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PubMed2026

Liver transcriptome analysis revealed multiple immune processes and lipid metabolism pathways involved in the defense response of the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) against Aeromonas salmonicida.

Aeromonas salmonicida is a significant pathogen causing notable economic losses in Scophthalmus maximus aquaculture. This study utilized Illumina sequencing technology to examine the transcriptional response characteristics of S. maximus liver at 24 h following A. salmonicida infection. A total of 2363 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified when compared to the negative control group. The immunity-related Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, as well as metabolism-related PPAR signaling pathway and insulin signaling pathway, were notably enriched. Significant differences exist in the expression of key genes within the PPAR pathway, particularly cd36, acsl4a, pparαa, and plin2, all of which mediate the interaction between lipid metabolism and the immune response. These results offer valuable insights into the immunometabolic regulatory mechanism of S. maximus response to A. salmonicida infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Exploring Implementation of Cantonese Radio Broadcasting as a Mental Health Promotion Initiative for Linguistically Isolated Immigrants.

Digital-first public health efforts often miss linguistically isolated immigrant communities because of structural barriers and stigma. Ethnic legacy media can reach these groups, but keeping programs funded and operational over the long term is frequently difficult. This Practice Note examines a Cantonese-language radio health program in "Los Angeles County" that ran 128 live broadcasts across a full 12-year Chinese zodiac cycle. Instead of a top-down clinical model, the show endured by acting as an informal community navigation hub. We examine two recurring administrative frictions: anonymous off-air calls about urgent economic needs (e.g., hotel job referrals) and on-air audience corrections of mispronounced medical terms. We argue these interactions should be seen not as disruptions but as measurable indicators of structural trust that sustain programs. We offer practical guidance for recruiting undergraduates to expand reach via ethnic print newspapers, using peer-recovery milestones to amplify impact. The note concludes with a pragmatic blueprint for health educators to manage professional boundaries, preserve commercial-clinical separation, and uphold cultural safety in isolated communities.

Chinese American health↗
PubMed2026

Ethiopia missed opportunities for vaccination study: Cluster-randomized evaluation of 5-dose measles vaccine vials and a flexible open-vial policy, 2021-2022.

INTRODUCTION: In 2024, an estimated 95,000 people died from measles globally, largely from suboptimal coverage with the measles-containing vaccine (MCV). Health workers may defer vaccinating eligible children to avoid wasting doses from 10-dose MCV vials, which must be discarded six hours after opening. These missed opportunities for vaccination (MOV) reduce coverage and timeliness. Ethiopia, which provides MCV at 9 and 15 months, considered switching to 5-dose vials. METHODS: We conducted a 15-month, randomized controlled trial with a nested cross-sectional design in Ethiopia. Sixty woredas were randomized to: (1) policy-only, instructing health workers to open 10-dose vials for any number of eligible children, with additional stock for increased wastage; (2) 5-dose switch, combining this policy with replacement of 10-dose by 5-dose vials; or (3) control (routine 10-dose practice). Household and health-facility surveys at baseline and endline assessed effects on first-dose (MCV1) and second-dose (MCV2) coverage, MCV1 timeliness, and wastage. Generalized estimating equation models estimated net intervention effects versus control. We also estimated the government cost of a nationwide 5-dose switch. RESULTS: MCV1 coverage was similar between policy-only and control (adjusted risk difference [ARD] = -1%, 95%CI: -17%, 15%), with no significant differences in MCV1 timeliness or MCV2 coverage. In the 5-dose switch group, MCV1 coverage changed little (ARD = 1%, 95%CI: -17%, 18%), but timely MCV1 at 9 months (ARD = 18%, 95%CI: 7%, 28%) and MCV2 coverage (ARD = 17%, 95%CI: 1%, 34%) rose significantly, and wastage fell (ARD = -7%, 95%CI: -14%, -1%). By endline, 29% of 5-dose health workers opened vials ≥10 times monthly (none in control); caregivers in both intervention groups reported 11% fewer measles-related MOVs. A nationwide 5-dose switch was estimated to save 17% in procurement cost per fully vaccinated (two-dose) child. CONCLUSIONS: The combined 5-dose intervention improved MCV1 timeliness and MCV2 coverage and reduced wastage, addressing a key operational barrier and potentially supporting measles elimination in Ethiopia.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Behaviourally informed text message reminders to increase cervical screening attendance in people with severe mental illness: the OPTIMISE pilot randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the feasibility of both the delivery and evaluation of 'enhanced' (behaviourally informed) text message reminders containing links to existing co-designed resources supporting decision-making for people with severe mental illness (SMI) regarding attendance of cervical screening. DESIGN: A pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT). SETTING: 13 General Practice (GP) practices in London were recruited. PARTICIPANTS: GP practices identified people with SMI aged 24-64 years who were overdue cervical screening. Target sample size was 120 participants (60 per arm) based on existing guidance for pilot trials. INTERVENTION: In March 2025, participants were randomised (1:1) to receive either the enhanced (intervention) or the standard (control) SMS reminder. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: 18 weeks later, feasibility outcomes were collected (primary outcomes) and data analysis for a definitive RCT was rehearsed (secondary outcome). RESULTS: Of the 150 participants across 13 GP practices that were randomised (n=75 per arm), 132 (88%) texts delivered (intervention n=64/75 (85%), control n=68/75 (91%)). 10 practices (76.9%) provided follow-up data for 102 participants (intervention n=50, control n=52). Five participants (intervention n=4, control n=1) attended screening within the trial period. Participant survey response rate was low (9/132 (7%), intervention n=5, control n=4). Both SMS messages were low cost, with the intervention SMS a 50% higher cost to deliver (7.5p vs 5p per SMS). Primary feasibility measures of recruitment rate of GP practices (27%), retention of GP practices (77%) and participants (100%), SMS delivery (88%) and data completeness (64%) indicated viability, although survey response rate (7%) did not. CONCLUSIONS: Achieving adequate recruitment and retention, data completeness and comparable groups is viable with some amendments, although an alternative method is required to assess fidelity. Behaviourally informed SMS reminders are feasible to deliver to people with SMI, although it is uncertain if the extra resources are accessed and used. With changes to data collection, a definitive trial could be feasible. Given the low observed cervical screening attendance, additional intervention is needed for this group. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN12558681.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

The Case for Master Protocols for Rare Neurological Diseases.

Master protocol trials allow for simultaneous multiple hypothesis testing within a common framework and might be applicable for rare diseases. In May 2025, the Network for Excellence in Neuroscience Clinical Trials convened a multistakeholder conference to discuss master protocol trials in rare neurological disorders. In this paper, we explore how master protocol trial designs may apply to rare neurological disorders, using the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses as an example. Through shared protocol elements and trial infrastructure, master protocols may decrease cost and improve efficiency in testing potential therapeutics in rare disease, accelerating the delivery of urgently needed therapies to patients. ANN NEUROL 2026;100:477-486.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Assembly and Characterization of the First Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Tussilago farfara L.: Insights into Biological Functions and Phylogenetic Relationships within the Asteraceae Family.

Tussilago farfara L., a member of the Asteraceae family, is an economically valuable species due to its edible and medicinal properties. To elucidate the structural characteristics, genetic mechanisms, and evolutionary pathways of the organelle genomes of T. farfara, we sequenced, assembled, and annotated its mitochondrial genome for the first time. The complete mitochondrial genome of T. farfara spans 306,024 bp and contains 33 mitochondrial protein-coding genes (PCGs), 3 rRNAs, and 22 tRNAs. Analysis of the nucleotide substitution rate and genetic diversity revealed that most mitochondrial genome genes may have undergone purifying selection, indicating a slow evolutionary rate and a relatively conserved genomic structure. We further identified 13 fragments of chloroplast-derived DNA integrated into the mitochondrial genome, evidencing intracellular gene transfer. Collinearity analysis showed that Arctium lappa shares the most extensive mitochondrial homologous sequences and the highest sequence similarity with T. farfara. Phylogenetic analysis based on the mitochondrial genome helped to clarify the evolutionary and taxonomic position of T. farfara within the Asteraceae family. The mitochondrial genome sequence of T. farfara provides a valuable genomic resource for species identification and for evolutionary studies within the Asteraceae family.

Genome, Mitochondrial↗
PubMed2026

Effectiveness of Caregiver-Mediated Spoken Language Interventions for Children Under Five at Risk of Developmental Language Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Caregiver-mediated interventions are commonly used by Speech and Language Therapists to support early language development. Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) is associated with reduced quality of life throughout the lifespan. Understanding factors that predict intervention success is essential for developing appropriate, cost-effective therapy provision for the approximately 12% of preschool children who present with early markers for Developmental Language Disorder (DLD). This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effectiveness of caregiver-mediated spoken language interventions for under-fives at risk of DLD, and factors influencing intervention effectiveness. METHODS: A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted. Five electronic databases were searched to identify experimental studies comparing caregiver-mediated spoken language interventions to control conditions in under-fives presenting with risk factors for DLD. Risk factors included prematurity, socioeconomic factors, caregiver language development concerns, and formal or informal language screening or assessment scores. Twenty-six experimental studies with 1407 child participants were included in qualitative synthesis. Meta-analysis was performed on nine Randomised Controlled Trials involving 947 children. RESULTS: Effectiveness was examined for outcomes including child language gains, child wellbeing, inclusion and attainment. Meta-analysis indicated a significant effect of caregiver-mediated spoken language interventions on language outcomes compared to treatment-as-usual, non-language intervention or waitlist control conditions. Non-language outcomes were evaluated via qualitative synthesis. Interventions significantly improved language development trajectories for under-fives presenting with risk factors or early markers for DLD. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: This review contributes to the growing evidence base demonstrating that caregiver-mediated interventions can positively impact language development and wellbeing outcomes for children under five at risk of DLD. These findings support the implementation of caregiver-mediated environmental language interventions in clinical practice to maximise accessibility and cost-effectiveness while delivering optimal outcomes for vulnerable populations. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on this subject Previous research on caregiver-mediated spoken language interventions has highlighted gaps in the evidence regarding the impact of risk factors, demographic characteristics, dosage and intervention components on child language outcomes. Developmental Language Disorder has relatively high population prevalence, estimated at 7%. Prevalence is associated with risk factors including low household socioeconomic status (SES), prematurity and late language emergence. In contrast to its prevalence, there is low public and professional awareness of DLD and a low diagnostic rate. Therefore, a strengthened evidence base and additional insights into the factors affecting success of family-based interventions is important in order to increase the effectiveness of service provision and care planning for this underserved population. Timely and effective intervention with young children presenting with early markers for DLD has the potential to offer lifelong improvement to their wellbeing, inclusion and attainment outcomes. Recent systematic reviews of the effectiveness of caregiver-mediated language interventions had differences in population age range and diagnostic inclusion criteria. What this paper adds to existing knowledge Our review examines the effectiveness of caregiver-mediated early spoken language interventions on child language, attainment and wellbeing, and on caregiver self-efficacy and adherence to language support strategies. Our population was children under five presenting with risk factors for Developmental Language Disorder, in the absence of other neurodevelopmental or genetic conditions such as intellectual disability or autism. This review adds depth and detail to the evidence base supporting the effectiveness of caregiver-mediated spoken language interventions in improving outcomes for this population of young children, and factors that influence their success. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? The high prevalence of Developmental Language Disorder, estimated at around 7% of the population, and the strong association with risk factors including low SES, prematurity and late language emergence, coupled with the low awareness of DLD and low diagnostic rate, mean that a strengthened evidence base and additional insights into the factors affecting success of family-based interventions can increase the effectiveness of service provision and care planning for this population. Timely and effective intervention in this group of young children has the potential to improve wellbeing and attainment outcomes across the lifespan. This review contributes to our understanding of how to implement cost-effective, socially valid and maximally engaging partnership working with families of young children at risk for DLD.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Genetic diversity and recombination of NA-PRRSV field strains in Vietnam: Implications for vaccine efficacy.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) causes severe reproductive losses in pregnant sows and piglets, resulting in substantial economic impact on the swine industry worldwide. However, due to the significant genetic diversity and rapid evolutionary changes of the pathogen, continuous surveillance and detailed genetic analysis of circulating strains are essential. The current study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of the hypervariable (HV) region of non-structural protein 2 (nsp2) among North American PRRSV strains isolated from swine farms in Vietnam. Phylogenetic analysis and multiple sequence alignment were conducted to determine subtype classification and assess genetic variability. A total of 48 field isolates were obtained, of which 12.5% belonged to classical NA-PRRSV, 16.6% to NADC30-like and 70.9% to HP-PRRSV, primarily distributed across sublineages 1.4, 5.1, 8.7 and 8.9. Amino acid comparisons found multiple insertions, deletions and substitutions at various positions within the hypervariable region of nsp2. The study revealed substantial genetic variation in the HV region of nsp2 among NA-PRRSV field strains, largely associated with recombination and immune escape. These findings highlight epidemiological risks to vaccine efficacy and underscore the need for continuous molecular surveillance to support effective PRRSV control in Vietnam.

PRRSV↗
PubMed2026

Identification of aquaporin (AQP) genes in the noble scallop Chlamys nobilis and characterization of their expression under low-temperature stress.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are transmembrane channel proteins essential for water homeostasis and cellular stress responses. In marine bivalves, their roles in cold tolerance remain poorly understood despite frequent winter mortality events in aquaculture. Here, we identified nine AQP genes in the genome of the economically important noble scallop Chlamys nobilis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed strong conservation with other bivalve AQPs, and structural features, including conserved NPA motifs and ar/R selectivity filters, support their canonical water/glycerol transport functions. Tissue-specific expression profiling showed predominant enrichment in osmoregulatory tissues (gills, intestine) and gonads. Under both chronic and acute low-temperature stress from 23 °C to 9 °C, most CnAQP genes exhibited transient upregulation followed by suppression. Notably, CnAQP4 displayed sustained upregulation, implicating it as a key mediator of long-term cold adaptation. Promoter analysis further revealed abundant cis-elements linked to growth and development as well as immune regulation. Our findings provide the first comprehensive characterization of the AQP family in C. nobilis, highlighting its critical role in maintaining cellular integrity during cold stress and offering molecular targets for selective breeding of cold-tolerant scallop strains.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Divergent evolutionary strategies in spider venoms: A comparative proteomic profiling of four sympatric species from Yunnan.

Spider venoms comprise complex cocktails of bioactive molecules evolved for predation and defense, representing a valuable resource for biological research and pharmaceutical discovery. In this study, we performed a systematic analysis of venom gland extracts from four common spider species indigenous to Yunnan, China: Agelena limbata, Hippasa lycosina, Lycosa grahami, and Sinopoda pengi. Using an integrated transcriptomic and proteomic targeted profiling approach, we successfully annotated 141 distinct toxins. Comparative analysis revealed significant interspecific heterogeneity, suggesting distinct evolutionary trajectories and "weapon system economics." Both A. limbata and L. grahami exhibited a "peptide-dominant" profile anchored by neurotoxic peptides and isomerases, optimized for rapid chemical paralysis. In contrast, S. pengi displayed a distinct "protein-dominant" signature enriched with high-molecular-weight enzymes and CAP superfamily proteins, likely functioning to facilitate tissue degradation and toxin diffusion. Occupying an intermediate position, H. lycosina demonstrated a hybrid composition. These findings suggest that although these species share the same geographical range, their venom systems have undergone divergent evolutionary adaptations driven by specific ecological niches and hunting strategies. This study represents the first systematic proteomic characterization of these venom components, providing a valuable reservoir of molecular candidates while highlighting the bioinformatic nuances of analyzing whole-gland homogenates.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

The landscape of pruning for large language models: A systematic review and unified taxonomy.

Confronting the inherent tension between the exceptional capabilities and the immense computational costs of Large Language Models (LLMs), pruning has become a crucial technique for achieving efficient deployment. However, a systematic analytical framework dedicated specifically to LLM pruning remains absent. In this paper, we aim to bridge this gap. We first elucidate the theoretical foundations that underpin the effectiveness of pruning, namely overparameterization and redundancy, and then propose a multidimensional taxonomy that organizes existing approaches along the axes of granularity, timing, and criteria. Building upon this unified perspective, we further analyze performance recovery mechanisms and the broader evaluation ecosystem, while also exploring forward-looking challenges such as interpretability, automation, and hardware-algorithm co-design. Through this comprehensive synthesis, we seek to provide an integrated and coherent analytical lens for advancing both research and practice in LLM pruning.

Large Language Models↗
PubMed2026

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the CREB/ATF family and its potential role in melanogenesis in the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum).

Ruditapes philippinarum is an economically important bivalve species in China, and shell color is a trait of ecological and commercial significance. Melanin is a key determinant of shell color, and members of the CREB/ATF family have been reported to participate in melanogenesis in other organisms. In this study, members of the CREB/ATF family were systematically identified at the whole-genome level based on genomic and transcriptomic datasets, followed by analyses of their phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, and expression patterns. A total of six CREB/ATF family members were identified and classified into five subfamilies. Expression profiling and RT-qPCR validation revealed that most CREB/ATF genes were highly expressed in the mantle and displayed clear differences among shell-color phenotypes. Except for RpATF4 and RpCREBZF, most members exhibited relatively high expression levels in dark-colored shell strains, particularly in black and zebra-striped clams. Moreover, most genes showed low expression during early embryonic and larval stages but increased expression at the single-siphon spat and juvenile stages. These results suggest that the CREB/ATF family may be involved in melanin-associated shell-color regulation in R. philippinarum, providing important candidate genes and a theoretical basis for further elucidating the molecular mechanisms of shell-color formation in mollusks.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Revealing potential biomarkers and metabolic mechanisms of ovarian aging in hens during late laying period based on machine learning and metabolomics.

Ovarian function decline during the late laying period represents a major bottleneck for the economic efficiency of the global poultry industry. However, the underlying metabolic mechanisms and reliable early-warning biomarkers for ovarian aging remain poorly understood. In this study, we performed the first untargeted LC-MS/MS metabolomics analysis of ovarian tissues from Taihe silky fowls at peak laying (30 weeks) and late laying (50 weeks) stages, and employed an ensemble machine learning strategy integrating LASSO, random forest, and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms to identify high-confidence core biomarkers of ovarian aging. Gene expression analysis was further conducted to validate the potential molecular mechanisms. Our results showed that the metabolic profiles of ovarian tissues differed significantly between the two groups. A total of 6 core biomarkers were identified, 4 of which were long-chain acylcarnitines. Mechanistic analysis revealed that downregulation of key genes in the carnitine shuttle system led to impaired mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, which in turn triggered excessive oxidative stress and compromised ovarian endocrine function. In conclusion, this study identifies long-chain acylcarnitines as potential metabolic biomarkers for ovarian aging in Taihe silky fowls. These findings provide novel insights into the metabolic basis of poultry ovarian aging and lay a theoretical foundation for the precise regulation of reproductive performance in indigenous poultry breeds.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Multimodal alignment improves generalizability of genomic biomarker prediction in computational pathology.

Computational pathology models that use digitized histopathology whole-slide images have the potential to become a cost-effective and scalable alternative to molecular assays for the prediction of genomic biomarkers, a key task in precision oncology. However, as new genomic biomarkers are discovered or quantified, large, labeled datasets must be prospectively collected to train new models. To address this challenge, we developed multimodal alignment for biomarker learning and generalization (MARBLE), a multimodal contrastive pretraining strategy that integrates structured biomarker knowledge into representation learning of histopathology images. MARBLE aligns histopathology-derived representations with representations of genomic biomarkers generated by a large language model (LLM) and a protein language model (PLM). This biologically informed alignment enables data-efficient generalization to novel, out-of-distribution biomarkers. Using the MSK-IMPACT cohort of over 40,000 patients across multiple biomarker panel versions, we design experiments grounded in real-world data to demonstrate the value of our proposed approach.

CP: computational biology↗
PubMed2026

Suicide in rural South Africa before and during COVID-19: evidence from forensic mortuary data in Limpopo Province.

Suicide is a growing public health concern in South Africa, with rural provinces such as Limpopo facing heightened vulnerability due to limited mental health services and socio-economic inequalities. Evidence on the impact of COVID-19 on suicide in rural contexts remains limited. This study examined suicide trends in Limpopo Province and changes associated with the COVID-19 period. A retrospective interrupted time series analysis was conducted using forensic mortality data from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2021, allowing assessment of pre-existing trends and changes following COVID-19 lockdowns. Among 5770 unnatural deaths, 957 were suicides. The proportion of suicides increased from 29.5% in 2019 to 36.9% in 2021. Suicides predominantly occurred among males and young adults, with hanging accounting for over 90% of deaths throughout. Interrupted time series analysis revealed a significant downward trend in suicide cases during the strict national lockdown (Alert Level 5), with a 31% reduction in incidence (IRR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.49-0.98). Less restrictive lockdown levels showed no significant effects. Suicide mortality increased prior to COVID-19, with a subsequent decline during the strictest lockdown period. Stable demographic patterns and methods highlight persistent vulnerabilities and the need for sustained suicide-prevention strategies beyond pandemic.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of a Newly Recorded Chinese Species of Diglyphus sabulosus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Insights into Its Phylogenetic Position.

Diglyphus Walker, 1844 is an economically important genus which many species acting as biocontrol agents against agromyzid leafminer pests, but there is a lack of mitogenomic data on the evolutionary relationships within this genus, hindering a comprehensive understanding of its evolutionary history. We used traditional morphological methods to identify species, and present the first complete mitochondrial genome sequence and characterization of features of Diglyphus sabulosus and further infer its phylogenetic position based on the amino acid sequences of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs). The complete mitochondrial genome of D. sabulosus is 15,690 bp in length, including 13 PCGs, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes and a control region. The AT content of the whole genome sequence was 81.0%, indicating a significant AT bias. All protein-coding genes have the typical ATN as the start codon and TAA as the stop codon. Phylogenetic analysis inferred from the amino acid sequences of 13 PCGs revealed that all species within the family Eulophidae constituted a monophyletic clade, supporting the monophyly of this family. D. sabulosus and D. poppoea form a well-supported sister group, representing the species with the closest phylogenetic relationship within the analyzed taxa. In this study, the mitogenome structure was analyzed and the taxonomic status of D. sabulosus was clarified, thus providing a theoretical basis for understanding the phylogenetic relationships of Diglyphus.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Transcriptomic analysis provides molecular insights into the innate immune defense of Mactra veneriformis against Vibrio alginolyticus infection.

Mactra veneriformis is an economically important bivalve mollusc in China, but its aquaculture is frequently threatened by Vibrio infections, particularly Vibrio alginolyticus. To investigate the molecular immune response of M. veneriformis to V. alginolyticus, we performed RNA-seq analysis of hepatopancreatic tissues collected at 48 h post-infection, the peak mortality time point, with PBS-injected individuals used as controls. Infection with V. alginolyticus caused severe histopathological damage in the hepatopancreas and resulted in a cumulative mortality of 53.3% over 14 d, compared with 3.3% in the control group. Transcriptomic analysis identified 2623 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 1585 significantly up-regulated genes and 1038 down-regulated genes. KEGG enrichment analysis demonstrated that DEGs were significantly enriched in immune related and metabolism pathways, including the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling pathway, and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) signaling pathway. Collectively, these findings revealed candidate immune related genes (tlr3, tlr5, myd88, nfkb1, il-17d, and ifi44l), a putative TLR-MyD88-NF-κB signaling axis, and KEGG signaling pathways, including JAK-STAT, RLR and CYP450, that may be involved in the innate immune response of M. veneriformis to V. alginolyticus infection. These results provide a transcriptomic basis for understanding host-pathogen interactions in this species and highlight candidate genes and pathways for future functional validation and potential application in disease-resistance breeding.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Proteomic responses of the oil palm pest Metisa plana (Psychidae) to farnesyl acetate exposure.

Metisa plana Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) is a major defoliator of oil palm in Malaysia, causing substantial economic losses. Farnesyl acetate (FA), a sesquiterpenoid compound, has been proposed as a potential insecticidal agent against M. plana, yet its molecular impact on larval physiology remains poorly understood. Here, we employed label-free quantitative proteomics, functional enrichment analysis, and targeted transcript assessment to characterize the temporal proteomic response of M. plana larvae at 7 and 14 days after treatment (DAT) with FA. Principal component analysis revealed robust separation between treated and control samples at both time points, indicating sustained treatment-driven proteomic restructuring. Early exposure (7 DAT) elicited a heterogeneous response involving stress-associated proteins, redox enzymes, and cytoskeletal regulators, whereas later exposure (14 DAT) produced a consolidated profile characterized by metabolic reprogramming, downregulation of ribosomal proteins, induction of heat shock proteins, and enrichment of RNA surveillance and mitochondrial pathways. Targeted transcript analysis qualitatively supported proteomic trends for HSP83 and aldehyde dehydrogenase X, although limited amplification precluded quantitative inference. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that FA exposure drives a shift from acute proteomic perturbation toward a maintenance-oriented physiological state, prioritizing proteostasis, energy management, and stress adaptation over growth and development. This integrated molecular perspective provides mechanistic insight into the chronic effects of FA, highlighting its potential to suppress larval performance and informing the development of biorational, physiology-based pest management strategies in non-model insects.

Animals↗