time, longer hospital stay, and greater blood loss, likely due to increased exposure requirements. TM and ED showed few obesity-related differences in complications, suggesting minimally invasive approaches may mitigate obesity-related perioperative risk. However, the retrospective design and small number of CIII patients warrant further study.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training at Different Levels of Arterial Occlusion Pressure on Body Composition and Athletic Performance in Youth Soccer Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of low-load blood flow restriction training (BFRT) performed at different levels of arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) on body composition, maximal strength, and athletic performance in youth soccer players. Twenty-four male youth soccer players were randomly assigned to 40% AOP group, 60% AOP group, or control group. Participants in the BFRT groups performed lower-limb resistance training at 30% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) under the corresponding pressure conditions, whereas the control group trained without BFR. Training was conducted three times per week for six weeks. Body composition, back squat 1RM, countermovement jump (CMJ), T-test, and 30-m sprint performance were assessed before and after the intervention. Results showed that lower-limb muscle mass increased significantly in both the 40% AOP group (mean change = 0.55 kg, 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.97 kg, P = 0.010) and the 60% AOP group (mean change = 0.83 kg, 95% CI: 0.37 to 1.29 kg, P < 0.001), with the 60% AOP group showing significantly greater gains than the control group (between-group difference = 1.48 kg, 95% CI: 0.40 to 2.56 kg, P = 0.008). Back squat 1RM improved significantly in both the 40% AOP group (mean change = 6.50 kg, 95% CI: 3.90 to 9.10 kg, P < 0.001) and the 60% AOP group (mean change = 9.25 kg, 95% CI: 6.75 to 11.75 kg, P < 0.001), with the 60% AOP group demonstrating superior strength gains compared with the 40% AOP group (between-group difference = 2.94 kg, 95% CI: 0.20 to 5.68 kg, P = 0.048). CMJ height and T-test performance improved significantly in both the 40% AOP group (CMJ: mean change = 2.07 cm, 95% CI: 0.80 to 3.34 cm, P = 0.002; T-test: mean change = -0.23 s, 95% CI: -0.35 to -0.11 s, P = 0.001) and the 60% AOP group (CMJ: mean change = 2.65 cm, 95% CI: 1.00 to 4.30 cm, P = 0.003; T-test: mean change = -0.26 s, 95% CI: -0.38 to -0.14 s, P < 0.001), with no significant differences between the two BFRT groups (all P > 0.05). No significant changes were observed in 30-m sprint performance across groups (all P > 0.05). This study showed that six weeks of low-load (30% 1RM) blood flow restriction training performed at both 40% and 60% AOP was associated with improvements in lower-limb muscle mass, squat strength, and selected aspects of athletic performance in youth soccer players, compared with low-load training without BFR. While both pressure levels elicited comparable improvements in CMJ and agility performance, training at 60% AOP was associated with greater adaptations in lower-limb muscle mass and squat strength, with no additional benefits observed for 30-m sprint performance.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Weight and metabolic changes in patients with schizophrenia treated with paliperidone palmitate 6-month formulation versus paliperidone palmitate 3-month formulation: a post-hoc analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect that paliperidone palmitate 6-month long-acting injectable formulation (PP6M) had on metabolic parameters including body weight (BW), and blood lipid profiles, a post-hoc analysis was conducted to assess changes in BW from baseline to the end of study based on age, body mass index (BMI), and changes in blood lipid profiles during a 12-month, phase 3, double-blind (DB) clinical study. Long term effects of PP6M on BW and BMI were further explored during a 24-month extension study in which participants were treated exclusively with PP6M. METHOD: In the 12-month DB phase, participants were randomized to receive PP6M or paliperidone palmitate 3-month long-acting injectable formulation (PP3M). The mean change in BW and abnormal weight percent change from baseline were calculated at endpoint by age, gender, and BMI. Additionally, treatment-emergent shifts from baseline for the four key lipid parameters (fasting low density lipoprotein [LDL], fasting triglycerides [TG], fasting total cholesterol [TC], and fasting high density lipoprotein [HDL]) during DB were assessed. Following this study, participants were given the opportunity to transition to a 24-month extension study and be treated with PP6M. The mean change and percent change in BW, and the mean change in BMI from DB baseline to the end of the extension study (36 months total) were calculated. RESULTS: Participants who were treated with PP6M showed numerically less weight gain, BMI, waist circumference, and more weight decrease compared to PP3M group during 12-month DB phase, though the proportion of participants reporting an abnormal change (≥7% change) in BW did not significantly differ between PP3M and PP6M. The weight differences were more pronounced in the younger age group (18-25 years) and those who were overweight (BMI: 25 to <30 kg/m2. Numerical differences in favor of PP6M were found in fasting blood lipids (HDL, LDL, TG, and TC). The changes in BW and BMI over time remained consistent throughout the 24-month extension, favoring PP6M in each instance. CONCLUSIONS: This post-hoc analysis demonstrated that PP6M was comparable to PP3M in terms of metabolic parameters; however, it may have a beneficial effect on weight gain, especially in young patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Post-Hoc Analysis of Studies NCT03345342 and NCT04072575 (ClinicalTrials.gov). Significant outcomes The findings from this study have highlighted that participants who were treated with the 6-month long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone exhibited less weight gain during treatment overall, and significantly less weight gain in adolescents and young adults. Importantly, this trend continued over the course of long-term treatment, regardless of age. Participants treated with the 6-month formulation also had fewer shifts in blood lipids outside of the normal range and had more favorable changes in body mass index and waist circumference. These results suggest that when considering metabolic dysregulation as a factor in choosing a long-acting injectable antipsychotic, the 6-month formulation is a viable alternative to the 3-month formulation, particularly in younger patients with schizophrenia. Limitations Because this is a post hoc analysis and the study was not powered to test weight and metabolic changes, most endpoints were summarized descriptively and the statistical test was limited to the main endpoint (abnormal percent weight gain and loss).

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Are There Any Effective Behavior Change Strategies for Communicating Genetic Risk in Obesity Prevention and Body Weight Reduction Interventions?

This systematic review examined how differences in intervention components may contribute to inconsistent findings in genetic risk communication studies, addressing obesity-related outcomes (e.g., weight reduction, nutrition behavior, exercise). The review was preregistered (PROSPERO #CRD42024524026) and followed PRISMA guidelines. Searches across eight databases identified 23 randomized controlled trials, covering 18 intervention trials. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias 2 tool. A narrative synthesis was used to cluster studies by the content of intervention and control groups. Genetic risk communication alone (no behavioral counseling, addressing nutrition and exercise) or combined with phenotype-based risk was ineffective and sometimes counterproductive among low-risk individuals. When combined with personalized behavioral counseling, effectiveness improved, but only when compared to waitlist control groups or non-personalized behavioral counseling. Significant effects emerged in high-genetic risk subgroups within personalized behavioral counseling, using behavior change techniques such as problem-solving, feedback on behavior, self-monitoring, and environmental changes. The most promising results emerged from complex interventions integrating genetic risk communication into multiple sessions and combining numerous additional behavioral change techniques, such as social reward, cues/prompts, self-reward. Complex personalized interventions combining multiple behavior change techniques and prompting experiential genetic risk awareness show promise for improving weight, nutrition, and exercise-related outcomes.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Gut microbial diversity at baseline conditions the clinical, microbiome, and metabolic response to paraprobiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LRCC5282 in overweight adults.

The gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as a target for obesity management; however, whether baseline gut microbial diversity conditions responsiveness to microbiota-targeted interventions remains unclear. We aimed to investigate whether baseline gut microbial diversity is associated with responsiveness to a paraprobiotic derived from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LRCC5282 (LP5282-P) in overweight adults. In a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial of 120 overweight adults, LP5282-P produced no significant between-group differences in any clinical outcome across the overall per-protocol population. However, in the low-diversity subgroup, LP5282-P was associated with significant reductions in body weight, body mass index, and circulating leptin levels. These clinical changes were accompanied by compositional shifts in the gut microbiota, including higher relative abundances of Christensenellaceae, Faecalibacterium, and Alistipes. Fecal metabolite profiles showed elevated acetate and butyrate concentrations and altered bile acid composition. Within the low-diversity subgroup, changes in the relative abundances of Akkermansia and Eubacterium were inversely correlated with changes in body weight, body fat mass, and leptin levels. In contrast, the high-diversity subgroup exhibited no consistent response across the outcome domains examined. Overall, baseline gut microbial diversity was associated with differential responsiveness to LP5282-P, supporting its potential use as a stratification variable in future microbiota-targeted intervention trials. Further studies integrating direct measures of microbial activity and host response are warranted to elucidate the biological pathways underlying this diversity-dependent responsiveness. Trial registration: Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS), KCT0008119.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Pregnancy diet based on ancestral patterns increases growth in subcortical fetal brain regions.

Evidence on the biological basis for maternal nutrition effects on fetal and newborn neurodevelopment remains limited. This randomized controlled trial in Ecuador tested a maternal dietary pattern-derived from empirical studies of nutrition in human evolution and adapted locally-on offspring growth and brain development. Pregnant women (n = 215) in their first trimester were randomized to: 1) control (n = 104); or 2) Mikhuna ("nourish" in Kichwa) intervention (n = 111). The intervention, from 12 wk gestation to birth, consisted of a weekly food delivery (8 eggs, 500 g fish, and a variety of sustainably sourced fruits and vegetables) and a behavior change communication strategy encouraging diet diversity and limiting highly processed foods. Longitudinal data collection occurred at 12 wk, 21 wk, 35 wk gestation, and 2 wk postpartum, and included ultrasound imaging of fetal bone and brain parameters, maternal dietary intakes, anthropometry, socioeconomic and demographic variables, and other biomarkers. At close of intervention, a significantly higher percentage of women met the minimum dietary diversity threshold in Mikhuna (74.5%) vs. control groups (55.8%) (P = 0.004). Generalized linear regression models showed significant differences in Mikhuna compared to control for: corpus callosum length 0.19 cm (95% CI [0.02, 0.35]), gangliothalamic ovoid height 0.15 cm (95% CI [0.03 to 0.26]), and femur length -0.10 cm (95% CI [-0.19, -0.02]) from 21 wk to 35 wk; and corpus callosum Z 0.56 (95% CI [0.03, 1.09]) and femur length Z -0.21 (95% CI [-0.42, 0.00]) at 35 wk. The Mikhuna intervention increased the growth of subcortical fetal brain structures, which have established roles in motor control, cognition, and signal transmission.

Female↗

PubMed2026

Effects of free-weight resistance training based on hexagonal barbell deadlift in older women: A 24-week randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: This randomized controlled trial examined effects of a 24-week hexagonal barbell deadlift (HBDL)-based free-weight resistance training program on body composition, trunk muscle function, and functional performance in older women. METHODS: Thirty-two women (67.6 ± 6.3 years) were randomly assigned to an HBDL group (DG, n = 16) or control group (CG, n = 16). DG trained twice weekly for 24 weeks under supervision. Primary outcomes were body composition and isokinetic trunk peak torque and average power at 60°/s and 120°/s. Secondary outcomes were isokinetic knee function, mobility, and maximal isotonic strength. Between-group differences after the intervention were examined by analysis of covariance (α = 0.05). RESULTS: After intervention, DG showed greater trunk lean mass (+0.4 kg vs. -0.2 kg, p = 0.006) than CG, and reductions in body fat percentage (-1.4% vs. +0.3%, p = 0.003), total fat mass (-1.1 kg vs. +0.3 kg, p = 0.013), and regional fat mass (trunk, gluteal, thigh; all p < 0.05). Trunk extensor peak torque at 60°/s (+26.0% vs. -6.3%, p < 0.001) and average power at 60°/s (+38.1% vs. -7.6%, p < 0.001) and 120°/s (+33.2% vs. +0.1%, p = 0.002) improved significantly. DG also showed better eyes-closed static balance and 6-min walk performance (both p < 0.05). Whole-body lean mass and lower-limb isokinetic strength did not differ between groups. Attendance was 89.6% with no adverse events. CONCLUSION: HBDL-based free-weight resistance training is a safe, feasible, and effective strategy to improve body composition, trunk extensor function, and mobility in older women.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Obesity in obstetric anesthesia: A systematic review.

Maternal obesity presents complex challenges for anesthetic management, with implications spanning neonatal, cardiovascular, airway, neuraxial, and procedural domains. This review synthesizes evidence on how elevated maternal body mass index (BMI) impacts perioperative evaluations, risks, complications, and outcomes, in addition to anesthetic modalities and efficacy in the pregnant population. Given the increasing global prevalence of maternal obesity, anesthesiologists must refine clinical practices, employing tailored, evidence-based strategies to mitigate risks and enhance patient outcomes. This review aims to provide anesthesiologists and obstetricians with key considerations and best practices for managing obstetric anesthesia patients with obesity. Clinical recommendations herein are based on current research and evaluated using Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine for level of evidence and class of recommendation.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Potential Links Between Physiological and Perceptual Strain in High Heat Stress.

The physiological strain index (PhSI) is widely used to quantify thermoregulatory and cardiovascular strain during heat stress. However, direct physiological measurements may not always be feasible in occupational or athletic settings. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the relationship and agreement between perceptual strain and integrated physiological strain indices during high heat stress. Ten healthy, physically active, non-heat-acclimated males (29 (7) yr; 1.79 (0.11) m; 77.4 (9.3) kg) completed two randomized crossover exercise trials in hot-dry (HD) and warm-humid (WH) environments with equivalent wet-bulb globe temperatures. Heart rate, rectal temperature, skin temperature, rating of perceived exertion, and thermal sensation were measured at baseline and every 15 minutes during 60 minutes of cycling. Physiological strain index (PhSI), adaptive physiological strain index (aPhSI), and perceptual strain index (PeSI) were calculated using validated equations. Repeated-measures correlation analyses demonstrated very strong associations between PeSI and both PhSI and aPhSI under HD (Rrm = 0.940-0.943) and WH (Rrm = 0.980-0.982; all p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic analyses demonstrated good-to-excellent discrimination of physiological strain by PeSI (AUC = 0.895-0.969). Mixed-effects analyses showed that higher PeSI values were associated with increased PhSI (β = 1.325, p < 0.001) and aPhSI (β = 1.459, p < 0.001). However, Bland-Altman analyses demonstrated relatively small mean biases (0.4-0.9 AU) but wide limits of agreement (-2.8 to 4.2 AU), indicating that PeSI and physiological strain indices are not interchangeable. These findings suggest that PeSI may serve as a practical adjunctive or screening indicator of physiological strain when direct physiological measurements are unavailable.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Resistance versus concurrent training with three assigned protein targets in middle-aged and older women: a randomized 2 × 3 factorial trial.

BACKGROUND: Evidence is limited regarding whether assigned protein targets modify responses to resistance training (RT) alone or to the same RT program plus cycling (concurrent training [CT]) in middle-aged and older women. This randomized 2 × 3 factorial trial examined bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)-derived skeletal muscle mass (SMM; primary outcome), other body composition outcomes, muscular and functional performance, and cycle-derived estimated VO₂max. METHODS: In this randomized 2 × 3 factorial trial, 108 women aged 40-77 years were assigned to 12 weeks of supervised RT or CT (identical RT followed by cycling) and protein targets of 0.8, 1.6, or 2.2 g·kg-1·d-1. Baseline-adjusted ANCOVA tested training × protein interactions and marginal training and protein effects. Complete-case analyses included 83 participants. RESULTS: For SMM, no training-condition × protein-target interaction (p = 0.856), marginal protein-target effect (p = 0.726), or marginal training-condition effect (p = 0.273) was detected. CT had a lower baseline-adjusted week-12 BFP than RT (adjusted difference, -2.04 percentage points; 95% CI, -2.94 to -1.14; p < 0.001). RT had a higher baseline-adjusted week-12 leg-press estimated 1-RM than CT (CT - RT: -6.68 kg; 95% CI, -8.32 to -5.04; p < 0.001), whereas CT had a higher baseline-adjusted week-12 cycle-derived estimated VO₂max (adjusted difference, 4.53 mL·kg-1·min-1; 95% CI, 3.80 to 5.25; p < 0.001). No detectable marginal protein-target effects or training-condition × protein-target interactions were observed for the key secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: No detectable differences in SMM or key secondary outcomes were attributable to assigned protein target. Compared with RT, CT favored estimated aerobic fitness and BFP, whereas RT favored leg-press strength. Because CT included additional cycling and greater exercise exposure, these differences cannot be attributed solely to training modality. Null protein findings do not establish equivalence among doses.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Morphology-Encoded Colorimetric Hydrogen Sensing Using Embedded Reactive Pd Absorbers in Fabry-Perot Cavities.

Chemical reactions offer a powerful strategy for generating visible optical responses through localized changes in absorption, dielectric environment, and interfacial wetting. A palladium (Pd)-embedded Fabry-Perot cavity is introduced as a reaction-active optical platform in which structural color is governed by intracavity absorption coupled with reaction-induced dielectric perturbation. Positioning Pd within the dielectric spacer creates a spatially controllable reactive absorber whose vertical location relative to the standing-wave field dictates wavelength-selective absorption within the cavity. The morphology of the embedded Pd layer provides an additional design parameter by modulating both optical loss and interfacial wetting. Under hydrogen exposure in the presence of oxygen, catalytic water formation at the Pd/polymer interface generates localized dielectric heterogeneity and interfacial water droplets, thereby perturbing the optical path length and amplifying the visible response. As a result, the cavity exhibits pronounced, morphology-dependent color transitions that are inaccessible through dielectric-layer engineering or Pd/PdH refractive-index changes alone, enabling direct visual hydrogen sensing under ambient light, as well as flexible optical devices capable of large-area patterning. These findings establish a design framework for reaction-active optical cavities that translate localized chemistry into a colorimetric hydrogen sensing mechanism.

Fabry–Perot resonator↗

PubMed2026

Long-Term Weight Trajectories in Infants Receiving Prolonged Breastfeeding: Impact of Formula Supplementation.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared weight trajectories in infants breastfed for at least 1 year, with or without formula supplementation. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort of 252 infants followed in well-baby clinics. All infants were breastfed ≥12 months and received complementary foods at 4-6 months. Of these, 174 received no formula, and 78 received daily formula supplementation. Anthropometric data were collected from birth to 5 years of age. RESULTS: Among males, those breastfed without formula had significantly lower body weight between 13 and 18 months compared with those receiving formula (10.20 kg vs. 10.97 kg, p < 0.001). From 19 months onward, no significant weight differences were observed and trajectories converged through 5 years. CONCLUSION: Prolonged breastfeeding in male infants is associated with lower weight in early toddlerhood; however, differences resolve by age two. These findings suggest early variations may represent physiological patterns. Further controlled studies are needed.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

[Complex therapy of chronic bacterial prostatitis using the immunomodulatory drug sodium aminodihydrophthalazinedione].

INTRODUCTION: Chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) is characterized by a recurrent course caused by pathogen persistence and impaired local immunity of the prostate. AIM: To assess the effectiveness of the use of sodium aminodihydrophthalazinedione in the complex therapy of chronic bacterial prostatitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The prospective comparative study included 60 men aged 21-50 years with CBP (NIH category II). Patients were randomized into two groups of 30: the comparison group received levofloxacin 500 mg/day for 28 days; the main group additionally received rectal sodium aminodihydrophthalazinedione. NIH-CPSI, IPSS, QoL, uroflowmetry, leukocyte and lecithin body counts in prostatic secretion, and bacteriological examination were assessed at baseline and on day 28, and the recurrence rate over 3 months. RESULTS: By day 28, the main group showed a more pronounced decrease in the total NIH-CPSI score (8.1+/-2.1 vs 13.4+/-2.6; p<0.001), restoration of lecithin bodies (+65.1% vs +24.5%; p<0.05), normalization of uroflowmetry, and pathogen eradication in 86.7% vs 66.7% of patients (p<0.05). The 3-month recurrence rate decreased from 26.7 to 10.0% (p<0.05). No adverse events were registered. DISCUSSION: The advantage of combinationtherapy is due to the combination of anti-inflammatory,immunomodulatory,antioxidantandregenerativeeffects of the drug,which is confirmed by the restoration of the secretoryfunction of the prostateepitheliumaccording to the dynamics of lecithingrains. CONCLUSION: The inclusion of sodium aminodihydrophthalazinedione in the combination therapy of CBP increases the clinical and microbiological efficacy of treatment and reduces the recurrence rate.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Identification of aquaporin (AQP) genes in the noble scallop Chlamys nobilis and characterization of their expression under low-temperature stress.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are transmembrane channel proteins essential for water homeostasis and cellular stress responses. In marine bivalves, their roles in cold tolerance remain poorly understood despite frequent winter mortality events in aquaculture. Here, we identified nine AQP genes in the genome of the economically important noble scallop Chlamys nobilis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed strong conservation with other bivalve AQPs, and structural features, including conserved NPA motifs and ar/R selectivity filters, support their canonical water/glycerol transport functions. Tissue-specific expression profiling showed predominant enrichment in osmoregulatory tissues (gills, intestine) and gonads. Under both chronic and acute low-temperature stress from 23 °C to 9 °C, most CnAQP genes exhibited transient upregulation followed by suppression. Notably, CnAQP4 displayed sustained upregulation, implicating it as a key mediator of long-term cold adaptation. Promoter analysis further revealed abundant cis-elements linked to growth and development as well as immune regulation. Our findings provide the first comprehensive characterization of the AQP family in C. nobilis, highlighting its critical role in maintaining cellular integrity during cold stress and offering molecular targets for selective breeding of cold-tolerant scallop strains.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Diagnostic performance of intraoperative in vivo hyperspectral imaging for meningioma grading and molecular alterations: results from a prospective feasibility study.

OBJECTIVE: Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is an emerging intraoperative, noninvasive, contrast agent-free imaging modality that enables quantitative assessment of tissue composition. The present study aimed to investigate whether HSI-derived tissue parameters correlate with WHO grade and molecular markers of aggressiveness in cranial meningiomas. METHODS: In this prospective study, intraoperative in vivo HSI was performed using the TIVITA tissue system, capturing spectral signatures between 500 and 1000 nm. Quantitative tissue parameters included tissue oxygen saturation (StO2), near-infrared perfusion index, organ hemoglobin index (OHI), and tissue water index (TWI). HSI parameters were correlated with histopathological WHO grade and molecular alterations, including CDKN2A/B deletion, TERT promoter mutation, and 1p/22q loss. Group differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and diagnostic performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: Forty-six meningiomas were included, comprising WHO grade 1 (n = 35) and WHO grade 2-3 (n = 11) tumors. TWI was significantly higher in WHO grade 2-3 meningiomas compared with WHO grade 1 tumors (mean 0.49 [SD 0.12] vs 0.38 [SD 0.17], p = 0.048). ROC analysis demonstrated an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.71 (95% CI 0.56-0.86, p = 0.036) for TWI in discriminating higher-grade disease. A TWI cutoff ≥ 0.367 identified all WHO grade 2-3 meningiomas with 100% sensitivity and 100% negative predictive value. In a molecular subgroup (n = 15), OHI appeared higher in tumors with homozygous CDKN2A/B deletion than in nondeleted tumors (mean 0.77 [SD 0.04] vs 0.62 [SD 0.10]). However, only 3 CDKN2A/B-deleted cases were available, and these findings should be considered descriptive. ROC analysis yielded an AUC of 0.89 (95% CI 0.71-1.00). An OHI cutoff ≥ 0.712 identified all three CDKN2A/B-deleted tumors (100% sensitivity), with 83.3% specificity and 86.7% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: The present investigation demonstrated that HSI-derived tissue water and hemoglobin metrics provide biologically meaningful information in meningiomas. Low tissue water content appeared to rule out higher-grade diseases in this first subset cohort, while elevated hemoglobin showed a potential association with CDKN2A/B deletion in a small exploratory subgroup. These findings support the potential of HSI as a real-time noninvasive tool for intraoperative risk stratification and should be evaluated in large-scale studies. German Clinical Trials Register no. DRKS00036771 (www.drks.de).

Humans↗

PubMed2026

A two-center randomized clinical superiority trial of single-anastomosis sleeve ileal bypass versus sleeve gastrectomy for severe obesity: SASSY study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Single-anastomosis sleeve ileal bypass is a novel metabolic bariatric surgery intended to enhance metabolic outcomes and reduce the risk of postoperative complications. Although preliminary outcome data for single-anastomosis sleeve ileal bypass are promising, evidence from adequately powered, randomized head-to-head comparisons is scarce. This trial compares the efficacy and safety of single-anastomosis sleeve ileal bypass versus sleeve gastrectomy in patients with class II obesity (body mass index = 35.0-39.9 kg/m²) with at least one obesity‑related comorbidity or class III obesity (body mass index ⩾40.0 kg/m²). METHODS: This two-center randomized clinical superiority trial enrolls patients eligible for metabolic bariatric surgery at two specialized Norwegian centers. Included patients are randomly assigned (1:1) to either single-anastomosis sleeve ileal bypass or sleeve gastrectomy with standardized perioperative treatment and care. The primary endpoint is the between-group difference in change in body mass index from baseline to 2 years after single-anastomosis sleeve ileal bypass versus sleeve gastrectomy. Secondary endpoints include additional weight loss outcomes, the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease, surgical and postoperative complications, obesity-related comorbidities, nutritional status, bone mineral density, gastrointestinal symptoms, quality of life, and rates of revisional and conversion surgery. All endpoints will be evaluated at 2 and 5 years after surgery. Statistical analyses utilize linear mixed models and analysis of covariance within an intention-to-treat framework. DISCUSSION: This trial will provide high-level evidence with robust and comparative outcome data on single-anastomosis sleeve ileal bypass and sleeve gastrectomy, aiming to clarify the clinical utility of single-anastomosis sleeve ileal bypass and inform surgical practice. Findings will address gaps in medium- and long-term evidence regarding weight loss, safety, comorbidity resolution, and quality of life following single-anastomosis sleeve ileal bypass.

Humans↗