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PubMedDate not supplied

Data collection in clinical-qualitative research: use of non-directed interviews with open-ended questions by health professionals.

Non-directed interviews constitute the main data collection instrument in qualitative health research. Studies in which this is evident are well documented in international literature. For health professionals, knowing what people feel and imagine makes it possible to develop a more adequate clinician-patient relationship. It is indispensable to know what the life phenomena mean for individuals, because the meanings have a structuring function. People organize their lives around the meaning they attribute to situations or object. This is also relevant to their health care. From research conducted at the Laboratory of Clinical-Qualitative Research, State University of Campinas, Campinas (São Paulo), Brazil, the authors address, in this article, the following matters: characterization of non-directed interviews, directiveness of interviews, approach techniques, observation of non-verbal and paraverbal manifestations, registry techniques / speech transcription, and validity/reliability of non-directed interviews. This is useful for people interested in research at graduate and undergraduate level.

Health Personnel↗
PubMed2000

Measuring trunk motions in industry: variability due to task factors, individual differences, and the amount of data collected.

The focus of this study was to determine the amount of data needed to ensure sufficient accuracy in estimating mean trunk motions of employees performing industrial manual materials handling tasks. Over 450 tasks were selected, in which the load weight and the vertical start and destination heights of the activity remained constant throughout the task. Data were collected as employees did their work at the job site, using the Lumbar Motion Monitor. Variance components were estimated in a hierarchical design and used to compute standard errors of mean trunk kinematic measures. These analyses found task-to-task variation to be much larger than the variability due to either multiple employees performing the same task or to repetitive movements within a task. Also, it was found that no significant reduction in the standard errors occurred when data were gathered for more than three employees and three repetitions of each task by an employee. This study indicates that the vast majority of variability in mean trunk motions is accounted for by the design of work tasks, and variations due to repeated cycles of a task or to employees are rather minor. It is also important as a basis for future work on modelling low-back disorder risk based on a job's trunk kinematic measures.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Editorial peer review: methodology and data collection.

This study reports on the editorial peer review practices of two categories of U.S. medical journals indexed in Index Medicus. Journals in group 1 were included on each of three lists of recommended journals, had a circulation of 10,000, and were cited at least 5,000 times per year. Group 2 journals, also indexed in Index Medicus, met none of the criteria. After being pretested, data were collected through a series of interviews and questionnaires. A summary of the methodology and an analysis of the differences between data collected through questionnaires and interviews is reported. The study concluded that initial interviews are very helpful in designing a questionnaire; a high percentage of editors agreed to be interviewed (100% for sixteen group 1 editors and 93.8% for sixteen group 2 editors); a 69.4% response rate to the mailed questionnaire indicates either sufficient follow-up or a high rate of interest in the subject matter; no trends identified by the questionnaire were reversed by changes in answers given during the interviews; approximately 11% to 15% of the answers differed between the questionnaire and interview methodology; and for some sensitive issues, editors were more likely to give answers on the questionnaire according to what was perceived as the most appropriate answer, rather than the actual practices of the journal.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1993

A microcomputer system for physiological data collection and analysis.

The ability to monitor and record activity within the masticatory system is of importance to both general practitioner and research worker. Recent developments in physiological data collection and analysis at the Department of Anatomy, University of Queensland, have achieved that objective in a simple and cost-effective manner. Recording, printing, plotting, and a wide range of analysis procedures can be undertaken utilizing relatively inexpensive available computers.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed1994

Quality assurance audits of community screening mammography practices: availability of active follow-up for data collection and outcome assessment.

OBJECTIVE: Routine and periodic mammography audit studies, the systematic evaluation of clinical follow-up procedures and outcomes subsequent to screening mammography reports of abnormal findings, have been advocated as an important component of quality assurance in screening mammography. This study assessed the degree to which mammography facilities in community practice maintain reporting and record-keeping systems and ascertain sufficient clinical follow-up data to facilitate the practice of mammography audit studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: As part of a national survey of 1057 mammography facilities, data were collected from a stratified subsample of 50 facilities on facility information systems, and facility records were systematically abstracted to determine the degree of completeness of clinical follow-up data to screening mammography examinations with abnormal findings. Facilities were assisted in obtaining additional information through active data follow-up, and this information also was entered into the study's database. RESULTS: The nature of mammography information systems and the degree of data completeness varied widely. Computerized systems were used at relatively few facilities (12%). The organization of records and data varied widely and was generally not designed to accommodate routine systematic analysis. Screening examinations could be identified without reading the actual text of the mammography report at 94% of the facilities, but reports had to be read at the majority of facilities to identify examinations with abnormal findings (70%). Before active data follow-up, records were incomplete in about 40% of all cases. After active data follow-up, this decreased to 16%. Forty-two facilities achieved an average completeness of more than 90%, whereas the remaining eight lagged significantly behind this level. CONCLUSION: At the time of this study (late 1992 to early 1993), only about 20% of the facilities surveyed had informational systems and sufficient ascertainment of data to support the practice of mammography audit studies. After active data follow-up, more than 80% of the facilities were willing and able to achieve a high degree of data completeness with the assistance of our data abstracters. The results of this study suggest that, with the advent of standardized mammography data collection and analysis systems and increased emphasis on clinical outcomes assessment as a standard of care, the practice of performing mammography audits, although not currently widespread, is feasible for most facilities.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1989

A specialist leukaemia/lymphoma registry in the UK. Part 1: Incidence and geographical distribution of Hodgkin's disease. Leukaemia Research Fund Data Collection Study Group.

This paper describes the epidemiology of Hodgkin's disease occurring in parts of the United Kingdom between 1984 and 1986. The cases were carefully diagnosed and the data rigorously cross-checked as part of the larger Leukaemia Research Fund Data Collection Survey of all lymphoid and haematogenous malignancies. The age-specific rates show the lack of an older adult second peak. Spatial variation is examined in some detail. At county and district levels there is little heterogeneity in the distribution of cases. However, at the electoral ward level there were real differences for the younger age group (0-34).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Reconstruction of conductivity changes due to ventilation and perfusion from EIT data collected on a rectangular electrode array.

In this paper we demonstrate that conductivity changes caused by ventilation and perfusion in a human subject can be reconstructed from electrical impedance tomography data collected on a rectangular array of electrodes placed on a subject's chest. Currents are applied on the electrodes and the resulting voltages on the electrodes are measured. A 3D reconstruction algorithm is used to reconstruct the conductivity distribution in the region beneath the array. Time traces of the reconstructed conductivity distribution demonstrate the detected changes in conductivity due to ventilation and perfusion.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

Can obstetric complications explain the high levels of obstetric interventions and maternity service use among older women? A retrospective analysis of routinely collected data.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the higher levels of obstetric intervention and maternity service use among older women can be explained by obstetric complications. DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of routinely collected data from the Aberdeen Maternity and Neonatal Databank. PARTICIPANTS: All residents of Aberdeen city district delivering singleton infants at the Maternity Hospital 1988-1997 (28,484 deliveries). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Odds ratios for each intervention in older maternal age groups compared with women aged 20-29. Interventions considered include obstetric interventions (induction of labour, augmentation, epidural use, assisted delivery, caesarean section) and raised maternity service use (more than two prenatal scans, amniocentesis, antenatal admission to hospital, admission at delivery of more than five days, infant resuscitation, and admission to the neonatal unit). METHODS: Logistic regression was used to investigate the association between maternal age and the incidence of interventions. The odds ratios for each intervention were then adjusted for relevant obstetric complications and maternal socio-demographic characteristics. RESULTS: Levels of amniocentesis, caesarean section, assisted delivery, induction, and augmentation (in primiparae) are all higher among older women. Maternity service use also increases significantly with age: older women are more likely to have an antenatal admission, more than two scans, a hospital stay at delivery of more than five days, and have their baby admitted to a neonatal unit. Controlling for relevant obstetric complications reveals several examples of effect modification, but does not eliminate the age effect for most interventions in most groups of women. CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of intervention among older women are not explained by the obstetric complications we considered.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Demand for and supply of out of hours care from general practitioners in England and Scotland: observational study based on routinely collected data.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the level of demand and supply of out of hours care from a nationally representative sample of general practice cooperatives. DESIGN: Observational study based on routinely collected data on telephone calls, patient population data from general practices, and information about cooperatives from interviews with managers. SETTING: 20 cooperatives in England and Scotland selected after stratification by region and by size. SUBJECTS: 899 657 out of hours telephone calls over 12 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Numbers and age and sex specific rates of calls; variation in demand and activity in relation to characteristics of the population; timing of calls; proportion of patients consulting at home, at a primary care centre, or on the telephone; response times; hospital admission rates. RESULTS: The out of hours call rate (excluding bank holidays) was 159 calls per 1000 patients/year, with rates in children aged under 5 years four times higher than for adults. Little variation occurred by day of the week or seasonally. Cooperatives in Scotland experienced higher demand than those in England. Patients living in deprived areas made 70% more calls than those in non-deprived areas, but this had little effect on the overall variation in demand. 45.4% (408 407) of calls were handled by telephone advice, 23.6% (212 550) by a home visit, and 29.8% (267 663) at a centre. Cooperatives responded to 60% of calls within 30 minutes and to 83% within one hour. Hospital admission followed 5.5% (30 743/554 179) of out of hours calls (8 admissions per 1000 patients/year). CONCLUSIONS: This project provides national baseline data for the planning of services and the analysis of future changes.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effect of follicular size on oocyte retrieval, fertilization, cleavage, and embryo quality in in vitro fertilization cycles: a 6-year data collection.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of follicular size, including the size of the leading follicle, on oocyte retrieval, fertilization, cleavage, and embryo quality in IVF cycles based on a large data collection. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of 1,109 IVF cycles between 1987 and 1993 at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania including 606 patients ranging in age from 23 to 49 years. RESULTS: Follicles with a volume < or = 1 mL show a significantly lower oocyte recovery rate than follicles with a volume of > 1 mL. The highest recovery rate (83.5%) was found in follicles with a volume of 3 to 4 mL. Above a follicular volume of 7 mL, the oocyte recovery drops below that observed for follicles between 1 and 7 mL. Fertilization and cleavage rates were also higher in oocytes obtained from follicles > 1 mL compared with follicles < or = 1 mL. Although fertilization rates were fairly stable above volumes of 1 mL, cleavage rates continued to rise to a peak percentage of 92% with volumes between 6 and 7 mL. Leading follicle size did not have an effect on fertilization and cleavage rates of cohort oocytes. Embryo quality was not influenced significantly by follicular volume. CONCLUSION: Based on this evaluation of a large number of follicles, follicular size is a useful indicator of oocyte recovery, fertilization, and cleavage in IVF cycles. For optimal results, the follicular fluid volume in gonadotropin- and hCG-stimulated cycles should be > 1 mL, which corresponds to a follicle diameter of > 12 mm, and not larger than 7 mL (24 mm). For timing of hCG administration, the number of adequate size follicles appears to be more important than the size of the leading follicle(s).

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Does environmental data collection need statistics?

The term 'statistics' with reference to environmental science and policymaking might mean different things: the development of statistical methodology, the methodology developed by statisticians to interpret and analyse such data, or the statistical data that are needed to understand environmental pollution and to identify possible policy options. This may and indeed has led to confusion on the part of the users of 'statistics' in environmental science and policymaking. This paper focuses on some of the needs of environmental scientists for statistical methodologies to help us do our jobs better. Statisticians and statistics can contribute to environmental science and the environmental policymaking process in three main ways. First, in describing phenomena: this may in some cases be a non-trivial application of statistical methods. Second, by assessing causal relations: (multivariate) analysis techniques can be applied in establishing the (causal) relations between pressures, state and impact. Third, by setting and checking of standards: uncertainties between the dose-effect relations and the formulation of the standard, and the standard and the state of the environment should be carefully dealt with. Statisticians may help in formulating the standards in such a way that standard checking is as straightforward as possible.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2000

A summary of river water quality data collected within the Land-Ocean Interaction Study: core data for eastern UK rivers draining to the North Sea

A numerical summary of the water quality of rivers draining into the North Sea from the eastern UK is presented using core information collected within the Land-Ocean Interaction Study (LOIS) and a companion study by the Institute of Hydrology. The analysis is based on weekly monitoring for periods from 1993 to 1999 for major, minor, nutrient, trace and other water quality determinand chemistry. The data cover rivers ranging from the rural Tweed in southeastern Scotland, to the urban and industrially impacted Wear and Humber rivers in the north and central England and two agriculturally impacted rivers in the south of England (Great Ouse and Thames). Within the analysis, monthly averaged concentrations are plotted to show the seasonality. The summary provides specific information on the water quality of UK rivers which is of use in developing European and global initiatives for assessing pollutant inputs to estuarine, coastal and open-sea environments.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Hospital consumption of antibiotics in 15 European countries: results of the ESAC Retrospective Data Collection (1997-2002).

OBJECTIVES: To collect reliable, comparable and publicly available data on hospital use of antibiotics in Europe aggregated at the national level (1997-2002). METHODS: Consumption data of systemic antibiotics in Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) class J01 were collected and expressed in defined daily doses (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day. Valid data for 2002 were available for 15 countries, and 6 year trends for 10 countries. Comparison with ambulatory care (AC) consumption data was possible in 14 countries. RESULTS: In 2002, median national hospital antibiotic consumption in Europe was 2.1 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day in Europe, ranging from 3.9 in Finland and France to 1.3 in Norway and Sweden. Hospital care (HC) consumption as a proportion of total antibiotic consumption ranged from 17.8% to 6.4%. The consumption of hospital-specific antibiotics ranged from 0.43 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day in Greece and 0.08 in Sweden. Six-year trends in consumption were stable, except for rising co-amoxiclav exposure and more rapid market penetration of new antibiotics (e.g. levofloxacin) in some countries. There was a strong, positive correlation between the extent of antibiotic use in AC and in HC (Spearman coefficient 0.745; P = 0.002), both for overall use and for use of five main classes (not macrolides and 'others'). In contrast to AC consumption no substantial seasonal variation in consumption was observed. CONCLUSIONS: It was cumbersome but feasible to collect ecological data on hospital antibiotic consumption in a set of 15 European countries on a retrospective basis, illustrating substantial cross-national variations in the extent and distribution of exposure to antibiotics in hospital care.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

[Evaluating the rehabilitation process by means of peer review: examination of the methods used and findings of the 2000/2001 data collection in the somatic indications].

This paper reports the results of a peer review system that was implemented in the context of the quality assurance programme of the statutory German Pension Insurance scheme. The data reported refer to the 2000/2001 data collection period for medical rehabilitation in the somatic indications. Examination of inter-rater reliability for judgements of individual raters shows satisfactory results only in orthopaedics. In the quality assurance programme, rehabilitation centres are usually evaluated by the mean of 20 rater judgements. The reliability of this aggregated measure is satisfactory in all indications. The results of 561 rehabilitation centres show that those quality criteria are in particular need of improvement that refer to subjective concepts of patients (e. g., subjective theories of illness). Between peer review procedures in 1998 and 1999, the quality scores of rehabilitation centres had improved whereas between 1999 and 2000/2001, no further improvement can be shown. However, those rehabilitation centres with a low quality score in 1999 (lowest quartile of the distribution) underwent a positive development between 1999 and 2000/2001. Reasons for this trend and possibilities for improving interrater reliability of the peer review process as an element of the quality assurance programme of the German Pension Insurance scheme are discussed.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed2004

Is HIV/sexually transmitted disease prevention counseling effective among vulnerable populations?: a subset analysis of data collected for a randomized, controlled trial evaluating counseling efficacy (Project RESPECT).

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate counseling efficacy among high-risk groups. STUDY: We conducted a subset analysis of data collected from July 1993 through September 1996 during a randomized, controlled trial (Project RESPECT). Participants (n = 4328) from 5 public U.S. sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics were assigned to enhanced counseling, brief counseling, or educational messages. For 9 subgroups (sex, age, city, education, prior HIV test, STD at enrollment, race/ethnicity, injection drug use, exchanging sex for money/drugs), we compared STD outcomes for those assigned either type of counseling with STD outcomes for those assigned educational messages. RESULTS: After 12 months, all subgroups assigned counseling (brief or enhanced) had fewer STDs than those assigned educational messages. STD incidence was similar for most subgroups assigned enhanced or brief counseling. All subgroups had an appreciable number of STDs prevented per 100 persons counseled, especially adolescents (9.4 per 100) and persons with STD at enrollment (8.4 per 100). CONCLUSIONS: HIV/STD prevention counseling (brief or enhanced counseling) resulted in fewer STDs than educational messages for all subgroups of STD clinic clients, including high-risk groups such as adolescents and persons with STDs at enrollment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

In a randomized controlled trial, patients preferred electronic data collection of breast cancer risk-factor information in a mammography setting.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We evaluated patient acceptance of an electronic questionnaire to collect breast cancer risk-factor data in a mammography setting. METHODS: We developed an electronic questionnaire on a tablet computer incorporating prefilled answers and skip patterns. Using a randomized controlled study design, we tested the survey in a mammography clinic that administers a paper risk-factor questionnaire to every woman at her screening mammogram. We randomized 160 women to use the electronic survey (experimental group, n = 86) or paper survey (control group, n = 74). We evaluated patient acceptance and data completeness. RESULTS: Overall, 70.4% of the experimental group women thought the survey was very easy to use, compared to 55.6% of women in the control group. Ninety percent of experimental group women preferred using the tablet, compared to the paper questionnaire. Preference for the tablet did not differ by age; however, women > or = 60 years did not find the tablet as easy to use as did women < 60 years. The proportion of missing data was significantly lower on the tablet compared to the paper questionnaire (4.6% vs. 6.2%, P = .04). CONCLUSION: Electronic questionnaires are feasible to use in a mammography setting, can improve data quality, and are preferred by women regardless of age.

Adult↗