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PubMed2026

Ventriculostomy-Related Infections by Country-Income Level: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Hierarchical Meta-analysis.

Our objective was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature on ventriculostomy-related infection (VRI) and evaluate temporal and global trends. We conducted a systematic review and Bayesian hierarchical random-effects meta-analysis of VRI rates in adults, stratified by country-income level (high-income countries [HIC]; low- or middle-income countries [LMIC]), study design, sample size, enrollment period, VRI intervention, and VRI definition. We identified 159 articles published between 1989 and 2025 that included 523,704 patients with 7293 VRIs. The pooled VRI rate was 8.64% [95% CI: 7.44-9.97], with moderate heterogeneity and good model fit. The leave-one-out sensitivity analysis showed a mean absolute change of 0.06% and a maximum change of 0.2%, indicating robust analysis. Five of the 33 represented countries had VRI rates below the global pooled rate of 8.64%. Four were HICs: Singapore (VRI rate 3.3% [0.8-7]), the United States (VRI rate 4.6% [3.4-5.9]), Germany (VRI rate 6.1% [1.1-18.9]), Norway (8.3% [0.3-68.4]), with 1 LMIC: China (8.5% [5.4-12.4]). VRI was significantly higher in studies using definitions beyond CSF culture alone for VRI (+3.16% [0.11- 6.52]) and in those from Europe (+7.29% [4.62-10.10]) and the Western Pacific (+4.09% [1.55-6.98]). No other subgroup demonstrated significant differences. This Bayesian meta-analysis provides global estimates and factors associated with VRI. Standardization of VRI definitions is critical for future benchmarking of VRI rates.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Peripheral inflammation and executive function among community samples across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Higher levels of peripheral inflammatory markers are proposed to disrupt cognitive processes; however, the extent to which this relationship applies to executive functions, specifically, has yet to be systematically evaluated. The current meta-analysis synthesizes all available literature measuring the association between peripheral inflammation and executive functions among community individuals across the lifespan. This systematic review searched Web of Science, PubMed, and PsycINFO for published and unpublished studies, in the English language, that assessed the association between markers of peripheral inflammation and self-report and behavioral measures of executive function. In addition to methodological and demographic information, correlation/beta coefficients were extracted from included studies to quantify the association between inflammation and executive functions. This review included 58 studies, 41 of which were included in the random-effects meta-analysis (N = 255,539). Among community individuals, higher levels of CRP and IL-6 were associated with poorer executive functioning. These results did not differ when models accounted for potential confounding variables. Meta-regressions revealed that the relationship between inflammatory biomarkers and executive function did not differ as a function of age, adiposity, or percentage of the sample who identified as female. Results of the present review indicate that higher levels of specific inflammatory markers are associated with lower performance on executive function measures; however, we observed significant heterogeneity in the study design and measurement of both inflammation and executive functioning, suggesting important considerations for future research.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Higher versus Routine Intraoperative Blood Pressure Targets in Noncardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Trials.

BACKGROUND: Observational studies consistently link intraoperative hypotension to adverse postoperative outcomes, leading guidelines to recommend maintaining mean arterial pressure 60 to 65 mmHg or greater during noncardiac surgery. Whether targeting higher intraoperative blood pressure values improves clinical outcomes remains uncertain. METHODS: The authors conducted a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses-guided search on PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus, and Embase from inception to April 2026. Randomized trials comparing higher intraoperative blood pressure targets, either as fixed absolute thresholds or personalized to preoperative baseline, versus routine blood pressure management in adults undergoing elective noncardiac surgery with general anesthesia were included. Outcomes included in-hospital or 30-day mortality, postoperative delirium, acute kidney injury (AKI), 30-day major cardiovascular events, acute myocardial injury, stroke, length of stay, and intraoperative hypotension. RESULTS: Fifteen trials (15,603 patients) were included. Higher targets did not reduce AKI (risk ratio [RR], 0.95; 95% CI, 0.85 to 1.06; P = 0.36; I 2 = 16%) or acute myocardial injury (RR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.94 to 1.12; P = 0.59; I 2 = 0%) compared with routine targets, with firm evidence from trial sequential analysis. Higher targets were associated with a significant reduction in postoperative delirium (RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.98; P = 0.04; I 2 = 26%), although trial sequential analysis indicated the cumulative evidence remained insufficient to draw firm conclusions. No significant effect was observed on in-hospital or 30-day mortality (RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.75 to 1.34; P = 1.00; I 2 = 0%); evidence on 30-day major cardiovascular events, stroke, and length of stay was similarly insufficient to draw firm conclusions. CONCLUSION: In adults undergoing elective noncardiac surgery, targeting higher intraoperative blood pressure values does not improve major postoperative outcomes compared with routine management. A potential reduction in postoperative delirium warrants confirmation in adequately powered trials.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

The effectiveness of digital health interventions for type 2 diabetes in underserved populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis of 12 randomized controlled trials (1835 participants) evaluated whether digital health interventions (DHIs) improve glycemic control among underserved adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D), including racial/ethnic minority, low-income, Medicaid-insured, rural, and low-health-literacy populations. Searches of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to December 20, 2025 identified eligible parallel-group randomized controlled trials reporting change in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool. Random-effects meta-analysis showed that DHIs produced a modest but statistically significant HbA1c reduction versus control (mean difference, -0.37 %age points; 95% CI, -0.44 to -0.30; P&#x202f;<&#x202f;.0001; equivalent to -4.0&#x202f;mmol/mol). Heterogeneity was moderate-to-substantial (I&#xb2; = 69.9%). Subgroup analyses suggested directionally similar effects by population group and intervention modality, but interpretation was limited by study-level data and the small number of trials. Funnel-plot inspection and Egger's test (P&#x202f;=&#x202f;.31) did not suggest major small-study effects, although power was limited. Overall certainty for HbA1c was moderate. DHIs may support more equitable diabetes care when implemented with cultural tailoring, language access, digital-literacy support, and technology-access safeguards.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Association between pulse pressure and markers of cognitive function: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Our aim was to systematically review and meta-analyse evidence on the association between pulse pressure (PP) and cognitive function using PubMed, PsycInfo, Embase and Scopus (inception-July 2025) publication databases. Studies were included if they reported an association between PP and cognitive function and summarized narratively and by performing fixed-effects meta-analysis. The search identified 4171 publications with 43 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Domains assessed included global cognition, memory, language, attention, executive function, processing speed and visuospatial ability. Meta-analysis suggests a positive association between PP and global cognition, and a negative association with memory in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies with inconsistent findings from narratively summarized studies. Processing speed, executive function and language negatively associated with PP in cross-sectional studies with limited evidence provided by longitudinal studies or narratively summarized studies. There was limited evidence of an association with attention and visuospatial ability.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Long-term mortality in pediatric sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric sepsis represents a significant factor in the mortality rates among children, with survivors remaining highly fragile during the period following discharge. While in-hospital and short-term mortality have been widely studied, the long-term mortality of pediatric sepsis is not adequately synthesized or appreciated. This study aims to estimate the long-term mortality associated with pediatric sepsis, providing a basis for optimizing post-discharge surveillance and care protocols. METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251137504). Exhaustive searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science for studies published from the inception of each database to June 30, 2025. Studies reporting long-term mortality in pediatric sepsis patients diagnosed using international consensus criteria were included. After literature screening, long-term mortality was pooled using a random effects meta-analysis in R statistical software. RESULTS: A total of 72,065 records were identified through database searching. After removing duplicates and screening, six studies comprising 11,318 pediatric sepsis patients were included. The pooled long-term mortality in pediatric sepsis was 11% (95% CI: 7-16%), though significant heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 98.2%, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Sensitivity analyses yielded similar results, and evidence of publication bias was limited. CONCLUSION: Long-term mortality after pediatric sepsis was 11%, highlighting the persistent risk of mortality after hospital discharge. Further high-quality longitudinal studies are required to identify modifiable risk factors and guide evidence-based follow-up and personalized care.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

The effectiveness of protective behavioral strategies for reducing alcohol use and alcohol-related harms among adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVES: Excessive alcohol consumption is a major public health concern. Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) are widely incorporated into alcohol interventions, but their effectiveness and role as mechanisms of behavior change remain unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of PBS-based interventions on alcohol consumption, alcohol-related harms, and PBS use. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, and ProQuest were searched from inception to December 2025 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of adults (&#x2265;18 years) delivering PBS as an active intervention component. Random-effects meta-analyses using Hedges' g examined alcohol quantity, drinking frequency, alcohol-related problems, and PBS use. RESULTS: Fifteen RCTs were included, predominantly involving young adults attending U.S. universities. PBS interventions increased protective strategy use (g=0.23, p=0.005 after outlier removal), but alcohol effects were modest: no change in quantity (g=-0.05, p=0.162), small reduction in frequency (g=-0.09, p=0.014), and marginal reduction in problems (g=-0.07, p=0.052; significant in sensitivity analysis). Subgroup findings suggested greater effects at longer follow-up and when PBS was incorporated into multi-component interventions. Evidence supporting PBS as a mechanism of change was limited and inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS: PBS-based interventions produce modest, context-dependent effects on alcohol outcomes. Most evidence comes from young U.S. university students, underscoring the need for studies in more diverse adult populations and further mechanistic research.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Frequent readmissions after hospitalization for alcohol withdrawal: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol use disorder and alcohol withdrawal syndrome impose substantial clinical and economic burdens, with repeated hospitalizations being common. We aimed to systematically review readmission rates following inpatient detoxification, assess variation across study designs and hospital settings, and identify key risk and protective factors. METHODS: We performed a literature search in Embase and Pubmed on 10/04/2026 focusing on studies assessing in hospital alcohol detoxification. Exclusion criteria included studies on substance use other than alcohol and outpatient or residential treatment. Main outcome was rehospitalization, and meta-analysis was performed to estimate pooled readmission proportions. Secondary outcomes were risk factors and protective factors influencing the rate of rehospitalization. RESULTS: Twenty-five studies were included. The pooled proportion of readmissions following alcohol detoxification was estimated at 17% (95% CI: 14%-21%; 13 studies, n&#xa0;=&#xa0;287,896) within 1&#xa0;month, increasing to 44% (95% CI: 36%-52%; 8 studies, n&#xa0;=&#xa0;2,877) at 1&#xa0;year. Substantial between-study heterogeneity was observed. Subgroup analyses found no significant differences by hospital setting or time period. Findings for study aim and study design were mixed and based on limited data A small number of studies suggested associations with housing stability, employment, and treatment engagement. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis suggests that approximately one in six patients are readmitted within 1&#xa0;month and nearly half within 1&#xa0;year after inpatient alcohol detoxification. However, readmission rates varied considerably across settings and populations. Future research should evaluate targeted interventions to reduce readmissions among high-risk patient groups.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Relationship between menopausal hormone therapy and incidence risk of breast cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is widely prescribed for alleviating menopausal symptoms. Prior studies have mainly focused on individual hormone therapy formulations. This meta-analysis comprehensively synthesized evidence across various regimens to systematically evaluate the association between MHT and breast cancer risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We systematically searched CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed, and Web of Science from inception through August 2024. Eligible studies examining breast cancer risk following MHT were independently screened and assessed by two reviewers. The review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS: Thirty-four studies were included. The random-effects model showed a significant but heterogeneous overall association (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.09-1.22; I&#xb2; = 92.4%). Subgroup analysis identified hormone type, use status, and region as key determinants (P for interaction < 0.001). Stratification by hormone type resolved much of the heterogeneity, revealing risk confined to estrogen-progestin therapy (EPT; OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.26-1.64), while estrogen-only therapy (ET) showed no overall association (OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.91-1.10). Study type, region, and sample size were significant effect modifiers. For ET, randomized controlled trials demonstrated a protective effect (OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.70-0.87), contrasting with neutral findings from observational studies. CONCLUSIONS: MHT is associated with a modest but significant increase in breast cancer risk, primarily driven by EPT. This risk was not observed with ET in observational studies, though trials suggested a protective effect. Crucially, the association shows marked geographical heterogeneity, indicating risk is modified by regimen and regional factors.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Extender-dependent effects of reduced glutathione on post-thaw boar sperm quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Supplementation of reduced glutathione (GSH) in freezing media has been proposed to improve post-thaw boar sperm quality, although reported findings remain inconsistent. This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the effects of reduced glutathione on post-thaw sperm quality through a systematic review and meta-analysis. The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Scopus, PubMed, CAB Direct, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar were systematically searched. Based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 in vitro studies comprising 19 experiments were included. Four outcomes were analyzed: total motility, progressive motility, viability, and acrosome integrity. Standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated using random-effects models. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q test, and the I2 statistic. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots, Egger's test, and trim-and-fill analysis, while sensitivity analyses were performed using Baujat plots and leave-one-out analysis. Reduced glutathione was positively associated with total motility (SMD = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.42-1.05; P<0.001), progressive motility (SMD = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.21-1.58; P=0.014), viability (SMD = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.11-1.23; P=0.022), and acrosome integrity (SMD = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.32-1.12; P=0.002). Low to high heterogeneity was observed across outcomes, indicating variability in the estimated effects across studies. Significant subgroup differences were identified according to GSH concentration, freezing media, and thawing media. Overall, the available evidence suggests a possible positive association between GSH supplementation and several post-thaw sperm quality parameters, although these subgroup findings are exploratory and require confirmation in well-standardized experimental studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Stapled versus hand-sewn intestinal anastomosis in pediatric surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal anastomosis is a core procedure in pediatric gastrointestinal surgery, performed for conditions such as necrotizing enterocolitis, intestinal atresia, Hirschsprung's disease, and inflammatory bowel disease. Although stapled anastomosis (SA) may improve operative efficiency, its safety and effectiveness compared with hand-sewn anastomosis (HA) in children remain uncertain. This meta-analysis compared clinical outcomes of SA and HA in pediatric patients. METHODS: The study followed PRISMA guidelines and was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251177257). A systematic search of PubMed, Dimensions, and the Cochrane Library was conducted through June 2025. Studies including children under 7 years undergoing intestinal SA or HA were eligible. Two reviewers independently performed study selection, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessment using ROB 2 and ROBINS-I tools. Statistical analysis was conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (v3) with a random-effects model. RESULTS: Eleven studies involving 903 patients met inclusion criteria, including two randomized controlled trials. Of these, 333 patients underwent SA and 570 underwent HA. SA was associated with significantly shorter operative time (mean difference [MD] = -19.26 min; 95% CI: -24.24 to -14.28; p < 0.001) and earlier initiation of oral feeding (MD = -2.32 days; 95% CI: -3.78 to -0.86; p = 0.002). No significant differences were found in anastomotic leakage, stricture formation, reoperation rate, or length of hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: Stapled anastomosis appears as safe as hand-sewn techniques in pediatric intestinal surgery while offering shorter operative duration and faster postoperative feeding recovery. Selective use of stapled techniques is supported when anatomically feasible, though further multicenter randomized trials are needed.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

The relationship between composite dietary antioxidant index and odds of depression: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies.

BACKGROUND: Recently, the association between the composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) score and depression has received special attention from researchers. However, this possible association has not been comprehensively examined. Thus, the present study aims to comprehensively assess the relationship between CDAI score and depression odds. METHODS: A thorough literature search was performed using Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science up to November 2025. Observational studies assessing the relationship between CDAI score and depression odds were included. The odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) reported in each study were extracted, and a pooled effect size was calculated using a random-effects model with inverse-variance weighting. RESULTS: Four observational studies were included in the current systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled effect size indicated that a higher CDAI score was associated with lower odds of depression (OR:0.62; 95%CI: 0.51-0.76, I2&#xa0;=&#xa0;48.5%; P-value&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.121). In an exploratory linear dose-response analysis based on two eligible studies, no significant association was observed between a one-unit increase in CDAI score and the odds of depression (OR&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.96; 95% CI: 0.91-1.02; I2&#xa0;=&#xa0;92.2%; P-value<0.001). Given the limited number of studies and substantial heterogeneity, these findings should be interpreted cautiously. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that higher CDAI scores, reflecting greater adherence to antioxidant-rich dietary patterns, are associated with lower odds of depression.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Efficacy and safety of pantoprazole for stress-ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients: A systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Stress-related mucosal damage (SRMD) is common in critically ill patients, and pharmacologic prophylaxis remains essential. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of pantoprazole for stress-ulcer prophylaxis in ICU patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted per PRISMA-2020 guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, and CENTRAL were searched for studies comparing pantoprazole with placebo in adult and pediatric ICU patients. The primary outcome was clinically important gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding; secondary outcomes included mortality, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and Clostridioides difficile infection. RESULTS: Seven RCTs (n&#xa0;&#x2248;&#xa0;9127; pantoprazole&#xa0;=&#xa0;4575; placebo&#xa0;=&#xa0;4552) were included. Pantoprazole significantly reduced clinically important GI bleeding (RR&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.53; 95% CI 0.29-0.94; p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.03) without affecting overall mortality (RR&#xa0;&#x2248;&#xa0;0.99 [95% CI 0.92-1.05]; p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.68). Infection rates were similar between groups (VAP: RR&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.99; p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.78; C. difficile: RR&#xa0;=&#xa0;1.11; p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.73). Sensitivity analyses confirmed robustness. CONCLUSIONS: Pantoprazole effectively reduces clinically important GI bleeding without increasing infection or overall mortality.

Pantoprazole↗
PubMed2026

Effects of exercise snacking on neuromuscular performance in insufficiently active adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of exercise snacking (ES) on neuromuscular performance in insufficiently active adults. METHODS: Six databases were searched from inception to July 17, 2026. Randomized controlled trials and non-randomized studies of interventions involving insufficiently active adults undertaking ES interventions were included. Outcomes were functional performance, muscular strength, and muscular power. A three-level random-effects meta-analysis was performed. Risk of bias was assessed with RoB 2 or ROBINS-I, and certainty of evidence was evaluated using GRADE. RESULTS: Nine studies (13 reports) involving 313 participants were included. In the primary three-level model, ES showed a small positive overall effect on neuromuscular performance (g = 0.37, 95% CI 0.16-0.58, p&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.001), which remained supported under trial-clustered robust inference with small-sample adjustment. Domain-specific estimates for muscular power/velocity, functional performance, and muscular strength were positive but imprecise and were not statistically supported after small-sample robust adjustment. Robust moderator tests provided no evidence of between-subgroup differences, and the certainty of evidence was low for all outcomes. CONCLUSION: Current low-certainty evidence suggests that ES may produce a small improvement in overall neuromuscular performance. However, domain-specific effects remain uncertain because of the limited number of independent trials, and the overall prediction interval crossed zero, indicating uncertainty across future populations and settings. Larger, preregistered randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these preliminary findings.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Meta-analysis and pharmacoeconomic study of rasagiline versus selegiline in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

OBJECTIVE: Given the persistent absence of direct head-to-head trials, this study aimed to evaluate the comparative efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of rasagiline versus selegiline as early-stage monotherapy for Parkinson's disease (PD), informing clinical selection and healthcare policies in China. METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) up to April 2026. Focusing on short-term outcomes (10-16&#x2009;weeks), an adjusted indirect treatment comparison (ITC) using placebo as a common anchor evaluated symptom improvement (UPDRS total scores) and adverse event (AE) incidence. For economic evaluation, a 2-year Markov model was constructed from a Chinese healthcare-system perspective. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated alongside robust sensitivity analyses. RESULTS: Ten RCTs (rasagiline: 6; selegiline: 4) were included. The ITC revealed no statistically significant differences between rasagiline and selegiline in short-term symptomatic relief (Mean Difference&#x2009;=&#x2009;-0.82, 95% CI [-2.08, 0.44], p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.203) or AE risk (Odds Ratio = 0.83, 95% CI [0.50, 1.38], p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.475). The overall evidence certainty was rated as moderate. Economically, the base-case simulation indicated rasagiline yielded a marginal benefit of 0.0088 QALYs over selegiline but incurred an additional 17,111.10 Yuan. This resulted in an ICER of 1,951,505.55 Yuan/QALY, substantially exceeding the conventional willingness-to-pay threshold. CONCLUSION: Supported by moderate-certainty evidence, rasagiline and selegiline provide comparable short-term efficacy and safety for early-stage PD monotherapy. However, at its current pricing, rasagiline is not cost-effective. Significant price reductions or definitive proof of long-term superiority are required to justify its economic value.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

ScRNA-seq analysis reveals the effects of nitrite stress on the endocrine system of the eyestalk in Litopenaeus vannamei.

Nitrite is a harmful substance generated in Litopenaeus vannamei farming systems, largely originating from the inadequate breakdown of surplus feed and shrimp feces. Its accumulation in the water can affect the growth and physiological functions of shrimp, damage the immune system, and even cause mass mortality, thus becoming a key environmental factor restricting the green development of the industry. Under nitrite stress, the eyestalk, as an important neuroendocrine regulatory center in crustaceans, participates in the stress adaptation of the organism and exerts a protective effect by regulating energy metabolism and immune function. However, the molecular regulatory mechanism of the eyestalk in response to nitrite stress remains unclear. In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology was used to analyze the heterogeneity of eyestalk cells in L. vannamei under nitrite stress. A total of 18, 394 high-quality cells were obtained, and six major cell subpopulations, including Neurosecretory cell, Motor neuron, Sensory neuron, Interneuron, Neurogliocyte, and Support cell, were identified. Differential expression analysis identified 839 differentially expressed genes, and different cell types showed distinct specific responses to nitrite stress. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that pathways such as glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, ribosome function, and endoplasmic reticulum protein processing were significantly activated, while signal transduction and DNA repair-related pathways were inhibited. Further analysis revealed that nitrite stress could induce mitochondrial function changes and trigger oxidative stress, thereby affecting the neuroendocrine system function of the eyestalk. This study provided insights into transcriptomic responses of the eyestalk to nitrite stress at the single-cell level, laying a theoretical foundation for the management of aquaculture environments.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Symptoms of Anxiety in Adults with ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies.

OBJECTIVE: Research suggests there is a higher prevalence of anxiety in individuals with ADHD compared to those without ADHD. However, estimated prevalence rates vary greatly due to differences in methodologies used across studies. This study is the first meta-analysis investigating differences in anxiety measure scores between adults with and without ADHD, and possible moderators of this effect. METHOD: Our analysis included 58 studies that compared anxiety scores in adults with/without ADHD (N = 18,821; k = 112). RESULTS: The average effect size (Hedges's g) of anxiety scores in those with ADHD relative to controls was 0.77 (SE = 0.066); a medium effect. The only significant moderator was the type of comparison group used, with comparisons to non-clinical control groups (g = 0.954, SE = 0.08) yielding significantly larger effects than comparisons to clinical control groups (g = 0.437, SE = 0.09). None of the other moderator variables examined (Method of characterising ADHD, Anxiety Measure Type, Anxiety Measure Focus, Age or Gender) moderated the effect. There was some evidence of publication bias, therefore results should be interpreted with this in mind. CONCLUSION: Overall, this study indicates that ADHD is associated with higher levels of anxiety symptomology. This has important implications in the diagnosis and treatment of individuals presenting with ADHD or anxiety, including the consideration and screening of each of these conditions as potentially co-occurring with the other. Adaptions made to clinical practice in line with this would better support this population, improve symptom management and overall quality of life. Suggestions for future research are discussed.

Humans↗