Children, adolescents, and the media: the molding of minds, bodies, and deeds.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adolescent↗
SEARCH · Search PubMed
Results for “Mass Behavior”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Screening for cervical disease in mature women: strategies for improvement.
BACKGROUND: Cervical carcinoma remains a significant health risk for the older woman. In the current study the yield of screening of mature women in an established, opportunistic screening program was examined. Strategies for improving screening in this age group were identified through examination of recent Pap test history of women with high grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions (HSIL). METHODS: From the population based registry of the Ontario Cervical Screening Program, the Pap test cytodiagnoses for almost 700,000 women screened during the first six months of 2000 were classified by age quintile. Screening yields for younger women (< 50 years of age) and mature women (>/= 50 years of age) were compared using the detection ratio (abnormalities per 1000 women tested). Any pap test results during the three years preceding a diagnosis of HSIL in mature women were identified (excluding any Pap test in the six months immediately prior to the HSIL cytodiagnosis) and classified into one of three categories: no prior test known, prior negative Pap test known, and prior abnormal Pap test known. RESULTS: Twenty four percent of all Pap tests in the six month period were from mature women. Approximately 11% of all cytodiagnoses of HSIL and carcinoma (HSIL+), and 13% of all low grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions (LSIL), HSIL, carcinoma, and atypical glandular cells of uncertain significance (AGUS); [LSIL+ and AGUS] cytodiagnoses, were from mature women. The yield of Pap testing in mature women (1.7 HSIL+ per 1000 women tested) was slightly more than 40% of that for younger women (4.2 HSIL+ per 1000 women tested). Mature women with HSIL were more likely to have had a history of no prior screening (61.1%) than younger women (49.5%). The majority (62.9%) of mature women with HSIL and a prior known Pap test had a prior registered abnormal Pap test. CONCLUSIONS: Pap testing of mature women yields a significant number of abnormalities, but is less efficient than Pap testing of younger women. Screening yield could be increased by recruiting mature women who are currently inadequately screened and by revising guidelines for cessation of screening. Proper followup of mature women with Pap test abnormalities would improve clinical outcome but could adversely affect the yield of Pap testing, since current inappropriate repeat testing of women would decrease.
Adolescent↗
Perspectives on behavioral and social science research on cancer screening.
The first section in the current article offered several themes that characterize behavioral and social science cancer screening research to date and are likely to be relevant for studying the adoption and utilization of future screening technologies. The themes discussed included the link between epidemiologic surveillance and the priorities of intervention, the "at-risk" perspective that often guides research on screening and initiatives to redress disparities, the need to monitor the diversification of personal screening histories, the range of intervention groups and study designs that can be tested, the importance of including key questions in population-level surveys and national health objectives, and the desirability of clarifying the characteristics of cancer screening that make it an attractive field of study in its own right. The second section commented on emerging areas in which more research will allow additional lessons to be learned. The other articles in the current supplement presented many more lessons in a variety of areas, and other authors are encouraged to write similar articles that help to identify general themes characterizing cancer screening research.
Behavioral Sciences↗
Some methodologic lessons learned from cancer screening research.
Credible and useful methodologic evaluations are essential for increasing the uptake of effective cancer screening tests. In the current article, the authors discuss selected issues that are related to conducting behavior change interventions in cancer screening research and that may assist researchers in better designing future evaluations to increase the credibility and usefulness of such interventions. Selection and measurement of the primary outcome variable (i.e., cancer screening behavior) are discussed in detail. The report also addresses other aspects of study design and execution, including alternatives to the randomized controlled trial, indicators of study quality, and external validity. The authors conclude that the uptake of screening should be the main outcome when evaluating cancer screening strategies; that researchers should agree on definitions and measures of cancer screening behaviors and assess the reliability and validity of these definitions and measures in different populations and settings; and that the development of methods for increasing the external validity of randomized designs and reducing bias in nonrandomized studies is needed.
Biomedical Research↗
Treatment of the vertebral crush fracture syndrome with enteric-coated sodium fluoride tablets and calcium supplements.
A cohort of 101 patients were treated with enteric-coated sodium fluoride tablets and calcium supplements. Vitamin D was also given in supra-physiologic doses in 70% of the cases. Lumbar bone mineral density (BMD), as measured by dual-photon absorptiometry, increased in a linear fashion up to four years, irrespective of the value of initial BMD and of the underlying condition, be it involutional osteoporosis (the vast majority), glucocorticoid osteoporosis, or even osteogenesis imperfecta. Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) seemed to promote the fluoride-induced increase in lumbar BMD, as did the vitamin D supplements. Of these patients, 17% proved "resistant" to the therapy. There was no way of predicting who would be in this category. Compared with an age- and sex-matched control group, women showed significantly different behavior of their bone mass. In the control group, the losses were highly significant at the lumbar spine and at all three scanning sites of the forearm, as measured by single-photon absorptiometry. In contrast, the fluoride group had a significant gain of BMD at the lumbar spine and changes of BMC at the forearm were not significant. Fluoride thus preserved bone mass at the appendicular skeleton, while increasing it at the axial skeleton. When comparing the patients who received vitamin D supplements and those who did not, there was a significant difference in the appendicular skeleton. The distal forearm in the vitamin D-supplemented group tended to gain, whereas the midforearm lost significant bone mass. The trend was reversed in the group without vitamin D-supplementation, a more favorable pattern. Therefore, vitamin D supplements should not, as a rule, be provided to such patients. The biochemical hallmark of the fluoride-induced changes is a slight rise of the alkaline phosphatase within the normal range. Alkaline phosphatase levels that exceed the upper limit of normal signal a warning that too much fluoride and/or too little calcium supplements are being administered, or that a fluoride-related complication is impending or has occurred (e.g., a stress fracture). Osteosclerosis was achieved in 69% of the cases who had a radiological followup of at least four years (average period of appearance: 1.8 years). Stress fractures in the lower limbs occurred in 17 patients, almost exclusively in females, and appeared on average 2.2 years after initiation of therapy. In this group of stress fractures there was significant cortical bone loss at midforearm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Aged↗
Perception of breast cancer risk and surveillance behaviours of women with family history of breast cancer: a brief report on a Spanish cohort.
Women with a family history of breast cancer (FHBC) are at increased risk for developing this disease. In this study, we have investigated the differences between two groups of women; those with family history of breast cancer (N=42) and women at population risk (N=42) in a Spanish cohort. Questionnaires assessed distress, perception of breast cancer risk, screening behaviours, coping skills, personality and quality of life. Neither group received genetic counselling before or after this study. Women with FHBC overestimated their risk of developing breast cancer. They report a subjective risk of developing breast cancer of 50%, with their actual risk, using the risk tables elaborated by Claus et al., being only 15% (p<0.05). Discriminant function analysis revealed the patients' information about breast cancer, worries about breast cancer, perception of risk based on family history, perception of lifetime risk of breast cancer and quality of life were the five variables that distinguished between both groups. Only 34% of women in the FHBC group performed monthly breast self-examination, 24% (10 subjects) had never attended previously for clinical breast examination and 45% (19 subjects) had never undergone a mammogram. This group of women had a significantly lower level of general satisfaction (p<0.05), an indicator of Quality of Life. The results support the need for developing psychological intervention for women with family history of breast cancer in order to increase adherence to surveillance behaviours, reduce distress, improve quality of life, and assure the earliest detection of breast cancer.
Adult↗
The role of cancer worry in cancer screening: a theoretical and empirical review of the literature.
This paper reviews findings regarding the influence of cancer worry on cancer screening behaviors. The role of cancer worry in motivating cancer screening has been pursued for over 30 years. Recent concerns that high levels of cancer worry may impede the screening behavior of high-risk individuals have further prioritized this area of research. Despite heavy attention in the literature, there is currently no theoretical or empirical consensus concerning whether cancer worry motivates or inhibits cancer screening behaviors. We focus the review on four questions: (1) What is cancer worry? (2) To what extent are people worried about cancer? (3) What are the predominant theoretical approaches to understanding the role of cancer worry in cancer screening behaviors? (4) What is the empirical evidence for the role of cancer worry in cancer screening behaviors? We identify factors that have hampered theoretical and empirical advancement, including divergent definitions and measurement strategies for cancer worry, low to moderate levels of cancer worry even among those at high risk, and a reliance on cross-sectional research designs. The review clarifies the current state of this literature, and proposes future research strategies, including an expanded emphasis on cancer worry and cancer screening among men and diverse racial/ethnic groups.
Anxiety↗
Factors associated with perceived risk of breast cancer among women attending a screening program.
A person's perception of the risk of, or susceptibility to, developing a disease is believed to be an important determinant of health-related behavior, yet little is known about the determinants of perceived risk. Knowledge of these correlates may be useful in identifying and addressing barriers to performance of health behaviors such as mammography screening. Data collected from over 36,000 women participating in a breast cancer screening program in Texas were used to examine the associations between perceived risk of ever getting breast cancer and a number of demographic factors, health-related behaviors, and risk factors for breast cancer. There was a strong positive association between family history of breast cancer and risk perception (OR = 11.3, CI = 10.34-12.35). Women who reported other risk factors for breast cancer also reported higher perceived risk, but those associations were of lesser magnitude. Age was inversely associated with perceived risk, and black, but not Hispanic, women were more likely to perceive their risk as high compared with white women. Of the health-related behaviors for the early detection of breast cancer, only having had a prior mammogram was associated with perceived risk. Educational interventions to heighten women's awareness of breast cancer risk factors may increase perceived risk in high risk women and influence their decision to undergo screening mammography.
Adult↗
Adherence and psychological adjustment among women at high risk for breast cancer.
Increasingly, women with a positive family history of breast cancer are being targeted for cancer prevention and control efforts. Two findings have been demonstrated consistently across studies of this high risk population. First, these women often have high levels of psychological distress, as well as persistent and intrusive worries about developing breast cancer. Second, despite their increased risk for developing breast cancer, a substantial proportion of these women do not adhere to recommended breast cancer screening guidelines. There is growing evidence that psychological distress is an important barrier to adherence among high risk women. Despite this, little is known about how to intervene to improve psychological adjustment and adherence in this population. In the present paper, we review the literature on adherence and psychological adjustment in women who are at increased risk for breast cancer because of a positive family history of disease. This review provides the basis for a discussion of potential intervention strategies designed to increase adherence and reduce psychological distress in this population. Finally, we present some of the psychological implications of recent developments in genetic testing for breast cancer susceptibility.
Adult↗
Dieting readiness test predicts completion in a short-term weight loss program.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adult↗
Public response to cancer screening and detection programs. Determinants of health behavior.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Early Detection of Cancer↗
Barriers to screening for cancer of the cervix.
Despite the widespread availability and demonstrated efficacy of screening with the Papanicolaou smear, many women are screened irregularly or not at all. This study was designed to identify the barriers that prevent those women at risk for cervical cancer from being screened. Complete cervical cytology screening histories were taken during a population-based case-control study of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix involving 200 patients and their matched neighborhood controls. Smears taken during the previous 5 years were verified whenever possible. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to identify seven factors that significantly (P less than 0.05) and independently predicted regular recent screening among both cases and controls [failure to understand the importance and screening nature of cervical smears (-), expressed fears of embarrassment (-), having had a urogenital infection (+), number of pregnancies during the last 5 years (+), the number of pregnancies for which no prenatal care was sought (-), and knowledge of the recommended screening interval (+)], two variables that predicted screening among cases but not controls [age (-) and number of years of oral contraceptives use (+)], and one that predicted screening only among controls [years of living in the United States (+)]. Education, income, Latin heritage, being married, having a regular physician for one's medical care, and all other methods of birth control were significant predictors of screening in the univariate analyses, but were explained by the other more powerful predictors in the multivariate analysis.
Adult↗
Community health screening programs for African-Americans and the medical anthropologist.
Community health screening programs were originally designed: to stimulate change in family and community knowledge and behavior relating to the prevention of disease; to inform the use of available health resources; and to improve the environmental, economic, and educational factors related to health. Since their inception, however, community health screening programs have primarily used conventional approaches to health improvement for the African-American community. That is, the need is not merely for the provision of more preventative and curative health services or the distribution of services to passive recipients, but for the active involvement of local populations in ways which will preserve or repattern their knowledge, attitudes and motivation concerning major health care issues. Health care professionals such as the clinicians need to expand their biopsychosocial model to include specific sociocultural data concerning African-American health care seeking pattern. Collaborative efforts of this type will therefore enable health care professionals to design future community health screening programs for the African-American community that are practical and culturally-oriented.
Black or African American↗
Family history of breast cancer and screening behavior: an inverted U-shaped curve?
There are conflicting reports regarding the association between breast cancer risk factors, especially family history, and early detection/screening behavior. While some studies have reported that women at higher risk for breast cancer engage in more screening behavior than those at lower risk, others have found no relationship between the two variables, and still other studies have found the opposite effect--less screening in high risk women as compared to lower risk women. It is suggested that these conflicting results might be explained by including anxiety or fear as a mediating factor in the relationship between risk status and screening behavior. Specifically, it is hypothesized that anxiety or fear associated with family history of breast cancer operates in a manner similar to that observed in other behavioral tasks. That is, an optimal amount of anxiety or fear facilitates performance, but too much inhibits it. Previous studies are examined in the context of this hypothesis.
Anxiety↗
The role of the nurse in skin cancer prevention, screening, and early detection.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Carcinoma↗
Distribution of 103Ru-chloride in tumor-bearing animals and the mechanism for accumulation in tumor and liver.
Tumor uptake rates of 103Ru-chloride were smaller than those for 67Ga-citrate. In three tumors and liver, 103Ru in the mitochondrial fraction containing lysosome increased with time after the administration of 103Ru-chloride. The concentration of 103Ru was more dominant in connective tissue (especially inflammatory tissue) than in viable tumor tissue or in necrotic tissue. Quite large amounts of 103Ru in the tumor and liver were bound to the acid mucopolysaccharide whose molecular masses exceeded 40,000. Behavior of this nuclide was essentially similar to that of 67Ga.
Animals↗
Complementary feeding patterns in preterm and term infants.
Complementary feeding is essential for infants' nutritional status and development, marking the transition to solid foods when breast milk or formula alone is insufficient. Despite its importance, clear recommendations on which foods to introduce when initiating complementary feeding in preterm infants are lacking. By using data from our previously published randomized controlled trial on the timing of complementary feeding in preterm infants, the current study explores the complementary feeding patterns of preterm infants and compares them with those of term-born infants, providing insights into parental decision-making and potential long-term health impacts. Complementary feeding practices differed significantly between preterm (n = 255) and term (n = 159) infants, with preterm infants more often receiving vegetables as their first solid food (85.4% versus 68.8%, difference 17.6% with 95% CI 12-35%). The group with early introduction of vegetables had a lower BMI-for-age z-scores (β -0.28 [95% CI -0.55 - 0.02]) and weight-for-height z-scores (β -0.27 [95% CI -0.53 to -0.01]) at two years of age. Additionally, preterm infants showed a greater variety in the numbers of different fruits and vegetables consumed by six months (corrected) age than term-born counterparts (8.29 (SD 3.65) versus 6.26 (SD 3.47), p < 0.001). These results indicate that complementary feeding patterns in preterm infants differ from term-born infants, with potential positive implications on growth. These data contribute to the development of accurate feeding protocols for preterm infants. Given that feeding practices are culturally influenced, further multinational research is essential to refine complementary feeding guidelines for preterm infants and support caregivers in informed decision-making.
Humans↗
A randomized controlled trial on the long-term effects of a 1-month behavioral weight control program assisted by computer tailored advice.
OBJECTIVES: To examine the long-term effects of a new behavioral weight control program (Kenkou-tatsujin, KT program). The program consisted of twice-interactive letter communications including computer-tailored personal advice on treatment needs and behavioral modification. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial comparing Group KM: KT program with 6-month weight and targeted behavior's self-monitoring, Group K: KT program only, Group BM: an untailored self-help booklet with 7-month self-monitoring of weight and walking, and Group B: the self-help booklet only. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundreds and five overweight Japanese females were recruited via a local newspaper. MEASUREMENTS: Weight loss (body weight, BMI, reduction quotient, etc.) and behavioral changes (daily eating, exercise and sleeping habits). FINDINGS: A significant weight loss was observed in all groups. At 1 month, Groups KM and K were superior, but at 7 months, the mean weight loss was significantly more in Group KM than the other 3 groups. At 7 months, 8 dietary habits and 4 physical activities were improved in all subjects. Habitual improvement was related to the weight loss in Groups KM and K at 1 month.
Adult↗