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PubMed2004

Do height-related variations in insulin-like growth factors underlie the associations of stature with adult chronic disease?

Tall people, particularly those with long legs, have an increased risk of developing cancer but a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. We examined associations of stature and body mass index with IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-2 and IGFBP-3 in 274 men aged 50-70 yr to investigate whether variations in growth factor levels underlie associations of anthropometry with a number of adult diseases. Height and leg and trunk length were not strongly associated with circulating levels of IGF-I, IGF-II, or IGFBP-3. The molar ratio of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 increased with increases in the leg/trunk length ratio (P = 0.06). IGFBP-2 was positively associated with leg length and inversely associated with trunk length. Mean levels of IGFBP-2 (in nanograms per milliliter) across quartiles of increasing leg length were 504.4 493.6, 528.7, and 578.8 (P(trend) = 0.06), and for trunk length were 615.2, 507.2, 498.6, 488.5 (P(trend) < 0.01), suggesting that variations in IGFBP-2, or a factor influencing its levels in the circulation, may contribute to biological mechanisms underlying height-disease associations. We conclude that whereas growth-influencing exposures during childhood, which may operate through effects on IGF-I levels, have long-term influences on disease risk, they do not necessarily program IGF-I levels throughout life. The associations of anthropometry with IGFBP-2 merit additional investigation.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Population substructure and patterns of quantitative variation among the Gollas of southern Andhra Pradesh, India.

Population substructure and biological differentiation was studied among the Golla, a pastoral caste living in the southern areas of Andhra Pradesh (AP) in India, using 11 anthropometric measurements and 20 quantitative dermatoglyphic variables. The data were collected from a sample of 334 adult males drawn from 30 villages distributed in the Chittoor district of AP, who belonged to 8 endogamous subunits of the same caste. Multiple discriminant analysis of the anthropometrics suggests a highly significant degree of discrimination that is consistent with the microgeographic variations of the groups. In contrast, in different sets of dermatoglyphs discrimination is low and generally inconsistent with both the geographic and ethnohistorical affiliations of the groups. These findings are reflected in the F(ST) value for anthropometry, which is more than double the value of dermatoglyphs. The patterns of gene flow as inferred through the regression of phenotypic variance on the distance of groups from the centroid is not generally consistent with the known backgrounds in the case of either dermatoglyphs or anthropometry. It is concluded that at the level of caste substructure representing the lowest level of population hierarchy, the quantitative variables examined here may not portray a complete picture of the historical process of subdivision. The results of this study are not in congruence with those based on another study of 13 short tandem repeat loci on the same set of populations (Reddy et al. 2001), which may provide better insights into the population structure and history of subdivision that are consistent with the known ethnohistorical backgrounds of the populations.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Beta-adrenergic blockers reduce the risk of fracture partly by increasing bone mineral density: Geelong Osteoporosis Study.

UNLABELLED: This population-based study documented beta-blocker use in 59/569 cases with incident fracture and 112/775 controls. OR for fracture associated with beta-blocker use was 0.68 (95%CI, 0.49-0.96). Beta-blockers were associated with higher BMD at the total hip (2.5%) and UD forearm (3.6%) after adjusting for age, anthropometry, and thiazide use. Beta-blocker use is associated with reduced fracture risk and higher BMD. INTRODUCTION: Animal data suggests that bone formation is under beta-adrenergic control and that beta-blockers stimulate bone formation and/or inhibit bone resorption. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the association between beta-blocker use, bone mineral density (BMD), and fracture risk in a population-based study in Geelong, a southeastern Australian city with a single teaching hospital and two radiological centers providing complete fracture ascertainment for the region. Beta-blocker use was documented for 569 women with radiologically confirmed incident fractures and 775 controls without incident fracture. Medication use and lifestyle factors were documented by questionnaire. RESULTS: Odds ratio for fracture associated with beta-blocker use was 0.68 (95% CI, 0.49-0.96) for any fracture. Adjusting for age, weight, medications, and lifestyle factors had little effect on the odds ratio. Beta-blocker use was associated with a higher BMD at the total hip (2.5%, p = 0.03) and ultradistal forearm (3.6%, p = 0.04) after adjustment for age, anthropometry, and thiazide use. CONCLUSION: Beta-blockers are associated with a reduction in fracture risk and higher BMD.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed2002

Nutritional factors that affect the postnatal metabolic adaptation of full-term small- and large-for-gestational-age infants.

OBJECTIVE: To document metabolic adaptation to ex utero life in small- (SGA) and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants in relation to fetal nutrition and postnatal feeding practices. METHODS: In a prospective study, 65 SGA (< or = second centile) and 39 LGA (> or = 98th centile) full-term infants were recruited. Anthropometry was performed within the first 48 hours. There was full support of breastfeeding and close clinical observation. Blood glucose and ketone body (kb) concentrations were measured prefeed for the first 7 postnatal days. Infants were exclusively breastfed (BF), breastfed with formula milk supplementation (FS), or exclusively formula milk fed (FF). RESULTS: Within the SGA group, a measure of "thinness," the midarm circumference/head circumference ratio, was significantly correlated to the number of episodes of blood glucose < 2.00 mmol/L. Epoch (age at sampling) analysis in this group showed no difference in blood glucose levels across the different feeding groups but revealed a statistically significant greater kb concentration for infants who were exclusively breastfed. For SGA infants, the median peak kb concentration (peak kb) was significantly different for BF, FS, and FF groups. Multiple regression analysis for the SGA group demonstrated that peak kb concentration was negatively related to the volume of formula milk, independent of blood glucose levels and neonatal anthropometry. For LGA infants, low blood glucose levels were offset by kb concentrations equivalent to those observed in infants who were appropriate for gestational age. CONCLUSION: Neonatal ability to generate kb when blood glucose values are low depends more on successful breastfeeding than on size for gestational age or neonatal nutritional status. Routine blood glucose monitoring of LGA infants with no additional risk factors is not necessary. Routine formula milk supplementation for LGA and SGA infants should not be recommended.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2006

[Effect of diet macronutrients profile on leptin concentration].

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ingesting high-sucrose (HSD) and high-lipid diets (HLD) on the concentrations of plasma glucose and leptin in lean and overweight women. Twenty healthy women were selected: 13 lean (G1) and 7 overweight (G2). The test diets HSD (23% sucrose) and HLD (45% lipid) were calculated for intake under non-restrictive conditions during 14 days. Anthropometry, body composition, plasma glucose and leptin determinations were carried out. The fasting and postprandial plasma leptin values were higher in G2 (p< 0.05), correlating positively with the anthropometry and body composition data (p< 0.05), and special positive correlation with hip circumference. Glucose and leptin concentrations did not differ between diets. Circulating glucose 30 (p< 0.01) and 60 (p< 0.05) minutes after ingestion of HSD were positively correlated with postprandial leptin concentration. The results confirm the positive association between plasma leptin concentration and body fat, specifically the subcutaneous fat tissue, and suggest that more studies are necessary to identify the modulating role of energy intake and macronutrients profile on leptin concentration.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Secular height trend: a literature review].

This paper presents a literature review of secular height trends. The principal topics included were definition of the phenomenon, use of historical data sets on height as an alternative approach for monitoring economic changes, the main theoretical explanations of the phenomenon, the beginning of military anthropometry, and past and current use in measuring secular height trends in recruits and children. The most important results showed that the positive secular trend can be attributed to environmental influences, especially improvements in health, economic, and social conditions. The mean reported rates in height increases varied with age, socioeconomic status, and country, so one must exercise caution in drawing inferences. World War II slowed the trend in several countries, including Brazil, but the trend was stronger in the post-war period than in the beginning of the century. Finally, we observed that data from military anthropometry are the most common source for estimating secular height trends.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2006

A longitudinal study on the nutritional state of elderly women at a nursing home in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: Elderly people at nursing homes often suffer from malnutrition, which is characterized by a loss of muscle mass and hypoalbuminemia. This malnourished state is closely associated with an impaired activity of daily living (ADL). We analyzed the nutritional state of such elderly individuals longitudinally over 3 years by anthropometry, serum albumin, and muscle and fat volume as estimated by MRI. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The subjects consisted of 16 elderly women aged 83 +/- 7 (mean +/- SD) years who resided at a nursing home in an urban area of central Japan. We determined their ADL levels using the Barthel Index (BI) at entry. Seven women belonged to group A (BI; 65-100), thus implying either a mild or no decline in ADL, while the other 9 were in group B (BI; 0-60) and they demonstrated a severe decline in ADL. We measured the following parameters every year from 2000 to 2003; anthropometry including height, body weight, arm circumference (AC), and arm muscle circumference (AMC), thigh muscle and fat volume as estimated by MRI [thigh muscle volume (TMV) and thigh fat volume (TFV)], serum albumin, and plasma amino acid levels by blood biochemistry. The anthropometric values were converted into percentages of the age- and sex-matched reference values for Japanese. RESULTS: In all subjects, the TMV, %AMC, and serum albumin level decreased significantly during the three-year period (p<0.05, respectively). The change in TMV correlated significantly with those in the %AC and %AMC (p<0.05, respectively). Group B showed significantly larger decreases in the %AMC and serum albumin level than group A. CONCLUSION: Both the muscular and visceral protein levels were found to decrease with aging in the subjects at the nursing home. This decrease depends partly on the ADL level of each subject.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anthropometric indices in singleton term neonates and their possible value in predicting some metabolic problems: a preliminary study.

We studied possible sources of variations in selected anthropometric indices and their relationship to neonatal metabolic problems in seventy-four singleton neonates born at an approximate gestation of 40 weeks, by selected anthropometry. There were significant differences particularly in values obtained for birth weight, mid upper arm circumference, chest circumference and the Ponderal Index. At the moment it is not possible to set discriminant values on any of the anthropometric indices as this will require a much larger sample size, however the authors believe that the use of anthropometry in predicting metabolic problems in neonates has some potential and serial measurements of particularly chest circumference, mid upper arm circumference and the Ponderal Index could form the basis of future studies.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2000

[Nutritional problems of persons qualified for the methadone treatment. Part I. Nutritional status of opiate addicts].

The aim of the study was assessment of the nutritional status of opiate addicted persons. The study was carried out on 44 opiate abusers (14 women aged from 21-33 years and 30 men aged from 21-46 years), who were classified to methadone maintenance treatment. Nutritional status was assessed by anthropometry methods and body composition was examined using bioelectric impedance. BMI (body mass index) of examined women ranged from 16.4 to 30.8, and BMI of examined men ranged from 17.1 to 44.9. 21% of women and 44% of men had BMI < 15th centile (this indicates undernutrition), 7% of women and 3% of men had BMI > 85th centile (this indicates overnutrition). The medium body fat content for women was 8.7 +/- 6.3 kg (14.7% of body weight), for men 9.5 +/- 8.5 kg (11.9% of body weight). 50% of women and 53% of men had body fat deficiency upper 5% of range adjusted for age and sex, body fat excess upper 5% of range revealed 14% of women and 17% of men. The water content for examined women was 35.5 +/- 6.9 L (62.8 of body weight), for men 47.4 +/- 8.4 L (58.8% of body weight). Water deficiency upper 5% of range revealed 7% of men, 86% of women and 53% of men had water excess upper 5% of range. The lean body mass for women was 48.2% +/- 7.2 kg (85.4% of body weight), for men 62.7 +/- 10 kg (88.4% of body weight). Anthropometry as well as examination of body composition indicate prevalence of energy protein malnutrition among opiate addicted.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Changes in selected fitness parameters following six weeks of snowshoe training.

BACKGROUND: Recently, there has been an increase in popularity and participation in the sport of snowshoeing. While the sport has gained considerable recognition, to date there is little or no scientific research regarding training responses to snowshoeing as a form of exercise. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether snowshoe training could improve fitness measures. A further purpose was to compare responses from a snowshoe training program to a similarly designed run training program. METHODS: This prospective, comparative study was conducted with healthy males and females between the ages of 19 and 24. These subjects were recruited from the University of Vermont population and surrounding community. Following baseline measurements in VO2max, running time to exhaustion (RTE), and anthropometry, 17 subjects (10 snowshoers and 7 runners) participated in a six week conditioning program. Both groups exercised for 30 min at 75-85% age predicted maximum heart rate, 3-4 times per week, for a total of 18 sessions. RESULTS: VO2max improved significantly in both running and snowshoeing groups, 6.3 and 8.5%, respectively. Run time to exhaustion also improved significantly in both groups, 23.3 and 33.5%, respectively. There were no changes in anthropometry for either group. With the exception of RTE, there were no statistically significant differences between groups in any other measurements at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the acceptability of snowshoeing as a valid means to improve or maintain cardiovascular endurance.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Nutritional status and food intake in human immunodeficiency virus infection. GI/HIV Study Group.

Nutritional status and food intake of HIV+ and HIV- homosexual men that were free from enteric pathogens were compared. Food intake (7-day weighed record), anthropometry, and D-xylose excretion were measured in 44 patients (9 HIV-, 35 HIV+). HIV+ patients were found to be thinner, based on anthropometric measurements of skinfold thickness (p < 0.05) and percentage body fat (p < 0.05), and they also tended to be lighter than the HIV- patients. No differences were observed in the arm muscle mass or the food intake of the two groups. In the HIV+ patients, regression analysis was used to correlate changes in nutritional status with progression of the disease, using CD4+ lymphocyte count as a measure of severity. A decrease in CD4 count positively correlated with a decrease in weight (r = 0.48, p < 0.01), body mass index (r = 0.41, p < 0.05), and arm muscle area (r = 0.42, p < 0.01). Energy intake (r = 0.67, p < 0.01), serum albumin (r = 0.52, p < 0.01), and D-xylose excretion (r = 0.57, p < 0.0001) also positively correlated with CD4 count. Multiple regression analysis revealed a relationship between CD4 count, weight, and energy intake, indicating that as the disease progresses, a decline in weight is seen parallel to a reduction in food intake. These data indicate that changes in body composition and nutritional status are present throughout the stages of HIV disease, though no causal relationships can be interpreted from this study. The initial changes appear to be due to loss of fat stores, as determined by anthropometry.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2005

Body composition in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus in Khon Kaen, Thailand.

A cross-sectional study of 77 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Khon Kaen, Thailand examined association of nutritional status with active opportunistic infections (AOIs)/HIV status and assessed degree of correlation between bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and anthropometry. Many patients (41.3%) were malnourished using World Health Organization criteria for underweight, and malnutrition was associated with AOI status. Unconditional odds ratios (P < 0.05) for AOI as opposed to no AOI were 4.57 for underweight, 9.87 for severe underweight, 2.55 for triceps < 10th percentile, and 5.22 for mid-arm circumference < 10th percentile. Body fat composition from BIA, anthropometry, and body mass index were moderate to highly correlated (P < 0.001), with the highest correlation between BIA and subscapular skinfold (r = 0.86) and the lowest between BIA and triceps skinfold (r = 0.54). Insights were gained about relative value of using various measurements to assess nutritional status of HIV-infected populations.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2006

Associations of nationality and race with nutritional status during perimenopause: implications for public health practice.

OBJECTIVE: To examine associations of nationality and race with anthropometry, self-reported nutrient intakes, health history, and socioeconomic status (SES) of perimenopausal (age 40-55 years) Floridians. DESIGN: Interviewer conducted cross-sectional survey. SETTING: South Florida, 2000-2001. PARTICIPANTS: Convenience sample of 109 Black (Caribbean [n=31] and African-American [n=251), and White (n=53) women with intact ovaries and uteri. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Nutrient intakes and anthropometry. RESULTS: Both races had similar mean age, education, SES, reported heavy menses, and physician-diagnosed iron deficiency anemia. Dietary reference intakes (DRIs) were unmet for calcium (67%) and iron (35%) and exceeded for energy (28%). A decade of decreased milk (61%) and red meat (69%) consumption, key micronutrient sources, was reported. Significantly more Blacks exceeded anthropometric recommendations (P=.01); more African Americans exceeded energy DRIs even after controlling for body mass index (P=.006). More Whites exceeded calcium DRIs (P=.04) and reported self-diagnosed depression (P=.001). More Caribbean-born (P<.05) met fat, saturated fat, carbohydrate, and fiber recommendations. CONCLUSION: Reported suboptimal iron and calcium intakes coupled with bone demineralization and heavier menses, characteristic of perimenopause, could heighten osteoporosis and anemia risks. Reports that more Whites were depressed and more Caribbean-born persons met dietary recommendations, even though anthropometrics and BMI-adjusted energy intakes among Blacks exceeded recommendations, have possible public health implications. As more "baby-boomers" reach this age, findings highlight the need for culturally appropriate interventions, eg, nutrition education that emphasizes relationships between nutrient and energy needs and the composition of foods consumed by various ethnicities.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hemoglobin status in children in the age group 6 to 60 months.

Objective of this study was to see the prevalence rate of anemia in children among the age of 6-60 months who attended paediatric out patient department of Kathmandu Medical College. 100 children aged 6-60 months were randomly selected for hemoglobin measurement and anthropometry. Detailed clinical examination including anthropometry was done. Hemoglobin was checked by Hemocue machine with prior consent from the attendant. Mean height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were measured. Forty six percent of the study group population had hemoglobin <11 gm/dl, similar numbers of the children were in the various state of malnutrition. Twenty eight percent of the children came from outside of the valley residing in Kathmandu. Fifty percent were illiterate or had primary level education only. Poverty, high rate of illiteracy and lack of awareness on taking appropriate food were important factors related to such a high childhood anemia. Iron supplementation should be given to the children particularly in the age group of 6 months to 3 years.

Anemia↗
PubMed1989

[Phenotypic and genetic differentiation of human populations with respect to morphologic and psychophysiological traits].

Four groups of human characters (mendelian markers, anthropometry, neurodynamics and psychodynamics) were studied in eight human populations characterized by different degrees of isolation and different ethnic backgrounds, and located in different ecological conditions. The populations examined were proved to display phenotypic and genetic differentiation for the studied groups of characters which were compared with linguistic and geographical distances. The role of genetic factors and that of environmental factors was shown to diminish and to increase, respectively, as the degree of complexity of expression of the group of characters under study (from anthropometry to psychodynamics) goes up.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1988

Upper arm anthropometric norms in elderly white subjects.

The purpose of this study was to develop percentile norms for upper arm anthropometry for use in the nutrition assessment of the elderly. This survey involved the measurement of four parameters: triceps skinfold thickness, mid-upper arm circumference, mid-upper arm muscle circumference, and mid-upper arm muscle area. Measurements were collected from 746 white, noninstitutionalized ambulatory elderly persons living in the Cincinnati area. Age- and sex-specific percentile distributions for the four parameters indicated age-related trends. All four parameters were lowered with advancing age in elderly women and men aged 60 to 89 years. The degree of change with age varied among parameters but was consistently greater in elderly women than in men. Elderly women had larger triceps skinfold thickness but smaller mid-upper arm circumference, mid-upper arm muscle circumference, and mid-upper arm muscle area measurements than did elderly men. These anthropometric findings provide useful standards for ambulatory white elderly people. It is evident that upper arm anthropometry changes with age. As a result, an elderly person's nutritional status should not be evaluated with a single standard for the elderly. Surveys of the elderly should use appropriate age standards to ensure an accurate estimation of obesity or undernutrition in the elderly.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

[Anthropometric parameters].

Anthropometry is defined as the comparative measurement and study of the human body. Anthropometric measurements have been used for many years to assess the nutritional status of individuals and populations in the United States. More recently anthropometric measurements have become a routine part of the nutrition assessment of surgical patients. Upper arm anthropometry and handgrip dynamometry are rapid and inexpensive tests for detecting malnutrition, but they are not useful for preoperative screening to predict postoperative morbidity because appropriate standards are missing in Europe. In a prospective study none of these preoperatively measured variables were of predictive value to postoperative complications, relating the method to its specificity, sensitivity, and validity.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1985

Alternative measurements of obesity: accuracy of body silhouettes and reported weights and heights in a Mexican American sample.

The assessment of obesity by anthropometry or body composition in studies of chronic disease epidemiology is not always feasible. In this paper we test the accuracy and validity of two alternative methods: body silhouettes and reported weights and heights in a sample of Mexican American adults (n = 166) participating in the Diabetes Alert Study. The body silhouettes were those developed by A. Stunkard and colleagues. We compared the silhouettes obtained independently by three different observers, one with minimal experience in assessing obesity, the other two skilled in anthropometry. Correlations between the expert observers were 0.89-0.90. Those between the expert and less skilled observers were lower (0.64 to 0.85) and were better for female than male subjects. Results suggest an acceptable level of precision for persons with some training in obesity assessment. Body silhouettes compared well with the body mass index (r = 0.85 to 0.92 for the expert vs r = 0.65 to 0.84 for the less skilled observer), being higher for female subjects. The body silhouettes are thus useful for categorizing normal, overweight and obese individuals. The poorer performance on male subjects may relate to the female-like obesity depicted in both sexes in this particular set of silhouettes. A substantial proportion of subjects could not recall their weight or height. For those who could recall their measurements, accuracy was good but measurement error higher than that for measured variables. These problems of recall in this sample from rural Texas point to the potential usefulness of the body silhouette method when actual height and weight measurements cannot be made.

Adolescent↗