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[The effect of luminous and signal munitions on the human body].
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The once and future health system in the former Yugoslavia: myths and realities.
This paper debunks three widely believed myths about the former Yugoslavia's health care system: that it was characterized by: (1) social ownership of "self-managing" provider organizations; (2) a commitment to primary health care; and (3) a faith in what might be called the "march of progress"--the health system's continuous expansion and improvement. In contrast to this picture, we present an alternative view and conclude with a word of caution for American consultants and health care reformers in Eastern European countries and newly independent states: If universal health coverage is to be maintained, beware of reforms that do no more than substitute private for public organizational forms.
[A historical skull specimen in Leipheim with evidence of penetrating injury].
Report on a skull, which was found in a dredged pit together with 20 incomplete skeletons. There were two sharp-edged lesions without signs of regeneration, probable caused by a sharp object like a sword. Relics found at the scene led to the presumption, that the skull belonged to a victim of peasant's war, which happened in the early 16th century. Details referring to the mechanism of the injury are analyzed as well as the dating and the estimation of the subject's age.
Attributions and responses to the Arab-Israeli conflict: a developmental analysis.
This study assessed the causes ascribed by Israeli children and youth for the Arab-Israeli conflict and the relation of these attributions to their expectations and emotions. The results highlight basic contingencies between the form of attribution and the character of emotional response and future expectation, with marked developmental variations in both the strength and manner of this association. Overall, the findings suggest the utility of Bizman and Hoffman's attributional model as a heuristic for understanding children's perception and response to conflict, but underscore the need for developmental adaptation. Particular attention is drawn to the developing concept of mutuality and its implication for the application of attributional analyses in the young.
Violent political contexts and the emotional concerns of township youth.
This article presents the findings of a series of studies that examine the perceptions of black South African youth about township life and the civil conflict and violence it encompasses. The studies were conducted with comparable samples of 58-82 youth at 3 points in South Africa's history, all characterized by high levels of violence but differing in terms of their political contexts. These contexts were overt State-community conflict, covert opposition and political repression, and intracommunity violence. The data revealed that in all 3 contexts youth reported a high exposure to violence, but only when violence occurred in the context of intracommunity conflict was it subjectively construed to be the most problematic. Reasons for this may include the real increase in more extreme forms of violence, including deaths, that occurs in intracommunity violence and the blurring of the distinction between political and criminal violence in this context.
Can ideological commitment protect children's psychological well-being in situations of political violence?
The mental health role of ideological commitment (operationalized as glorification of war, patriotic involvement, and defiant attitudes toward the enemy) was studied among 385 Israeli girls and boys (mean age 12 +/- 2.50). It was hypothesized that experiences of political hardships do not increase psychosocial problems if children have strong ideological commitment. The hypothesis was conditionally substantiated concerning symptoms of anxiety and insecurity, and depression and feelings of failure. Exposure to political hardships did not increase the presence of these symptoms among children who showed strong ideological commitment. In contrast, among children with weak ideological commitment, exposure increased these symptoms, but not linearily. Furthermore, injury and loss decreased social support if children show weak ideological commitment. There was also the mediating role of ideological commitment, showing that political hardships increased the ideological commitment that, in turn, was related to a low level of psychosocial problems.
Stab wounds associated with terrorist activities in Israel.
OBJECTIVE: To describe injuries resulting from terrorist-associated knife stabbings. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SETTING: Israel (population 5.5 million). SUBJECTS: Israeli victims (N=154) of knife stabbings on nationalistic basis (the intifada) between July 1987 and April 1994. RESULTS: A total of 125 men and 29 women sustained stab wounds associated with terrorist activities. The median age was 28 years (range, 12-92 years), and 99 victims were aged 18 to 35 years. Seventy percent (108 patients) of the stabbing events occurred between 7 AM and 11 AM. The 154 victims sustained a total of 327 stab wounds, the median number of injuries was 2 per person (range, 1-28), and 68 individuals (44%) sustained more than 1 stab wound. The chest was the most commonly involved site (146 wounds), with the right posterior chest stabbed in 71 patients. The knife penetrated the heart in 20 patients and penetrated the peritoneal cavity in 29 patients. Overall, 29 patients (19%) had superficial injuries, 86 (56%) had internal organ injuries that mandated operative interventions, and 39 died (overall mortality, 25.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Unlike other civilian stabbings, wounds resulting from terrorist-associated stabbings represent severe and highly lethal injuries.
Physician complicity in misrepresentation and omission of evidence of torture in postdetention medical examinations in Turkey.
Between June 1994 and October 1995, representatives of Physicians for Human Rights studied the problem of physician complicity in torture (ie, misrepresentation and omission of medical evidence in postdetention examinations of detainees) in Turkey. The research consisted of a survey of forensic documentation of torture, interviews with individual physicians who examine detainees, analyses of official medical reports of detainees, and interviews with survivors of torture. Results from the survey, interviews, and medical report analyses provide evidence that torture of political and criminal detainees continues to occur in Turkey and that Turkish physicians are coerced to ignore, misrepresent, and omit evidence of torture in their examinations of detainees to certify that there are no physical signs of torture.
The Gaza Strip: an ICU challenge.
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The effect of violence on primary health care nurses in selected areas of the former Natal region.
An exploratory descriptive study aimed at analyzing problems confronting nurses in primary health care settings during civil unrest is described. Data were collected by means of open and closed ended questionnaires. The response is recorded from twenty five participants who completed the questionnaire. Data analysis showed that nurses who were directly or indirectly affected by violence at work or at home were unable to render health care effectively. Experiences of harassment, intimidation and physical abuse were reported. Recommendations include what employers and professional organisations could do for the nurses trapped in socio-political violence.
Analysis of amputations due to civil disturbance in Belfast from 1969 to 1975.
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[Kenya's nurses on strike].
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