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PubMed2005

Suicidality, bipolar disorders, and pharmacotherapy.

Although the existence of mood disorders was identified centuries ago, the present state of knowledge is unsatisfactory. This special issue of Archives of Suicide Research (ASR), the official journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, presents the state of the science and collects new empirical data. Different aspects of suicidality in bipolar and bipolar spectrum disorders are outlined and the prophylactic aspects of pharmacotherapy are noted, especially the anti-suicide effect of lithium. A call for further study is, however, necessary.

Antimanic Agents↗

PubMed2002

A comparative review of statistical methods for discovering differentially expressed genes in replicated microarray experiments.

MOTIVATION: A common task in analyzing microarray data is to determine which genes are differentially expressed across two kinds of tissue samples or samples obtained under two experimental conditions. Recently several statistical methods have been proposed to accomplish this goal when there are replicated samples under each condition. However, it may not be clear how these methods compare with each other. Our main goal here is to compare three methods, the t-test, a regression modeling approach (Thomas et al., Genome Res., 11, 1227-1236, 2001) and a mixture model approach (Pan et al., http://www.biostat.umn.edu/cgi-bin/rrs?print+2001,2001a,b) with particular attention to their different modeling assumptions. RESULTS: It is pointed out that all the three methods are based on using the two-sample t-statistic or its minor variation, but they differ in how to associate a statistical significance level to the corresponding statistic, leading to possibly large difference in the resulting significance levels and the numbers of genes detected. In particular, we give an explicit formula for the test statistic used in the regression approach. Using the leukemia data of Golub et al. (Science, 285, 531-537, 1999), we illustrate these points. We also briefly compare the results with those of several other methods, including the empirical Bayesian method of Efron et al. (J. Am. Stat. Assoc., to appear, 2001) and the Significance Analysis of Microarray (SAM) method of Tusher et al. (PROC: Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 5116-5121, 2001).

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1991

A model of a microcomputer database system to assist medical schools in recruiting and retaining students.

A model for a microcomputer database to aid a school's efforts to recruit and retain students is presented. The model is based upon a working system developed by the author at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. The article discusses data needs for adequate records of the recruitment and retention efforts, especially those concerning minority students, and how these records can be used to administer and evaluate programs. The model provides a framework for microcomputer data files, record fields, relationships, and system development and maintenance considerations.

Colorado↗

PubMed1989

Why perform a routine history and physical examination?

Science uses two types of data--one for generating hypotheses and a second for testing hypotheses. In clinical medicine the history and physical examination generate the data used for making hypotheses about what could possibly be wrong with the patient; but the various laboratory and imaging procedures are used for hypothesis-testing, ie, deciding which of the possible problems is actually the one bothering the patient. Although comparisons between physical examination maneuvers and imaging procedures may tell something about the precision of the former, in general such comparisons can tell little about the intrinsic worth of one versus the other, because these two different types of procedures generate data with two completely different types of usage.

Decision Theory↗

PubMed2002

Animal models used in spinal cord regeneration research.

STUDY DESIGN: A literature review was conducted. OBJECTIVES: To review animal models and injury paradigms used in the neurobiologic study of spinal cord regeneration, and to assist the spinal clinician in interpreting the many encouraging reports of potential therapies emerging from basic science laboratories. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: An enormous amount of interest in spinal cord regeneration research has been generated within the past 20 years with the hope that experimental therapies will become available for individuals with spinal cord injuries. The use of various animal models in the laboratory setting has been critical to the development of such experimental therapies. METHODS: A literature review was conducted. RESULTS: Experimental interventions in animal models of spinal cord injury were evaluated both anatomically and functionally. Anatomic assessments use various histologic techniques and frequently include the use of anterograde and retrograde axonal tracers. Functional assessments can be performed neurophysiologically or by the observation of motor and sensory performance on a number of different tests. Sharp spinal cord injury paradigms in which the cord is completely or partially transected are useful for assessing axonal regeneration anatomically. In contrast, blunt injury models in which the cord is compressed or contused more accurately mimic the typical human injury and provide a good setting for the study of secondary pathophysiologic processes immediately after injury. CONCLUSIONS: Animal models will continue to play a critical role in the development of experimental therapies for spinal cord injuries. Both sharp and blunt spinal cord injury paradigms have unique characteristics that make them useful in addressing slightly different neurobiologic problems.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Studying the human-environment phenomenon using the science of complexity.

The principal argument of the present article is that a new theoretical paradigm capable of facilitating the understanding of complex phenomena is necessary to study nursing's claim to its science as the science of unitary human beings, or the integrality between humans and the environment. A research study of the complex human-environment phenomenon illuminating a four-phase methodology is presented. It is argued that much can be learned by the use of the science of complexity to integrate data gleaned from different approaches to knowledge generation into a comprehensive understanding of the human being in the environment as a unified whole.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2000

Developing a framework for comprehensive cancer prevention and control in the United States: an initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, is working with state health agency staff and other stakeholders to develop a comprehensive and integrated approach to cancer control. To help stakeholders visualize the approach, a graphic model was developed based on stakeholder input and a literature review of existing models. Phases of the model include setting optimal objectives (data driven), determining optimal strategies (science driven), establishing feasible priorities (capacity driven), and implementing effective strategies (outcome driven). The model currently is being validated through case studies of state-level cancer planning in six states.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗

PubMed2000

Raman spectroscopy of hypersonic shock waves

Raman spectroscopy is shown to be an efficient diagnostic methodology for the study of hypersonic shock waves. As a test, absolute density and rotational population profiles have been measured across five representative normal shock waves of N2 generated in a free jet, spanning the Mach number range 7.7<M<15.3. The interconversion of three differentiated populations (cold, scattered, and rethermalized molecules) across these shock waves shows a largely bimodal rotational distribution function with additional contribution of scattered molecules, in close analogy with the velocity distribution function known from helium shock waves [G. Pham-Van-Diep et al., Science 245, 624 (1989)]. Quantitative data on invariance trends of density profiles and properties of the wake beyond the shock waves are reported.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Limits on gravitational-wave emission from selected pulsars using LIGO data.

We place direct upper limits on the amplitude of gravitational waves from 28 isolated radio pulsars by a coherent multidetector analysis of the data collected during the second science run of the LIGO interferometric detectors. These are the first direct upper limits for 26 of the 28 pulsars. We use coordinated radio observations for the first time to build radio-guided phase templates for the expected gravitational-wave signals. The unprecedented sensitivity of the detectors allows us to set strain upper limits as low as a few times 10(-24). These strain limits translate into limits on the equatorial ellipticities of the pulsars, which are smaller than 10(-5) for the four closest pulsars.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

New developments in the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD): accessibility in support of materials research and design.

The materials community in both science and industry use crystallographic data models on a daily basis to visualize, explain and predict the behavior of chemicals and materials. Access to reliable information on the structure of crystalline materials helps researchers concentrate experimental work in directions that optimize the discovery process. The Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) is a comprehensive collection of more than 60,000 crystal structure entries for inorganic materials and is produced cooperatively by Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe (FIZ), Germany, and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The ICSD is disseminated in computerized formats with scientific software tools to exploit the content of the database. Features of a new Windows-based graphical user interface for the ICSD are outlined, together with directions for future development in support of materials research and design.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

An insight-based methodology for evaluating bioinformatics visualizations.

High-throughput experiments, such as gene expression microarrays in the life sciences, result in very large data sets. In response, a wide variety of visualization tools have been created to facilitate data analysis. A primary purpose of these tools is to provide biologically relevant insight into the data. Typically, visualizations are evaluated in controlled studies that measure user performance on predetermined tasks or using heuristics and expert reviews. To evaluate and rank bioinformatics visualizations based on real-world data analysis scenarios, we developed a more relevant evaluation method that focuses on data insight. This paper presents several characteristics of insight that enabled us to recognize and quantify it in open-ended user tests. Using these characteristics, we evaluated five microarray visualization tools on the amount and types of insight they provide and the time it takes to acquire it. The results of the study guide biologists in selecting a visualization tool based on the type of their microarray data, visualization designers on the key role of user interaction techniques, and evaluators on a new approach for evaluating the effectiveness of visualizations for providing insight. Though we used the method to analyze bioinformatics visualizations, it can be applied to other domains.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1994

Predicting performance in anatomy using antecedent academic criteria.

The performance of two multivariate prediction models (equal and differential weights) at forecasting the outcome of the comprehensive examination in preclinical anatomy is reported. The models were devised by regression analysis, using scores in two antecedent examinations which correlated highly with the criterion variable, namely the science aggregate at the Joint Matriculation Examination and the premedical science aggregate. Five years of data were considered and the scores for each year were computed using the formula derived from scores of the preceding year. The average failure rate for the period covered by the study was 31.28%. The correlation between actual and predicted scores was positive and moderately high (Pearson r = 0.47 and 0.49 for the equal- and differential-weights models respectively). On average, the equal-weights model correctly predicted 33.9% of failures, with a false alarm rate of 28.4%, compared with 44.3% and 38.9% respectively for the differential-weights model. In predicting candidates whose scores would fall in the bottom half and bottom third of the class, no statistically significant difference was noted between the hit rates achieved by both models. The equal-weights model is simple to formulate and efficient in operation. Although its hit rate at the pass/fail boundary was lower than that of the differential-weights model, it yielded a significantly lower false alarm rate (28.4% vs 38.9%). The relevance and application of performance prediction to the planning of remedial instruction are discussed.

Anatomy↗

PubMed2003

The macroanatomical investigations on the aortic arch in porcupines (Hystrix cristata).

The anatomy of aortic arch in porcupine was studied. Angiography was applied to each of the three adult porcupines (two males, one female) following the injection of latex from the abdominal aorta for the examination of aortic arch. The results indicated that three arteries arose from aortic arch in porcupine. These were truncus brachiocephalicus, arteria carotis communis sinistra and arteria subclavia sinistra. The truncus brachiocephalicus in porcupine yielded arteria subclavia dextra and arteria carotis communis dextra. Truncus bicaroticus was absent. The origin of truncus costocervicalis (right) and arteria vertebralis (right) arose from a common root. Left or right axillary arteries seemed to be a continuation of subclavian arteries. The results of this study may contribute to the data in this area of science.

Animals↗

PubMed1964

THE IMPACT OF NEW TECHNOLOGY ON MEDICINE.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Biomedical Technology↗

PubMed2026

Effects of Moderate-Frequency Resistance Training on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Resistance training (RT) effectively manages cardiometabolic risk factors in adults, but the specific effects of moderate-frequency RT (2-3 sessions/week) in adults with overweight or obesity are understudied. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate moderate-frequency RT's effects on cardiometabolic risk factors in this population and quantify effect sizes. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library searched up to July 2025. ELIGIBILITY: English randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing RT (≥ 7 weeks) to nonexercise control; nonathletic adults ≥ 18 years with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. PARTICIPANTS: 454 participants across 12 RCTs (mean age 58.93 ± 12.87 years; mean BMI 31.2 ± 3.5 kg/m2; ~50% female). RESULTS: RT significantly reduced diastolic blood pressure (MD = -1.53 mmHg; 95% CI: -2.16 to -0.91; p < 0.01), LDL-C (MD = -0.25 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.41 to -0.08; p < 0.01), and triglycerides (MD = -0.17 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.30 to -0.04; p = 0.01). No significant effects on systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, waist circumference, glycemic markers, total cholesterol, or HDL-C. Subgroup analyses showed larger LDL-C/triglyceride improvements with concurrent dietary control. CONCLUSION: Moderate-frequency RT inconsistently improves cardiometabolic risk factors, benefiting diastolic blood pressure, LDL-C, and triglycerides but not glycemic or other parameters. Combining with dietary control may enhance benefits, supporting RT as a complementary strategy in multimodal lifestyle interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO: CRD42022343167.

Humans↗

PubMed2001

Differences in affinity of binding of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strains to the cellular receptor alpha-dystroglycan correlate with viral tropism and disease kinetics.

alpha-Dystroglycan (alpha-DG) was recently identified as a receptor for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and several other arenaviruses, including Lassa fever virus (W. Cao, M. D. Henry, P. Borrow, H. Yamada, J. H. Elder, E. V. Ravkov, S. T. Nichol, R. W. Compans, K. P. Campbell, and M. B. A. Oldstone, Science 282:2079-2081, 1998). Data presented in this paper indicate that the affinity of binding of LCMV to alpha-DG determines viral tropism and the outcome of infection in mice. To characterize this relationship, we evaluated the interaction between alpha-DG and several LCMV strains, variants, and reassortants. These viruses could be divided into two groups with respect to affinity of binding to alpha-DG, dependence on this protein for cell entry, viral tropism, and disease course. Viruses that exhibited high-affinity binding to alpha-DG displayed a marked dependence on alpha-DG for cell entry and were blocked from infecting mouse 3T6 fibroblasts by 1 to 4 nM soluble alpha-DG. In addition, high-affinity binding to alpha-DG correlated with an ability to infiltrate the white pulp (T-dependent) area of the spleen, cause ablation of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response by day 7 postinfection, and establish a persistent infection. In contrast, viruses with a lower affinity of binding to alpha-DG were only partially inhibited from infecting alpha-DG(-/-) embryonic stem cells and required a concentration of soluble alpha-DG higher than 100 nM to prevent infection of mouse 3T6 fibroblasts. These viruses that bound at low affinity were mainly restricted to the splenic red pulp, and the host generated an effective CTL response that rapidly cleared the infection. Reassortants of viruses that bound to alpha-DG at high and low affinities were used to map genes responsible for the differences described to the S RNA, containing the virus attachment protein glycoprotein 1.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Patient satisfaction and normative decision theory.

This article explores the application of normative decision theory (NDT) to the challenge of facilitating and measuring patient satisfaction. Patient satisfaction is the appraisal, by an individual, of the extent to which the care provided has met that individual's expectations and preferences. Classic decision analysis provides a graphic and computational strategy to link patient preferences for outcomes to the treatment choices likely to produce the outcomes. Multiple criteria models enable the complex judgment task of measuring patient satisfaction to be decomposed into elemental factors that reflect patient preferences, thus facilitating evaluation of care in terms of factors relevant to the individual patient. Through the application of NDT models, it is possible to use patient preferences as a guide to the treatment planning and care monitoring process and to construct measures of patient satisfaction that are meaningful to the individual. Nursing informatics, with its foundations in both information management and decision sciences, provides the tools and data necessary to promote care provided in accord with patient preferences and to ensure appraisal of satisfaction that aptly captures the complex, multidimensional nature of patient preferences.

Decision Theory↗

PubMed2007

Unesco's Global Ethics Observatory.

The Global Ethics Observatory, launched by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization in December 2005, is a system of databases in the ethics of science and technology. It presents data on experts in ethics, on institutions (university departments and centres, commissions, councils and review boards, and societies and associations) and on teaching programmes in ethics. It has a global coverage and will be available in six major languages. Its aim is to facilitate the establishment of ethical infrastructures and international cooperation all around the world.

Databases, Factual↗