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PubMed2001

Can the checklist for autism in toddlers differentiate young children with autism from those with developmental delays?

OBJECTIVE: The Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT) has been demonstrated to be sensitive to the presence of autism in otherwise normally developing 18-month-old children. However, its ability to differentiate autism from other significant developmental delays is unknown. This study examined this question. METHOD: The CHAT was applied to a group of 44 children aged 2 and 3 years, rigorously diagnosed with autism or with other developmental problems. RESULTS: By the original CHAT authors' criteria, the sensitivity and specificity of the CHAT were 65% and 100%, respectively. Slightly altering the criteria resulted in a sensitivity of 85% in the current group of children with developmental disabilities while maintaining specificity of 100%. CONCLUSIONS: The current study is the first to demonstrate that the CHAT successfully discriminates 2-year-old children with autism from those with other developmental disorders. In addition, the increased sensitivity of the Denver Criteria in children with developmental disabilities may improve its usefulness as a screening tool for community-based early-diagnostic teams and general practitioners.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2002

A longitudinal community study: do psychosocial risk factors and child behavior checklist scores at 5 years of age predict psychiatric diagnoses at a later age?

OBJECTIVE: To examine the extent to which certain risk factors in 5- to 6-year-old children predict later psychopathology in a population-based sample of children from the province of Limburg in the south of the Netherlands. METHOD: Of the 2,290 children of interest, 1,317 children were screened with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and psychosocial risk factors for these children were collected. On the basis of the CBCL ratings, 403 children participated in the second stage in which, 1.5 years later, standardized child psychiatric information was obtained. Weighted logistic regression analyses were used to investigate predictors of psychopathology. RESULTS: In separate analyses of specific types of child psychopathology, different risk factors emerged as significant. Low-level parental occupation and having foreign-born parents were predictive of conduct disorders, and living in a single-parent family and a having a life event were the most important predictors of mood and anxiety disorders. Furthermore, CBCL-based ratings at 5 to 6 years of age corresponded well with interview-defined diagnoses 1.5 years later. CONCLUSIONS: Investigation of psychosocial risk factors and CBCL scores at the age of 5 to 6 years could be helpful in predicting child psychopathology and could help identify children at risk, in order to provide them with timely attention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Factor analysis of the Pediatric Symptom Checklist with a chronically ill pediatric population.

The psychometric properties and factor structure of a widely used screening measure for behavioral and emotional dysfunction, the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC), was extended to a population of chronically ill children. Parents of 404 children ranging from 6 to 17 years of age and diagnosed with either insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or sickle cell disease (SCD) completed the PSC while waiting for a routine medical appointment. The measure's internal consistency was found to be high, Cronbach's alpha = .89, and test-retest reliability across 4 months was observed to be acceptable, r = .77. A principal components analysis with an oblique (promax) rotation yielded a four-factor solution with factors that included items representative of internalizing, externalizing, attention, and chronic illness-related problems, respectively. Cronbach alpha estimates ranged from .78 to .83 for the first three factors but was lower for the chronic illness-related problems factor (Cronbach's alpha = .60). A three-factor solution and reliability estimates were recomputed without the chronic illness items that yielded the same reliability estimates for each of the three factors and for the full scale. The three-factor solution was also found to be similar to a published factor structure obtained with a primary care sample, r(c) = .90-.91. The findings lend support to extending the PSC's clinical utility to tertiary care pediatric settings. Further research is recommended with a broader range of chronic illness groups to increase generalizability.

Anemia, Sickle Cell↗
PubMed2006

A two-year follow-up on risk status identified by the checklist for autism in toddlers.

We examined the characteristics of children at 4 to 5 years of age who were correctly and incorrectly classified as "at risk" for an autism spectrum diagnosis using the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT) at age 2 to 3 years. Information is provided on the stability of risk/disorder status over a 2-year period of early development. Participants were 19 children with autism and 11 children with other developmental disabilities who had all been administered the CHAT between 2 and 3 years of age (Time 1) and received diagnostic and developmental re-evaluations between 4 and 6 years of age (Time 2). The risk status of children was discussed based on the original CHAT authors' criteria for risk of autism and the Denver modification for risk. High levels of stability in risk/diagnostic status from Time 1 assessments to Time 2 assessments were noted. Specifically, the original CHAT criteria for medium to high risk of autism applied at Time 1 predicted Time 2 diagnostic classification for 83% of the sample, and the Denver modification of the CHAT risk criteria predicted Time 2 diagnostic classification for 93% of the sample. Implications of the findings are discussed as they relate to early screening and identification of autism spectrum disorders.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

The effects of social support on Hopkins Symptom Checklist-assessed depression and distress in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-positive and -negative gay men. A longitudinal study at six time points.

Questionnaire data were collected from a panel of 342 gay men at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome enrolled in the Coping and Change Study between 1985 and 1987, and 1988 and 1990. Data were obtained across a period of 5 years in six serial wave pairs to determine the relationship of social support to Hopkins Symptom Checklist-assessed subsequent depression and general distress and to investigate whether the trends observed were stable or transient over time. Both objective and subjective components of social support demonstrated dramatic within-person stability over time (r = .47 to .86). A measure of subjective social support was modestly but significantly associated with lower depression at four of the six time periods and a lower level of general distress at one time period. Before appropriately controlling for current depression, subjective social support appeared to account for up to a third of the variance in future depression; after such controls were included in the regression equation, it became apparent that the independent contribution of support only ranged from 4% to 6% across the study period. This emphasizes the importance of including current mental health in longitudinal analyses. The respondents' social participation and involvement with others did not affect either depression or general distress at any time during the study period. These results indicate that while social participation may have no effect, subjective social support appears to influence often mental health in this cohort. Furthermore, human immunodeficiency virus seropositive men may at times benefit from such support.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

A personal performance checklist.

Total Quality Management (TQM) principles, practices and tools are used to outline a personal checklist. This simple management system allows a manager to track undesirable and desirable job performance behaviors and establish a proactive, quality-based management style as well as a foundation to effectively apply TQM tools.

Employee Performance Appraisal↗
PubMed2001

A comparison of symptom checklist 90-revised profiles from patients with chronic pain from whiplash and patients with other musculoskeletal injuries.

STUDY DESIGN: A quasi-experimental design was used to compare the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised profiles (SCL-90-R) from a group of patients with whiplash injuries (n = 67) and a group with mixed musculoskeletal pain (n = 91). OBJECTIVES: To test the discriminant validity of the characteristic SCL-90-R whiplash profile as proposed by Wallis and Bogduk using a multivariate statistical technique. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: On the basis of two studies by themselves and their colleagues, Wallis and Bogduk proposed a characteristic SCL-90-R profile evident in samples of patients with whiplash injuries. Their assertion has not been tested empirically in any published studies. METHODS: The participants in this study consisted of 158 patients at a rehabilitation hospital who completed the SCL-90-R under standard instructions and subsequently were diagnosed by a team comprising a chiropractor, physical therapist, and physician. The participants were categorized as having whiplash-associated disorders or pain caused by other musculoskeletal injuries. A profile analysis following Hotelling's method was used to determine the comparability of SCL-90-R profiles from the two groups. RESULTS: The profile analysis showed no statistically significant differences between the groups with regard to either the shape or the overall elevation of their psychological profiles. The SCL-90-R profiles from both groups were similar to those reported from other chronic pain syndromes, with elevations on the Somatization, Depression, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Psychoticism scales. CONCLUSIONS: The current study failed to support the validity of a distinctive SCL-90-R profile for patients with whiplash injuries. Instead, the results suggest that the psychological consequences of experiencing chronic pain from whiplash-associated disorders are similar to the psychological consequences of chronic pain from other musculoskeletal injuries.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Exploration of adverse psychological symptoms in Yemeni khat users by the Symptoms Checklist-90 (SCL-90).

AIM: The present study was aimed at assessing associations between psychological symptoms and khat use in the Yemeni population. SETTING: The survey was performed in 2000/2001, in different zones including three urban and three rural areas. PARTICIPANTS: The survey was carried out in 800 Yemeni adults (15-76), both male and female, representing mainly urban populations of students, state employees and housewives. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey was undertaken using face-to-face interviews and no preset selection criteria regarding profession, socio-economic status, age or gender. MEASUREMENT: The Symptoms Checklist-90 (SCL-90) was used containing 90 items, which cover nine scales of the following domains: somatization, depression, anxiety, phobia, hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, obsessive-compulsive, hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, paranoia and psychoticism. Details of khat use and socio-demographic data were also collected. FINDINGS: At least one life-time episode of khat use was reported in 81.6% of men and 43.3% of women. Male users tended to use more frequently. The incidence of adverse psychological symptoms was not greater in khat users; in fact, there was a negative association between the incidence of phobic symptoms and khat use. CONCLUSIONS: Khat use is very common in the Yemeni population, particularly men, but it is not associated with adverse psychological symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Association of anaesthetist's checklist for anaesthetic machines. Problem with detection of significant leaks.

Eight experienced anaesthetists performed a 'cockpit drill', following instructions in the Association of Anaesthetist's checklist, on an anaesthetic machine that had a significant leak (3 l.min-1 at a pressure of 16 kPa). Only one anaesthetist detected the leak and this was by audible means rather than by any of the protocol's set manoeuvres. We demonstrated that a leak of 3 l.min-1 from the flowmeter block resulted in an inspired oxygen concentration of 6% when the anaesthetic machine was used with a minute volume divider ventilator.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed1988

The Aberrant Behaviour Checklist: a British replication and extension of its psychometric properties.

The Aberrant Behaviour Checklist was administered to 209 British mentally handicapped adults in two large residential facilities. This sample included a substantial proportion (45%) of non-ambulant people not included in previous studies. The five-factor solution originally reported by Aman et al. (1985a) was replicated using both four-point ratings and dichotomously recoded rating. For both methods of scoring, the five scales derived from Aman et al.'s original factor analysis remained highly internally consistent. Dichotomously coded ratings may offer the advantage over four-point ratings of retaining the same factor structure with better reliability.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Predicting inpatient violence in acute psychiatric wards using the Brøset-Violence-Checklist: a multicentre prospective cohort study.

The Norwegian Brøset-Violence-Checklist (BVC) is one of the few instruments that is suitable for short-term prediction of violence of psychiatric inpatients by nursing staff in routine care. The instrument assesses the presence or absence of six behaviours or states frequently observed before a violent incident. We conducted a study to elucidate whether the predictive properties of the BVC are retained in other psychiatric settings than the original north-Norwegian validation dataset. During their admission period, 219 consecutive patients admitted to six acute psychiatric wards were assessed as to the risk for attack using a German version of the BVC (BVC-G). Data on preventive measures were concurrently collected. Aggressive incidents were registered using an instrument equivalent to the Staff Observation of Aggression Scale (SOAS-R). Fourteen attacks towards staff were observed with incident severity ranging from 5 to 18 of a possible 22 points. BVC-G sensitivity was 64.3%, the specificity 93.9%, the positive predictive value 11.1%, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.88. In some false positive cases intense preventive measures had been implemented. The predictive accuracy of the BVC-G proved consistent with the Norwegian original.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1991

Reliability and feasibility of measuring medical interviewing skills: the revised Maastricht History-Taking and Advice Checklist.

Medical interviewing skills are integral to good medical care. In order to measure these skills an instrument has been developed, called the Maastricht History-Taking and Advice Checklist (MAAS). It has been studied with regard to interrater reliability and validity. In this study a revised version of the MAAS (MAAS-R), a check-list of concrete interview behaviour, has been investigated concerning feasibility and reliability for examination purposes. Audio-recordings were obtained of 24 doctors, each interviewing eight different standardized patients. The recordings were independently scored by three general practitioners trained in using the MAAS-R. The results of generalizability analysis, considering the influences of doctors, cases and raters, are encouraging. In order to overcome case-specificity feasible and reliable measurement can be accomplished with 8-10 cases in 2-21/2 hours of testing time, each case being scored by a different rater. Reliability improves considerably if assessment is restricted to basic interviewing skills.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1997

Applicability of a checklist for clinical screening of the fragile X syndrome.

In a population of 340,000 in Southern Häme, Finland, there were 541 intellectually disabled adult males (> 16 years) known to the District Organisation for the Care of the Mentally Retarded in August 1993. Of these, 197 already had a confirmed etiological diagnosis, with 20 having the fragile X syndrome. The other 344 males were screened for the fragile X syndrome using a three-step method: a clinical checklist used by a specialist nurse, a clinical examination by a physician who was very familiar with the fragile X syndrome, and the FRAXA-locus gene test. Six new fragile X males were found. The minimum prevalence of the fragile X syndrome in the district was calculated to be 1:4400.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Countertransference to psychiatric patients in a clinical setting: development of the Feeling Checklist-Japanese version.

Countertransference is an important dimension of the therapeutic alliance between care providers and patients. The Feeling Checklist (FC) is a self-report questionnaire for the assessment of countertransference by hospital staff toward patients. The FC was translated from English into Japanese and its factor structure, reliability, and validity in the Japanese version (FC-J) were examined. A total of 281 Japanese psychiatric nurses were tested with the FC-J. All nurses were primarily involved in provision of psychiatric care. Principal-component factor analysis with varimax rotation was performed to identify the potential components of the FC-J. In a factor analysis of the FC-J, seven factors were extracted. The five subscales that were determined and labeled included Reject, Distance, Helpfulness, Closeness, and Involvement, which collectively accounted for 56.0% of the variance. Cronbach's alpha, a measure of internal consistency, for individual subscales was 0.833 for Reject, 0.763 for Distance, 0.768 for Helpfulness, 0.617 for Closeness, and 0.663 for Involvement. Notably, there was a significant correlation between the FC-J and the Nurse Attitude Scale (P < 0.0001). Moreover, one-way anova was performed with each FC-J subscale to examine differences among psychiatric diagnoses in the study sample. A significant difference was found for Involvement (P < 0.001), with the total score on Involvement being the highest in the personality disorder group. These results are considered to verify the reliability and validity of the FC-J as a scale to measure countertransference among Japanese care providers. The use of this scale allows individual care providers to recognize and be cognizant of their own countertransference objectively and thereby contributes to improve the relationship between patients and care providers.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Social factors and clinical disease: a checklist data base for correlative analysis.

The adequate care of a patient entails consideration of his social and psychological problems in addition to the relevant medical data. To facilitate this integrated approach, a Social Work Indices Checklist (SWIC) is described, and its use in practice is illustrated. A narrative report is generated from a possible 3095 items of information recorded in SWIC.

Attitude↗
PubMed2004

Monitoring adverse drug reactions: scales, profiles, and checklists.

BACKGROUND: Globally, adverse drug reactions (ADRs) make a substantial contribution to ill health. Introducing a systematic approach to patient surveillance could mitigate these problems. Formalized medication monitoring schedules have been proposed as one strategy to diagnose and action side-effects and the problems emanating from adverse drug reactions. To date, most developments have been linked to antipsychotic medications. Several scales, checklists, and side-effect profiles are available, including the West Wales ADR (adverse drug reaction) profile. However, relatively little work has been undertaken on the clinical validity, reliability, and sensitivity of these instruments. AIM: This paper describes the development of the monitoring schedule approach to medication management. It also reviews and compares the instruments available for monitoring the adverse drug reactions of antipsychotic medications. The UKU (Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser) scale and the West Wales ADR profile assess a broader range of physiological parameters and potential problems than other instruments. However, to be adopted in practice, such instruments must achieve a balance between clinical gain and practical cost, including the time spent in administration. CONCLUSION: Further work is needed to explore the translation of formalized ADR surveillance programmes into clinical gains and improved outcomes for clients.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed1986

Screening for behaviour problems in nurseries: the reliability and validity of the Preschool Behaviour Checklist.

The development of the Preschool Behaviour Checklist, for screening emotional and behavioural problems in preschool children in group settings, is described. Inter-rater reliability and internal consistency was established, and its validity was shown using a variety of methods. These include observations of the children, interviews with staff, comparison between clinic and nonclinic populations, factor and cluster analysis and comparison with another screening questionnaire. Uses of the PBCL for training and inservice work are outlined. The limitations of screening as a method of identifying children with behaviour problems are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

A comparison of syndromes derived from the Child Behavior Checklist for American and Dutch boys aged 6-11 and 12-16.

Child Behavior Checklists completed by parents of 1863 clinically referred American and Dutch boys aged 6-11 and 12-16 were subjected to principal components analyses with varimax rotations. For each age group, the construct validity of seven empirically derived syndromes was supported by cross-national correlations ranging from 0.80 to 0.98. These syndromes were designated as Aggressive, Delinquent, Depressed (ages 6-11 only), Hyperactive, Schizoid (ages 12-16 only), Somatic Complaints, Uncommunicative, and Withdrawal (Social Withdrawal for ages 6-11; Hostile Withdrawal for ages 12-16). Cross-national similarities in the distribution of scores for normative samples supported the use of the same syndrome scales by clinicians and researchers in the two countries. The cross-national construct validity of Obsessive-Compulsive and Immature syndromes did not receive adequate support.

Adolescent↗