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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Routine monitoring of visual outcome of cataract surgery. Part 1: Development of an instrument.

AIM: To develop a system for routine monitoring of visual outcome after cataract surgery. METHODS: Staff from eight eye centres in Asia and Africa defined the data collection form and report formats to be used for monitoring visual outcome after cataract surgery. Several operational research questions were raised and methods developed to address them. The system was field tested for 6 months and the operational studies undertaken. The system was finalised based upon the experience gained. FINDINGS: Two different systems for data collection were developed: a manual paper tally system and a computer system (cataract surgery record forms (CSRF)). Both systems report on operative complications; the proportion with good outcome (can see 6/18) and poor outcome (cannot see 6/60); and causes of poor outcome. Data are collected at discharge and at specified time intervals at follow up. Both systems were well accepted. CONCLUSION: The major problem in field testing was data entry errors in centres using the computerised system. Routine monitoring of cataract outcome should be used by individual surgeons or centres to follow trends in their own results over time, and not to compare surgeons, in an atmosphere of trust and support. Visual acuity at discharge, which can readily be collected on all patients, can be used providing it is appreciated that the final results will be much better. Rapid feedback of results can enhance the consciousness of the eye surgeons to causes of poor outcome. Accuracy in data entry and an efficient flow of record forms are essential.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reinventing vital statistics. The impact of changes in information technology, welfare policy, and health care.

Vital statistics offers a case study in the potential of new information technology and reengineering to achieve better public sector performance. New technology--notably the shift from a paper to an electronic process for recording vital events and transmitting the data to public agencies--is creating opportunities to produce more timely, accurate, and useful information. The furthest advanced innovation is the electronic birth certificate. At the same time, changes in welfare policy and health care--including efforts to establish paternity at the time of birth and to improve health care outcomes--are creating pressures for more policy-relevant data about vital events. In addition, the rise of integrated health plans and health information networks is radically altering the organizational context of vital statistics. On the basis of a State-by-State survey of vital statistics officials, the authors estimate that at the end of 1994, 58 percent of all births in the United States were being recorded on an electronic birth certificate and communicated to a public agency electronically. Nearly all respondents reported that the electronic birth certificate brought improvements in both timeliness and accuracy of data. Achieving the full promise of the new technology, however, will require more fundamental changes in institutions and policies and a reconceptualization of the birth certificate as part of a broader perinatal information system.

Birth Certificates↗
PubMed2004

Seeking a home for a PET, part 3: Emerging applications of positron emission tomography imaging in the management of patients with lung cancer.

Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is an important tool to refine the diagnosis and staging approach in patients with a possible lung cancer. In addition, other applications of PET imaging are being explored. Data consistently show that the intensity of uptake on a PET scan correlates with the biological aggressiveness of a tumor. PET imaging for restaging after induction therapy does not appear to be accurate enough to guide management. The results of PET imaging late after completion of treatment are highly predictive of future survival, and changes in PET images after only one cycle of chemotherapy are predictive of how a patient will respond to that planned treatment. PET imaging may allow radiotherapy treatment fields to be planned with greater accuracy, although data on how this affects patient outcomes are not yet available. Further technologic improvements in PET scanners are likely to bring further benefits to the management of patients with lung cancer in the future.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The ITACARE Study.

ITACARE is a collaborative study on the survival of Italian cancer patients diagnosed in the period 1978-1989. The study involves 11 Italian population-based cancer registries (CRs) (Firenze, Forli-Ravenna, Genova, Latina, Modena, Parma, Ragusa, Torino, Varese, the childhood CR of Piedmont and the colorectal CR of Modena), and its principal aim is to identify and analyze possible differences between the areas covered by the CRs. This article describes the ITACARE database. Ten percent of the Italian population is covered by the participating CRs, most of which are located in the northern part of the country. All malignant cancer sites (classified by ICD-9) except skin cancers were included. For bladder cancers, papillomas and transitional cell tumours grade 1 and 2 were also included. Survival data on over 100,000 cases were collected. The principal information variables were sex, date of birth, diagnosis and end of follow-up, life status, ICD-9 code for tumour site, diagnosis modality (clinical, cytologic confirmation, histologic confirmation), ICD-0 morphology code, and tumour stage (grouped into broad categories). Follow-up is active in all registries. All cases were checked systematically for errors and inconsistencies, following which about 0.2% of cases were excluded from the analyses. The percentage of cases microscopically verified, which is an indicator of diagnostic accuracy and data reliability, was higher among patients under 65 years of age (90%), breast cancer patients (92%) and cases covered by the Varese, Torino and Forli-Ravenna CRs (more than 82%). The percentage of cases known by death certificate only (an indicator of the completeness and quality of registration) was about 3% of total cases and was higher among older patients (4%). Province-specific mortality, used to compute relative survival from cancer (i.e., survival adjusted for competing causes of death), varied according to period of diagnosis, sex and area: the highest mortality was among women of the Ragusa CR (Sicily) and men in northern CRs. Overall mortality decreased during the period, more markedly in the north and among women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Geocoding in cancer research: a review.

There is now widespread agreement that geographic identifiers (geocodes) should be assigned to cancer records, but little agreement on their form and how they should be assigned, reported, and used. This paper reviews geocoding practice in relation to major purposes and discusses methods to improve the accuracy of geocoded cancer data. Differences in geocoding methods and materials introduce errors of commission and omission into geocoded data. A common source of error comes from the practice of using digital boundary files of dubious quality to place addresses into areas of interest. Geocoded data are linked to demographic, environmental, and health services data, and each data type has unique accuracy considerations. In health services applications, the accuracy of distances computed from geocodes can differ markedly. Privacy and confidentiality issues are important in the use and release of geocoded cancer data. When masking methods are used for disclosure limitation purposes, statistical methods must be adjusted for the locational uncertainty of geocoded data. We conclude that selection of one particular type of geographic area as the geocode may unnecessarily constrain future work. Therefore, the longitude and latitude of each case is the superior basic geocode; all other geocodes of interest can be constructed from this basic identifier.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2000

[Implementation of a software for acquiring and analysing myoelectric potential signals in ergonomical research of space manual system].

Objective. A software used for acquiring and analyzing signals was developed for ergonomical research on Human Workload in space manual system. Method. As an important part of the whole experimental equipment and being developed in PC, the software is composed of acquisition and display program, analysis and processing program and data files. Result. The software is capable of making realtime acquisition and display of four channels of myoelectric potential signals and one channel of operation signal synchronously. The signals are then analyzed and processed off-line. Conclusion. During the development, its realtime feature was implemented by means of some technical methods, such as that different machine assigned to view-scenery display and signal acquisition, different frequency assigned to EMG signal and operation ones, and different cycle assigned to acquisition, display and storage. Above all, with friendly man-machine interface and high accuracy of data, the software was even reliable.

Data Display↗
PubMed1998

Recommended practices for surveillance. Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Surveillance Initiative working Group.

Demonstration of quality health care includes documentation of outcomes of care. Surveillance is a comprehensive method of measuring outcomes and related processes of care, analyzing the data, and providing information to members of the health care team to assist in improving those outcomes. Surveillance is an essential component of effective clinical programs designed to reduce the frequency of adverse events such as infection or injury. Although there is no single or "right" method of surveillance design or implementation, sound epidemiologic principles must form the foundation of effective systems and must be understood by key participants in the surveillance program and supported by senior management. Teamwork and collaboration across the health care spectrum are important for the development of surveillance plans. Each health care organization must tailor its surveillance systems to maximize resources by focusing on population characteristics, outcome priorities, and organizational objectives. To ensure quality of surveillance, the following elements must be incorporated: A written plan should serve as the foundation of any surveillance program. The plan should outline important objectives and elements of the surveillance process so that resources can be targeted appropriately. Thoroughness or intensity of surveillance for an area of interest must be maintained at the same level over time. Fluctuations of a surveillance rate have no meaning unless the same level of data collection is maintained. External rate comparisons are meaningless unless the systems used have comparable intensity. All the elements of surveillance should be used with consistency over time. This includes application of surveillance definitions and rate calculation methods. Personnel resources need to be appropriate for the type of surveillance being performed. This includes trained professionals who understand epidemiology and who have access to continuing professional education opportunities. Other resources essential to surveillance include computer support, information and technology services, clerical services, and administrative understanding and support to maintain a quality program. As a means of quality control and to ensure accuracy, the data and process of surveillance should undergo periodic evaluation and validation. This document is intended to assist professionals who plan and conduct surveillance programs as well as those who assure that there is appropriate organizational support to accomplish appropriate surveillance. While design of surveillance systems must be unique for each organization, incorporation of these seven core Recommended Practices for Surveillance provides a scientific framework to approach surveillance programs.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed2005

Dairy manure nutrient analysis using quick tests.

Rapid on-farm assessment of manure nutrient content can be achieved with the use of quick tests. These tests can be used to indirectly measure the nutrient content in animal slurries immediately before manure is applied on agricultural fields. The objective of this study was to assess the reliability of hydrometers, electrical conductivity meter and pens, and Agros N meter against standard laboratory methods. Manure samples were collected from 34 dairy farms in the Mammoth Cave area in central Kentucky. Regression equations were developed for combined and individual counties located In the area (Barren, Hart and Monroe). Our results indicated that accuracy in nutrient estimation could be improved if separate linear regressions were developed for farms with similar facilities in a county. Direct hydrometer estimates of total nitrogen were among the most accurate when separate regression equations were developed for each county (R2 = 0.61, 0.93, and 0.74 for Barren, Hart and Monroe county, respectively). Reasonably accurate estimates (R2 > 0.70) were also obtained for total nitrogen and total phosphorus using hydrometers, either by relating specific gravity to nutrient content or to total solids content. Estimation of ammoniacal nitrogen with Agros N meter and electrical conductivity meter/pens correlated well with standard laboratory determinations, especially while using the individual data sets from Hart County (R2 = 0.70 to 0.87). This study indicates that the use of quick test calibration equations developed for a small area or region where farms are similar in terms of manure handling and management, housing, and feed ration are more appropriate than using "universal" equations usually developed with combined data sets. Accuracy is expected to improve if individual farms develop their own calibration curves. Nevertheless, we suggest confidence intervals always be specified for nutrients estimated through quick testing for any specific region, county, or farm.

Automation↗
PubMed2006

F-18 FDG PET/CT evaluation of osseous and soft tissue sarcomas.

INTRODUCTION: Osseous and soft tissue sarcomas (OSTS) represent a histologic heterogeneous group of malignant tumors. Most of the current clinical data on the role of F-18 FDG PET in sarcomas come from patients studied with dedicated PET and less frequently with hardware fusion PET/CT. Therefore, we were prompted to review our experience with F-18 FDG PET/CT in OSTS. METHODS: This is a retrospective study (January 2003-December 2005) of 44 patients with histologic diagnoses of OSTS who had F-18 FDG PET/CT at our institution. The group included 22 men and 22 women with an age range of 2 of 84 years (average, 37 +/- 20.2 years). The administered doses of F-18 FDG range 4.1 to 19.5 mCi (average, 14.3 +/- 3 mCi). Reinterpretation of the imaging studies for accuracy and data analysis from medical records was performed. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of combined F-18 FDG PET/CT were 100% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 75.7-100) and 93.3% (95% CI = 78.7-98.1) for the primary OSTS, and 80% (95% CI = 58.4-91.9) and 86.4% (95% CI = 66.7-95.2) for metastases. When interpreted separately, CT outperformed PET for pulmonary metastases detection: CT was 76.5% sensitive and 88% specific, whereas PET was only 57.1% sensitive but 96.4% specific. For detection of other metastases, CT was 82.3% sensitive and 76% specific, with PET demonstrating 78.6% sensitivity and 92.8% specificity. CONCLUSION: Relatively similar results (except better specificity for PET and PET/CT) were noted when examining the rate of metastases detection, excluding pulmonary lesions. However, CT had a better detection rate for pulmonary metastases when compared with PET alone. A negative PET scan in the presence of suspicious CT findings in the chest cannot reliably exclude pulmonary metastases from OSTS.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prediction of maximum hepatic enhancement on computed tomography from dose of contrast material and patient weight: proposal of a new formula and evaluation of its accuracy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of formulas for predicting maximum hepatic enhancement (MHE) on computed tomography (CT) from patient weight and dose of contrast material. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 104 patients weighing 40-80 kg (mean 58+/-9.7 kg) underwent contrast enhanced abdominal CT. Contrast material [100 ml at 300 mgI/ml (n=54) or 370 mgI/ml (n=50)] was administered at the rate of 2 ml/sec. MHE (HU) was obtained in each patient. We assumed the following exponential model: MHE = C1W(C2)D(C3) (W: body weight in kg, D: dose of iodine in gram, C1, C2, and C3: coefficients). These coefficients were obtained by a multiple regression analysis performed on the data. The accuracy of our formula was evaluated by the ratio (AR) of calculated MHE to measured MHE, and the difference (AD) between calculated MHE and measured MHE. The values of AR and AD in our formula were compared with those in Heiken's formula: MHE=CD/W (C: coefficient). RESULTS: We derived MHE=13.2 D/W(0.5) as our exponential formula and MHE =101 D/W as Heiken's formula. AR was 1.04+/-0.20 (mean +/- SD) and AD was 9.03+/-6.35 with our formula, while the corresponding values were 1.04+/-0.21 and 9.55+/-6.88 with Heiken's formula. The values of AR and AD were not significantly different between the two formulas. CONCLUSION: The combination of our formula and Heiken's formula may be useful in determining the optimal dose of contrast material according to patient weight for the detection of hypovascular liver tumors.

Body Weight↗
PubMed2004

Solution structure of Cu6 metallothionein from the fungus Neurospora crassa.

The 3D-solution structure of Neurospora crassa Cu(6)-metallothionein (NcMT) polypeptide backbone was determined using homonuclear, multidimensional (1)H-NMR spectroscopy. It represents a new metallothionein (MT) fold with a protein chain where the N-terminal half is left-handed and the C-terminal half right-handedly folded around a copper(I)-sulfur cluster. As seen with other MTs, the protein lacks definable secondary structural elements; however, the polypeptide fold is unique. The metal coordination and the cysteine spacing defines this unique fold. NcMT is only the second MT in the copper-bound form to be structurally characterized and the first containing the -CxCxxxxxCxC- motif. This motif is found in a variety of mammalian MTs and metalloregulatory proteins. The in vitro formation of the Cu(6)NcMT identical to the native Cu(6)NcMT was dependent upon the prior formation of the Zn(3)NcMT and its titration with Cu(I). The enhanced sensitivity and resolution of the 800 MHz (1)H-NMR spectral data permitted the 3D structure determination of the polypeptide backbone without the substitution and utilization of the NMR active spin 1/2 metals such as (113)Cd and (109)Ag. These restraints have been necessary to establish specific metal to cysteine restraints in 3D structural studies on this family of proteins when using lower field, less sensitive (1)H-NMR spectral data. The accuracy of the structure calculated without these constraints is, however, supported by the similarities of the 800 MHz structures of the alpha-domain of mouse MT1 compared to the one recalculated without metal-cysteine connectivities.

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed2004

Toward subchemical accuracy in computational thermochemistry: focal point analysis of the heat of formation of NCO and [H,N,C,O] isomers.

In continuing pursuit of thermochemical accuracy to the level of 0.1 kcal mol(-1), the heats of formation of NCO, HNCO, HOCN, HCNO, and HONC have been rigorously determined using state-of-the-art ab initio electronic structure theory, including conventional coupled cluster methods [coupled cluster singles and doubles (CCSD), CCSD with perturbative triples (CCSD(T)), and full coupled cluster through triple excitations (CCSDT)] with large basis sets, conjoined in cases with explicitly correlated MP2-R12/A computations. Limits of valence and all-electron correlation energies were extrapolated via focal point analysis using correlation consistent basis sets of the form cc-pVXZ (X=2-6) and cc-pCVXZ (X=2-5), respectively. In order to reach subchemical accuracy targets, core correlation, spin-orbit coupling, special relativity, the diagonal Born-Oppenheimer correction, and anharmonicity in zero-point vibrational energies were accounted for. Various coupled cluster schemes for partially including connected quadruple excitations were also explored, although none of these approaches gave reliable improvements over CCSDT theory. Based on numerous, independent thermochemical paths, each designed to balance residual ab initio errors, our final proposals are DeltaH(f,0) ( composite function )(NCO)=+30.5, DeltaH(f,0) ( composite function )(HNCO)=-27.6, DeltaH(f,0) ( composite function )(HOCN)=-3.1, DeltaH(f,0) ( composite function )(HCNO)=+40.9, and DeltaH(f,0) ( composite function )(HONC)=+56.3 kcal mol(-1). The internal consistency and convergence behavior of the data suggests accuracies of +/-0.2 kcal mol(-1) in these predictions, except perhaps in the HCNO case. However, the possibility of somewhat larger systematic errors cannot be excluded, and the need for CCSDTQ [full coupled cluster through quadruple excitations] computations to eliminate remaining uncertainties is apparent.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Shotgun protein sequencing by tandem mass spectra assembly.

The analysis of mass spectrometry data is still largely based on identification of single MS/MS spectra and does not attempt to make use of the extra information available in multiple MS/MS spectra from partially or completely overlapping peptides. Analysis of MS/MS spectra from multiple overlapping peptides opens up the possibility of assembling MS/MS spectra into entire proteins, similarly to the assembly of overlapping DNA reads into entire genomes. In this paper, we present for the first time a way to detect, score, and interpret overlaps between uninterpreted MS/MS spectra in an attempt to sequence entire proteins rather than individual peptides. We show that this approach not only extends the length of reconstructed amino acid sequences but also dramatically improves the quality of de novo peptide sequencing, even for low mass accuracy MS/MS data.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Automated nerve fibre size and myelin sheath measurement using microcomputer-based digital image analysis: theory, method and results.

In either clinical or research settings, manual measurement and counting of myelinated fibres in peripheral nerve is tedious and error-prone, yet fully automatic computerized counting and measuring of fibres fails to count small fibres and eliminate extraneous profiles in the tissue. This article describes an operator-interactive, semiautomated method for quantification of myelinated nerve fibre data using commercially available hardware and software on an inexpensive, yet full-featured image analysis system based on a microcomputer. Software macros automate the acquisition of data from the microscope images and the production of numerical and graphic data, with output to either paper hardcopy or 35 mm colour slides. User control is retained for dynamic thresholding, binary image creation and elimination of artifacts. In addition to generating the classic histogram showing the size distribution of nerve fibres, the thickness and variability of myelin sheaths are also graphically depicted. The method is based on measurement of myelin area and total perimeter, with calculation of equivalent circles and diameters for both axon and nerve fibre. Measured fibre sizes are thus somewhat larger than those resulting from manual methods using the minor diameter of an oval profile, or mean diameter of crenated or irregular profiles. The method allows the rapid measurement and counting of numbers of fibres previously impossible to assess manually, or using digitizing tablets. By increasing the speed and accuracy of data acquisition and processing using widely available microcomputers, the method may allow a better description of peripheral nerve changes in research and clinical settings.

Analog-Digital Conversion↗
PubMed1996

Recording, notification, compilation, and classification of statistics of occupational accidents and diseases: the Thai experience.

An International Labour Organization (ILO) project was conducted in July and August 1995 in Thailand to assist with the development of an information system on occupational accidents and diseases for the Workmen's Compensation Fund (WCF). The WCF provides cash benefits and medical care to insured workers who suffer employment injuries. The project included literature research based on the facilities of the ILO in Bangkok, and those of the Thai government, and a thorough review of the ILO Code of Practice (the Code) on recording and notification of occupational accidents and diseases, and of other international recommendations on statistics of occupational accidents and diseases. A comparative study of various notification systems of occupational accidents and diseases in Australia, Canada, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States was conducted. The project also included fact-finding sessions among various information suppliers and users in Thailand. The Thai notification form for collecting data for the database was redesigned and pretested. Results of the project indicated that the Code is appropriate for the recording and notification of occupational accidents and diseases in Thailand. In addition, a number of information requirements, which were included in the notification systems in the countries studied but not listed in the Code, were found to be useful for the database. A list of the baseline variables to be included in the proposed database was developed, the notification form was redesigned, and coding schemes for the information collected on the redesigned form were constructed on the basis of international standard classification systems for economic activity, employment status, occupation, nature of injury, occupational disease, body part, type of accident, and agency. A number of mechanisms were suggested for cross-checking the accuracy of data in the database. Based on the review of the Code and other international recommendations on statistical reporting, a list of baseline statistics was formulated for inclusion in the WCF annual report. Lastly, some suggestions for future statistical analysis of the database were given.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2003

Accuracy in the Outcomes and Assessment Information Set (OASIS): results of a video simulation.

There is little information regarding the accuracy of the Outcomes and Assessment Information Set (OASIS), the patient assessment tool mandated for use in Medicare-funded home health care. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the accuracy of OASIS completion by home health nurses and rehabilitation therapists, to compare responses of nurses and therapists, and to determine whether dispersion of answers would affect the home health resource group (HHRG) to which patients were assigned for Medicare home health care payments to agencies. Using a video simulation of admission and discharge visits, 436 clinicians from 29 Ohio home health care agencies scored selected OASIS items. Although the majority of the items were rated accurately, discrepancies were found between clinician responses and the "correct" answer on several items. Nurses and therapists provided similar ratings on most items studied, but for most cases in which discrepancies were found, nurses were more likely to agree with the "correct" answer. Discrepancies most often led to patients being assigned to lower-payment HHRGs. Continued monitoring of OASIS data collection accuracy is recommended to maximize the value of the OASIS instrument in home health care research, practice, and policy.

Hip Fractures↗
PubMed2003

Early pregnancy diagnosis in sheep by progesterone and pregnancy-associated glycoprotein tests.

The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of the progesterone (P4) and pregnancy associated glycoprotein (PAG) tests for determination of early pregnancy in sheep. Estrus was synchronized in 182 Awassi x Merino ewes and blood samples were collected at Days 0 (day of the insemination), 18, 22, 29, 36, and 50 after artificial insemination (AI). Plasma P4 concentrations at Days 0 and 18 were determined by double antibody radioimmunoassay, while PAG concentrations at Days 22, 29, 36 and 50 were determined by a heterologous, double-antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) using the bovine PAG 67 kDa subunit as tracer and standard and rabbit antiserum raised against a mixture of caprine 55 and 59 kDa PAG subunits as the first antibody. The discriminatory value for diagnosis of pregnancy by the P4 and the PAG-RIA tests was > or = 1 ng/ml. Based on lambing data, the accuracy for diagnosing pregnant (sensitivity) and non-pregnant ewes (specificity) and predictivity of both tests were calculated. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for P4 and PAG tests were 100, 95.4, 81.6, and 100% at Day 18 (P4) and 93.5, 100, 100 and 98.7% at Day 22 (PAG), respectively. For diagnosis of non-pregnant ewes the PAG test had significantly higher specificity than the P4 test (P < 0.05). It is concluded that ovine pregnancy can be reliably diagnosed at Day 22 after AI by using a heterologous radioimmunoassay of PAG.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Changes in nutrition among residents and refugees in Sarajevo during the war.

OBJECTIVE: To assess how food shortage has been reflected in changes in nutritional status and dietary intake of resident and refugee populations in wartime Sarajevo. DESIGN: Longitudinal observations were carried out on residents (who stayed in their homes) and refugees (living in collective centres). Three out of four municipal areas of Sarajevo were covered in the sample and households and collective centres in close proximity to the homes of fieldworkers were selected. The same households were visited in October 1992-March 1993 and November 1993-January 1994. SETTING: The study took place in besieged Sarajevo. SUBJECTS: In the first round 362 households (170 resident and 192 refugee) were visited and in the second round 324 households (146 resident and 178 refugee) were visited. INTERVENTIONS: Nutritional information was gathered through anthropometric measurements, medical examination and questionnaires which included a seven day dietary recall. RESULTS: Nutritional status was assessed by calculating body mass index (BMI) (weight/height2) in adults and weight for age percentiles in children (2-18 years of age). Undernutrition in adults was defined as BMI < 18.5 and in children as weight for age < 25th percentile. Results from the first round of data collection showed a higher level of undernutrition among refugees (15.0%) compared to residents (5.3%). The second round revealed higher levels of undernutrition among residents (8.1%) than refugees (7.0%). Daily energy intake in the first round met only half recommended dietary allowances for the former Yugoslavia which is 2700 kcals per day. Refugees were found to consume slightly higher quantities of energy (1500 kcals) compared to residents (1272 kcals). In the second round, energy intake had increased both among refugees (1832 kcals) and residents (1630 kcals). CONCLUSIONS: The population of Sarajevo have been forced to eat a monotonous diet during the war which is deficient both in quantity and quality. Nevertheless the nutritional status of the resident and refugee populations has been maintained. Dietary intake was found to be low but this may have been partly due to under-reporting. The accuracy of data obtained through dietary intake surveys in emergency conditions may be questionable.

Adolescent↗