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PubMed1984

Initial, rapid phase of recovery from unilateral vestibular lesion in rat not dependent on survival of central portion of vestibular nerve.

The behavioral effects of vestibular endorgan lesions were compared with those of vestibular ganglion lesions in the albino rat. No differences in head tilt angle or spontaneous eye nystagmus beat frequency were noted between the two groups during the first 36 h after the lesion was made. Of rats studied beyond 36 h, 2/7 with lesions restricted to the endorgans and 2/3 with ganglion lesions showed pronounced secondary increases in head tilt and tonic eye deviation, but not eye nystagmus. Single units were recorded in the ganglion acutely, as well as 1,2, and 14 days after an endorgan lesion was made. Practically no resting activity could be recorded in the ganglion acutely (2-7 h) after endorgan damage, and the resting activity at subsequent times was slight. It is concluded that an intact vestibular ganglion isolated from the sensory periphery is of no functional significance during the first 36 h, when the largest decreases in magnitude of the behavioral signs of unilateral labyrinthectomy occur in the rat. A slight significance at later times is not ruled out.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1995

Induction by lipopolysaccharide of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in rat brain; its possible role in the febrile response.

Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is a newly discovered isoform of cyclooxygenase that is inducible by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or cytokines. This enzyme is considered to play a major role in inflammatory processes by catalyzing the production of prostaglandins. In the present study, induction of COX-2 mRNA in the rat brain by intraperitoneal injection of LPS was studied by the in situ hybridization technique with special attention paid to timing and sites of induction along with the time course of fever. In situ hybridization was carried out on sections of rat brain, 1 h (latent phase), 2.5 h (maximally febrile phase), 4 h (plateau phase), and 7 h (recovery phase) after the LPS injection, as well as on those from the brains of untreated and saline-injected rats. Injection of LPS induced COX-2 mRNA in the brain in two different constituents: neuronal cells and non-parenchymal cells of the blood vessels and leptomeninges. Induction in the neuronal cells was restricted to some telencephalic areas where the COX-2 mRNA signal was also detected in control animals. The signal was maximally enhanced by 50 to 80% over the basal level 1 h after LPS injection. The COX-2 mRNA signal was hardly detectable in neuronal and glial cells in other brain regions, including the preoptic area, either in control or LPS-injected rats. Strong COX-2 mRNA signals, however, appeared in the inner surface of blood vessels and the leptomeninges over the entire brain, including the preoptic area and its vicinity. The signals were not detectable in the brains of control rats and were most intense in the brains of rats treated with LPS for 2.5 h or 4 h. These results demonstrate that two major cell groups in the brain, neuronal cells and non-parenchymal cells, are responsible for the enhanced production of prostaglandins after systemic LPS treatment. Considering the site and timing of induction, we propose a possible role for blood vessels and leptomeninges as the source of prostaglandin E2 in the genesis of fever.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Distinct phases in recovery of reconstituted innate cellular-mediated immunity after murine syngeneic bone marrow transplantation.

Defects in immune reconstitution after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation confer extreme infection risk on to the transplant recipient. Perturbations in adaptive immune reconstitution have been well characterized, yet defects in reconstituted innate cellular-mediated immunity remain largely unstudied. Recovery in innate effector cells was defined by using an established murine model of autologous bone marrow transplantation. Cytokine induction after cell culture and systemic stimulation with pathogen-associated molecular patterns was also measured for control, transplant-recipient, and irradiated-only animals. Early reconstitution (7 to 14 days) of donor-derived macrophages, dendritic cells, and polymorphonuclear cells was associated with recovery in interleukin (IL)-12p70 and IL-6 production. Later reconstitution (21 days) of natural killer cells was associated with interferon (IFN)-gamma recovery. Hence, splenocyte innate cellular-mediated immunity recovered to normal levels in cellularity and IL-12p70, IFN-gamma, and IFN-alpha production by 21 days after transplantation. In contrast, levels of systemic cytokine production from transplant-recipient and irradiated-only animals were preserved despite incomplete or absent hematopoietic reconstitution. These results suggest that innate immune responses to systemic inflammatory challenges are largely intact after autologous bone marrow transplantation, whereas local innate cellular-mediated immunity within reconstituting lymphoid organs may be impaired. The disparate effects of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation on host immune function may translate to differences in susceptibility to local versus systemic infectious challenges.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effect of gender on the adaptation of arm coordination in front crawl.

The aim of this study was to compare the arm coordination of 14 elite men swimmers and 10 elite women swimmers at eight different velocities, from the usual 3000 m velocity to their maximal velocity (V (max)). Each stroke phase was identified by video analysis and the Index of Coordination (IdC) was established. Three modes of coordination have been identified: catch-up (IdC < 0); opposition (IdC = 0); and superposition (IdC > 0). This study shows that at a greater individually imposed swim pace (ISP) elite men spontaneously adapt by opposing their arms during sprint time (IdC = +2.57 +/- 6 % at Vmax), whereas elite women (IdC = -3.88 +/- 6.1 % at V (max)) adapt more slowly, remaining in catch-up coordination. Elite men favoured the increase of propulsive actions by increasing the propulsive phases (pull and push phases) and decreasing the entry + catch phase, even if the recovery phase increased. Elite women generated less propulsive actions during sprint, i. e. shorter push and pull phases and a longer entry + catch phase. The biomechanical constraints (effective velocity: EV) could explain that men switched coordination at high velocity (sprint), whilst the differences between men and women at a similar EV related more to their motor organisation than to biomechanical constraints. Anthropometric data could partially explain this difference between genders. Height (171.6 +/- 5.8 cm vs. 185.5 +/- 4.2 cm) and arm span (177.12 +/- 6.24 cm vs. 192.75 +/- 1.83 cm) were smaller in women than in men. The women catch-up coordination was not a "worse coordination" when compared with that of men, but it reflected a different motor organisation resulting from different anthropometric properties and swimming technique. Therefore, catch-up coordination could be an individual response to different constraints.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

Carbohydrates and fat for training and recovery.

An important goal of the athlete's everyday diet is to provide the muscle with substrates to fuel the training programme that will achieve optimal adaptation for performance enhancements. In reviewing the scientific literature on post-exercise glycogen storage since 1991, the following guidelines for the training diet are proposed. Athletes should aim to achieve carbohydrate intakes to meet the fuel requirements of their training programme and to optimize restoration of muscle glycogen stores between workouts. General recommendations can be provided, preferably in terms of grams of carbohydrate per kilogram of the athlete's body mass, but should be fine-tuned with individual consideration of total energy needs, specific training needs and feedback from training performance. It is valuable to choose nutrient-rich carbohydrate foods and to add other foods to recovery meals and snacks to provide a good source of protein and other nutrients. These nutrients may assist in other recovery processes and, in the case of protein, may promote additional glycogen recovery when carbohydrate intake is suboptimal or when frequent snacking is not possible. When the period between exercise sessions is < 8 h, the athlete should begin carbohydrate intake as soon as practical after the first workout to maximize the effective recovery time between sessions. There may be some advantages in meeting carbohydrate intake targets as a series of snacks during the early recovery phase, but during longer recovery periods (24 h) the athlete should organize the pattern and timing of carbohydrate-rich meals and snacks according to what is practical and comfortable for their individual situation. Carbohydrate-rich foods with a moderate to high glycaemic index provide a readily available source of carbohydrate for muscle glycogen synthesis, and should be the major carbohydrate choices in recovery meals. Although there is new interest in the recovery of intramuscular triglyceride stores between training sessions, there is no evidence that diets which are high in fat and restricted in carbohydrate enhance training.

Dietary Carbohydrates↗
PubMed1993

Left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction in the acute phases of myocardial ischaemia and infarction, and in the later phases of recovery. Function follows morphology.

Myocardial ischaemia and infarction result in major changes in myocardial function, due to the metabolic and structural cause. The observed morphological changes may be macroscopic--as in clinical myocardial infarction, microscopic--as in severe, prolonged ischaemia, or ultramicroscopic--in regard to the collagen matrix. Recognition of the vulnerability of these structures to the metabolic and mechanical stresses associated with severe ischaemia or infarction allows an understanding of the processes of acute dilatation, late adverse remodelling and compensatory hypertrophy, which determine both systolic and diastolic dysfunction and define the principal clinical complications. Morphology--'Form'--is the primary determinant of function, while metabolic and other factors are secondary, variably dependent on the integrity of structure.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Cytokines, nitrite/nitrate, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors, and procalcitonin concentrations: comparisons in patients with septic shock, cardiogenic shock, and bacterial pneumonia.

OBJECTIVES: To determine and compare the respective concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, soluble TNF receptors, nitrite/nitrate (NO2-/NO3-), and procalcitonin in the plasma of patients with septic shock, cardiogenic shock, and bacterial pneumonia without shock; and to assess the predictive value of these mediators in defining patients with septic shock. DESIGN: Cohort study, comparing normal volunteers (controls) and patients with septic shock, cardiogenic shock, and bacterial pneumonia. SETTING: A collaborative study among an intensive care unit, an emergency room, and three research laboratories. PATIENTS: Mediators were measured at various times in 15 patients with septic shock (during the shock phase and during the recovery phase), in seven patients with cardiogenic shock during the shock phase, and in seven patients with severe bacterial pneumonia on day 1 of admission. INTERVENTIONS: Blood samples were collected at various times during the course of the disease. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: TNF-alpha values were highest in the acute phase of septic shock (53 to 131 pg/mL during septic shock), while patients with bacterial pneumonia had intermediate concentrations (32 pg/mL). TNF-alpha concentrations were normal in patients with cardiogenic shock. IL-6 concentrations were highest in patients with acute septic shock (85 to 385 pg/mL). However, in contrast to TNF-alpha concentrations, IL-6 concentrations were normal in patients with bacterial pneumonia and increased in patients with cardiogenic shock (78 pg/mL). Soluble TNF receptors were increased in all three groups vs. controls, with the highest increase in patients with septic shock. NO2-/NO3- concentrations were highest (72 to 140 mM) in patients with septic shock, and were < 40 mM in the other groups of patients. Procalcitonin concentrations were only markedly increased in patients with septic shock (72 to 135 ng/mL, compared with approximately 1 ng/mL in the three other groups). The best predictive value for septic shock was found to be the measurements of NO2-/NO3- and procalcitonin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: These observations showed that increase of proinflammatory cytokines was a consequence of inflammation, not of shock. In this study comparing various shock and infectious states, measurements of NO2-/NO3- concentration and procalcitonin concentration represented the most suitable tests for defining patients with septic shock.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Philadelphia-chromosome-negative peripheral blood stem cells can be mobilized in the early phase of recovery after a myelosuppressive chemotherapy in Philadelphia-chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

Ten patients in first or second relapse with Philadelphia chromosome acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, ineligible for allogeneic sibling marrow transplantation, were treated with an intensive chemotherapy regimen including idarubicin, intermediate-dose arabinosylcytosine, etoposide and G-CSF. Peripheral blood stem cells were collected by leukapheresis during initial early WBC recovery from chemotherapy-induced aplasia. In 5/10 patients all metaphases in leukapheresis products were found to be Philadelphia-chromosome-negative and they have been used as autotransplants after conditioning with TBI/etoposide/cyclophosphamide (or idarubicin) and G-CSF. All five patients showed sustained engraftment and one of them is alive and well Philadelphia-chromosome-negative 18 months after transplant. These preliminary results suggest that it is possible to recover Philadelphia-chromosome-negative blood stem cells after intensive chemotherapy, even in advanced patients, and to perform autografting with these cells.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Biochemical changes in three-day-event horses at the beginning, middle and end of Phase C and after Phase D.

Blood samples were collected 12-16 h before the Speed and Endurance test, immediately after steeplechase, midway through Phase C (4 km marker), at the end of Phase C and immediately after cross-country from 36 horses that completed a 3-day-event at the CCI* (n = 19) or CCI** (n = 17) level. Packed cell volume (PCV), plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, ionized calcium, pH and lactate; and serum concentrations of total protein (TP), albumin, total calcium, alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose and creatinine were measured. No differences were noted in any biochemical measurements between the CCI* and CCI** horses at any sampling time, despite differences in speed and length of various phases of the Speed and Endurance test. For all horses (n = 36), biochemical parameters changed significantly over time (P < 0.01). The PCV, calcium, potassium, lactate, total protein and albumin concentrations were significantly increased over pre-exercise concentrations immediately after Phase B. During Phase C, these parameters decreased towards pre-exercise concentrations, thereby supporting the concept that Phase C is a recovery phase. In contrast, chloride concentration decreased, and the creatinine concentration and CK increased compared to pre-exercise concentrations from the end of Phase B to the end of Phase C. These changes probably resulted from fluid and electrolyte losses in sweat, reduced renal blood flow and continued muscular activity. Many parameters did not change significantly between the 4 km marker (midway point on Phase C) and the end of Phase C. However, there were a few notable exceptions: potassium, chloride, lactate and glucose concentrations decreased, whereas pH and creatinine concentrations increased significantly from the 4 km marker to the end of Phase C. The most significant benefit of the extra distance from the 4 km marker to the end of Phase C was that it facilitated further dissipation of lactate concentrations prior to the start of Phase D.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1969

Impulse functions for human rod vision.

1. This paper presents accurate increment threshold data for human rod vision for a small number of experimental parameters. The test is small and brief and the large background is either steady or transient.2. The linear threshold disturbance due to an impulse background consists of an input dependent exponential growth phase and an exponential recovery phase of more or less fixed time constant (ca. 0.08 sec).3. The data are treated by applying signal/noise decision theory to a hypothetical filter with two shot noise inputs, viz. the testing signal and the background. The gain and time course of the impulse function of the filter are slightly affected by the magnitude of the input.4. A linear approach is useful since the impulse functions for dark or light-adapted rod vision yield independent information about quantities which have previously only been used to describe the increment thresholds for small tests on steady backgrounds, viz. the integration time and dark light of the fully dark-adapted eye and the gain changes (or changes in the signal/background ratio) which occur on progressive light adaptation.

Dark Adaptation↗
PubMed1984

The effects of caffeine on tension development and intracellular calcium transients in rat ventricular muscle.

The effects of caffeine on tension and intracellular [Ca2+] were investigated in rat ventricular muscle using the Ca2+-sensitive photoprotein, aequorin. Contracture was induced by rapid application of 0.5-10 mM-caffeine solution at 20 degrees C. In normal Tyrode solution at 8 degrees C, or in Na+-deficient solution in which Na+ was isotonically replaced by sucrose, peak tension of caffeine contracture was potentiated and relaxation was prolonged. Caffeine contracture could not be induced immediately after a prior contracture. Repriming time was 10 min in Tyrode solution, and was much shorter in Na+-deficient solution or in high-K+ solution containing 105.9 mM-K+. Caffeine prolonged the plateau of action potential dose dependently. At low temperature, prolongation of the plateau phase by caffeine was more marked. Twitch tension showed a triphasic change after application of caffeine; peak tension transiently increased in a potentiating phase (P phase), and then decreased below control level in an inhibitory phase (I phase) followed by gradual recovery in a recovery phase (R phase). The effects of caffeine on the Ca2+ transients during a twitch were also complex, depending on time after application and dose of caffeine. In low caffeine concentration (below 0.5 mM) the peak of the Ca2+ transient was potentiated in the I phase, although the peak tension was suppressed. At high concentration (above 3 mM) the peaks of both the Ca2+ transient and twitch tension were suppressed. In every concentration of caffeine tested (0.1-5 mM), time to the Ca2+ transient and twitch tension peaks was prolonged, and the falling phases of both were delayed. Caffeine might release Ca2+ from intracellular store(s) and enhance the slow inward current. The Ca2+ transient obtained in this study clearly indicate that the prolonged time to peak tension in the presence of caffeine is due to the slow rise of intracellular [Ca2+] and prolonged time to peak of the Ca2+ transient. It is also quite possible that caffeine modulates the Ca2+ sensitivity of a contractile system in dose- and time-dependent manners.

Action Potentials↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Food intake by brain-injured humans who are in the chronic phase of recovery.

This study examined whether survivors of traumatic brain injury differ from normal, non-injured controls in the regulation of food intake in their natural environment. Caregivers of 20 brain-injured subjects and 20 controls recorded in diaries: caloric intake, time of meals, subjective hunger ratings, and the number of persons present during meals for 7 consecutive days. Brain-injured subjects ate larger meals and more total (overall) calories per day compared with controls. In addition, the presence of other people during a meal, or social factor, was a significant predictor of meal size for the control subjects, but not for the brain-injured subjects. Brain-injured subjects also differed from control subjects in their response to pre-meal stomach content.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1998

Transcranial Doppler: preventing stroke during carotid endarterectomy.

Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is more effective at preventing strokes than medical therapy alone in those patients with severe symptomatic stenosis of the internal carotid artery and this benefit persists despite a perioperative stroke/death rate of approximately 5%. Thromboembolism has been established as the underlying cause of the majority of perioperative strokes, but this could not be detected using the existing methods of monitoring or quality control. Early studies demonstrated that transcranial Doppler monitoring (TCD) could detect intraoperative embolism, but the clinical significance of this finding was questioned as the incidence of these emboli far exceeded the incidence of perioperative strokes. This study aimed to establish the clinical relevance of TCD-detected emboli during CEA by differentiating emboli into two broad categories; air and particulate, and comparing the quantity of each with a variety of clinical outcomes including neurological and cognitive function, retinal fundoscopy, automated visual fields and CT/MRI brain scans. This prospective study was performed on 100 consecutive patients undergoing CEA with all assessments performed pre- and postoperatively by independent specialists in the relevant fields. Embolisation was detected in 92% of successfully monitored operations. Most emboli were characteristic of air microbubbles and not associated with the development of adverse clinical events. However, emboli characteristic of particulate material were detected during the initial dissection phase and in the recovery phase after final restoration of flow. These particulate emboli were associated with the development of both neurological and cognitive deficits. In particular, persistent embolisation after final restoration of flow heralded incipient carotid artery thrombosis and the development of stroke. Early intervention based on the TCD evidence of continuing embolisation can prevent the stroke from occurring.

Aged↗